入侵植物肿柄菊叶片凋落物化感潜力的研究

外来入侵植物肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)对入侵地的生态环境造成严重危害, 为明确肿柄菊叶片凋落物的化感作用, 研究不同浓度肿柄菊叶片凋落物水提液对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和高丹草(Sorghum sudanense)幼苗生长的影响, 同时结合盆栽试验研究了肿柄菊叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用。结果表明, 肿柄菊凋落物水提液对3 种受体植物的生长具有显著地化感作用, 低浓度水提液对3 种受体植物的幼苗生长有显著促进作用, 而随着水提液浓度的增加则表现为抑制作用。当水提液浓度为0.1 g·mL–1 时, 肿柄菊对高丹草幼苗根长和黑麦草幼苗茎高的抑制作用最强, 化感效应指数分别为–52.2%和–33.9%。同时, 肿柄菊凋落物与土壤混合比例为30 g·kg–1 和50 g·kg–1 时可显著减低3 种受体植物的生物量, 进一步证实肿柄菊叶片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用。研究表明, 肿柄菊可通过其叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中分解, 释放化感物质, 从而抑制邻近植物的生长, 为其进一步入侵创造有利的生长环境。     

肿柄菊的化学成分

Ｔｉｔｈｏｎｉａｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｌｉａ (Ｈｅｍｓｌ.)Ａ .Ｇｒａｙ (Ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔａｅ)ｉｓａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｐｌａｎｔｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｏｆＣｈｉｎａ .ＩｎＹｕｎｎａｎ ,ｉｔｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｏｎｓｍａｌｌｈｉｌｌｓｏｆｔｏｒｒｉｄｚｏｎｅｗｉｔｈａｎａｌｔｉｔｕｄｅｆｒｏｍ 5 0 0ｔｏ 1 6 0 0ｍｅｔｅｒｓａｂｏｖｅｓｅａｌｅｖｅｌ.Ｔｈｅｌｅａｖｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄａｓａｎａｇｅｎｔｆｏｒｓｕｂｄｕｉｎｇｓ…     

牛至挥发油的化学成分及其化感作用

为探究牛至挥发油的化学成分及其化感作用,本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取牛至全草挥发油,利用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)从牛至挥发油中鉴定出14种化学成分,占总出峰面积的93.6%,主要成分为甲基丁香酚(16.5%)、肉豆蔻醚(15.6%)、香芹酚(15.0%)、百里香酚(9.8%)、洋芹脑(9.4%)等。通过测定挥发油对小麦、绿豆和萝卜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,评价挥发油的化感潜力。结果表明: 牛至挥发油对3种受体植物的种子萌发有抑制作用,其中,对小麦的抑制作用最强,萝卜和绿豆次之,挥发油对供试植物地上部分生长的抑制作用大于地下部分。挥发油对3种供试植物幼茎及小麦和萝卜幼根生长的抑制作用与浓度成正相关,对绿豆幼根长度则表现为“低促高抑”现象。本研究证实牛至挥发油中含有化感物质,其活性化合物及作用机制有待进一步研究。     

中国的外来入侵植物肿柄菊

简述了外来入侵植物肿柄菊的分布现状、个体生长发育特征、遗传特征和种群特征。论述肿柄菊对本地生物多样性和生态系统的危害以及对农业生产和天然林恢复带来的影响。从药物的利用与研究,杀虫剂和除草剂的研究,肥料和饲料的利用与研究三个面综述目前国内外对肿柄菊的开发利用与研究现状。最后指出对肿柄菊的防治对策主要是保护当地生物多样性,恢复本地植被,减少人类对生态系统的干扰和破坏。     

入侵植物意大利苍耳不同部位挥发油的化感作用及其化学成分的比较分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取意大利苍耳(Xanthium italicum Moretti)叶、茎、果3个部位的挥发油,并通过GC-MS分析对其化学成分进行分析鉴定。在叶、茎、果挥发油中分别鉴定出25、23和27种化合物,分别占总成分的90.625%、93.041%和89.866%。其中,叶挥发油的主要成分是柠檬烯(25.541%)和龙脑(12.133%),茎挥发油的主要成分是柠檬烯(62.85%),而果挥发油的主要成分为γ-榄香烯(23.38%)、柠檬烯(14.18%)和吉玛烯B(16.279%)。以意大利苍耳入侵生境中常见杂草反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.,双子叶植物)和早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.,单子叶植物)作为受试植物,在密闭容器中(容积为1.4 L)放入不同质量的叶、茎、果部位(20 g、40 g和80 g),检测其在模拟自然状态下产生的挥发物的化感作用;并采用培养皿法对不同浓度叶、茎、果挥发油(0.2μL/m L、0.5μL/m L、1μL/m L、3μL/m L和5μL/m L)的化感作用进行生测。结果显示:意大利苍耳各部位在自然挥发条件下以及其挥发油均表现出较强的化感作用,其叶挥发油在5μL/m L时可完全抑制两种受试植物种子的萌发,具有进一步开发为植物源除草剂的潜力。     

油蒿挥发油的化感作用研究

对毛乌素沙地油蒿挥发油的化感作用（Ａｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ）及其化学成分进行了研究。结果表明：油蒿挥发油对苋、诸葛菜、萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长具有不同程度的抑制作用;对小麦种子萌发几乎无影响,但对其幼芽和幼根的生长具一定影响。抑制作用最强的是对苋种子,挥发油组最终萌发率１８％,比对照组减少７１％,对其幼芽和幼根的生长影响也很明显。用ＧＣ、ＧＣ－ＭＳ－ＤＳ联用方法,共鉴定４３个化合物,其中相对百分含量在１．５％以上的化合物有如下１４种：１）α－蒎烯（α－ｐｉｎｅｎｅ）,２）桧烯（Ｓａｂｉｎｅｎｅ）,３）β－蒎烯（β－ｐｉｎｅｎｅ）,４）月桂烯（Ｍｙｒｃｅｎｅ）,５）对伞花烃（ρ－ｃｙｍｅｎｅ）,６）柠檬烯（Ｌｉｍｏｎｅｎｅ）,７）β－水芹烯（β－ｐｈｅｌａｎ－ｄｒｅｎｅ）,８）β－顺式罗勒烯（β－ｃｉｓ－ｏｃｉｍｅｎｅ）,９）β－反式罗勒烯（β－ｔｒａｎｓ－ｏｃｉｍｅｎｅ）,１０）松油烯－４－醇（Ｔｅｒｐｉｎｅｎ－４－ｏｌ）,１１）α－姜黄烯（α－ｃｕｒｃｕｍｅｎｅ）,１２）茵陈炔（Ｃａｐｉｌｅｎｅ）,１３）橙花叔醇（Ｎｅｒｏｌｉｄｏｌ）,１４）匙叶桉油烯醇（Ｓｐａｔｈｕｌｅｎｏｌ）。     

外来植物肿柄菊对入侵生境的生态影响及其防控对策

入侵杂草肿柄菊对我国热带和亚热带地区的生物多样性和生态系统功能产生严重影响,且其入侵呈现快速扩张态势。为提高对肿柄菊入侵危害的认识水平,加强对肿柄菊的监测预警及防控,本文通过搜集、整理和分析相关文献资料,总结肿柄菊在世界各国不同地区的入侵情况及其影响,分析肿柄菊在我国入侵的历史、分布现状及其入侵对遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性的影响。结合肿柄菊生态入侵防控研究与应用实践,指出肿柄菊入侵防控存在的主要问题和面临的挑战,并针对肿柄菊监测和高效防控技术体系提出高度重视肿柄菊入侵危害影响的分类风险评价、多元化开展肿柄菊入侵扩张的基础科学研究、建立早监测早预防的预警机制和构建针对肿柄菊入侵防控的综合技术体系等防控对策。     

外来入侵植物肿柄菊群落动态变化特征

外来入侵植物群落动态变化特征能反映当前入侵状态和发展态势,预示着入侵的后果和趋势,可为入侵植物的影响评估和防治提供依据。为了查明我国热带和亚热带地区普遍生长的外来入侵植物肿柄菊[Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray]群落建立和变化特征,通过对肿柄菊群落分布典型地段的随机样方取样,分析不同茎级分枝在群落中的组成和相互影响关系,以及每丛枝数、枝长、丛密度、枝密度、每枝花序量、果序密度、地上生物量和土壤养分随群落平均基茎增粗的变化规律。结果表明:(1)群落中肿柄菊基茎较粗分枝增多对较细分枝的产生有抑制作用,群落发展到一定阶段后群落中较粗茎级的分枝控制着群落发展。(2)群落平均基茎粗与丛密度和枝密度呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与群落地上生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与群落的果序密度没有相关性(P>0.1)。(3)随着肿柄菊群落平均基茎的增粗,土壤中全钾和有效磷含量显著增加(P<0.05),土壤有机质、全氮和水解性氮含量有减少趋势,但表现不显著(P>0.1)。随着群落定居时间增长,丛密度和枝密度降低,群落地上生物量持续...     

浮游植物的化感作用

生物化感作用研究是近年来兴起的交叉学科,是化学生态学研究的重要领域。研究水域浮游植物化感作用对了解浮游植物之间、浮游植物与其他生物之间的相互作用及作用机理具有重要意义,对了解赤潮和水华的发生机制及其生态控制等具有非常重要的作用。综述了海洋和湖泊浮游植物化感作用和化感物质的内涵,讨论了水体浮游植物化感作用的特点、研究化感作用的基本方法、化感物质的种类以及影响化感物质作用的生物和非生物因素,详细介绍了浮游植物化感物质的作用机理以及逃避和拈抗化感作用的方式,同时对目前研究的热点问题及未来研究的方向做了简要概述。     

Importance of Nutrient Competition and Allelopathic Effects in Suppression of the Green Alga Scenedesmus obliquus by the Macrophytes Chara, Elodea and Myriophyllum

Possible allelopathic effects of substances released from the macrophytes Chara globularis, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum on the common green alga Scenedesmus obliquus were tested in the laboratory with plastic plants and untreated medium as controls. A two-phase approach was used in which first the effects of physical presence of plants was studied (phase I) followed by the effects of plant culture filtrates (phase II). In the presence of plastic plants growth was reduced only marginally, but strong growth inhibition of Scenedesmus occurred in the physical presence of all macrophytes. In contrast, filtrates from Chara had no growth inhibitory effect on Scenedesmus. Myriophyllum filtrate reduced particle-based growth rate by 7% compared to filtration controls, while Elodea culture filtrate reduced volume-based growth by 12%, chlorophyll-based growth by 28% and particle-based growth by 15%. Photosystem II-efficiency of Scenedesmus was reduced in all three macrophyte treatments in phase I, but not in filtrates from macrophyte cultures (phase II). Thus, while enzyme activity or other physiological aspects may have been affected, the current study yielded no proof for allelopathically active compounds being directed at photosynthesis. Mean particle volume (MPV) of Scenedesmus was not influenced by macrophyte exudates and cultures remained dominated by unicells. The strong growth inhibitory effects found for Scenedesmus in the physical presence of macrophytes, but not in plastic controls, and no or weaker response in nutrient-enriched filtrates, suggest nutrient competition was a more powerful driving factor than allelochemicals. However, the experimental design does not exclude disappearance of allelochemicals during the filtration process.     

A global assessment using PCR techniques of mycorrhizal fungal populations colonising<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Tithonia diversifolia</Emphasis>

Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) is a shrub commonly used as a green manure crop in Central and South America, Asia and Africa as it accumulates high levels of phosphorus and other nutrients, even in depleted soils. In root samples collected from the global distribution of Tithonia, we examined the degree of mycorrhizal colonisation and estimated the families of associated arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. No colonisation by ectomycorrhizas was found. The degree of colonisation by AM fungi was on average 40%, but ranged between 0 and 80%. No mycorrhizal colonisation was found in the samples collected from the Philippines or in one each of the Rwandan and Venezuelan samples. Throughout its global distribution (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Indonesia, Honduras, Mexico, Kenya and Rwanda), Tithonia forms mainly associations with Glomaceae. Only in one location in Nicaragua were associations with another family (Acaulosporaceae) found.     

外来入侵植物肿柄菊在云南的扩散风险研究

预测外来入侵植物的潜在入侵范围以及对不同环境的适应性,能够为外来植物入侵提供预警和预防.该文通过实地调查肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)在云南的入侵范围,以及收集世界其他地区分布点,结合12个关键环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型对肿柄菊适生区范围和环境限制因子进行分析.结果表明:在世界范围适生区分布格...     

Difference in microhabitat-related regeneration patterns between two subalpine conifers, Tsuga diversifolia and Abies mariesii, on Mount Hayachine, northern Honshu, Japan

Seedling and tree-establishment microhabitats of Tsuga diversifolia and Abies mariesii were examined on the herb- and dwarf bamboo-dominated forest floor on Mount Hayachine, a mountain under intermediate snow conditions in northern Honshu, Japan. The four microsite types were fallen logs, buttresses, rocks and ground. The ground substratum was further divided into four subtypes by dominant undergrowth species: Lycopodium, Pteridophyllum, Carex and dwarf bamboo. The establishment of T. diversifolia seedlings on the ground was scarce, and depended mostly on non-ground microsites (i.e. fallen logs, buttresses and rocks). The seedling establishment of A. mariesii was not dependent on specific substrata, although on the ground, establishment sites were limited to the Lycopodium subtype situated on convex sites. Among the microhabitats for seedling establishment, larger trees of A. mariesii rarely occurred on higher portions of the non-ground microsites. In contrast, T. diversifolia could grow up to the height of canopy-layer trees in such microsites. Thus, non-ground microsites seem to be unsuitable for tree establishment in A. mariesii, and are probably useful microhabitats for regenerating T. diversifolia to avoid competition with A. mariesii. We also compared seedling-establishment microhabitats for the two conifers between Mount Hayachine and two other mountain regions under different undergrowth conditions (moss-dominated and dense dwarf bamboo-dominated). Our findings suggested that seedling recruitment in non-ground microsites was primarily determined by undergrowth conditions; T. diversifolia preferred such microsites where the moss-covered area was low, and A. mariesii preferred where dwarf bamboo-covered area was high.     

岩兰草油对淡水藻类的抑制作用

利用植物分泌的化感物质进行藻类控制已成为国内外生态环境领域研究的热点之一。首次探讨了岩兰草油的抑藻效应,建立了岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻两种藻共培养时抑制作用的数学模型,采用GC-MS分析方法对岩兰草油中主要成分进行了鉴定。结果表明:岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独和共培养状态下均有良好的抑制作用,对单独培养的铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻抑制作用的EC50分别为0.20和0.30 m L/L,说明岩兰草油对蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)的抑制效果明显好于对绿藻(斜生栅藻)。岩兰草油的主要成分为具有良好抑藻作用的倍半萜类物质,而所建立的岩兰草油对两藻共培养状态下抑制作用的数学模型可以求出在任何时间节点上铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的种群密度以及要达到抑藻最佳状态的岩兰草油浓度。该研究对水华藻类的控制有较重要的理论与应用价值。     

安徽4个不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油成分及其质量差异分析

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对安徽4个不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油成分进行分析,并对其质量进行评价。结果显示,皖南山区、大别山区、安庆及芜湖地区石菖蒲挥发油中依次分别鉴定出45、52、48、54种化合物,共同化合物为25种,各产地已鉴定的25种共同化学成分含量分别占各自总成分的93.27%、84.75%、90.73%、92.84%,其中含量最高的β-细辛醚含量占比依次为54.73%、50.12%、57.24%、60.15%,其次α-细辛醚依次为32.18%、30.14%、28.15%、26.15%,4个地区石菖蒲挥发油中均不含黄樟醚。不同地区石菖蒲中挥发油化合物存在一定差异,安徽地区石菖蒲安全性均较高且大别山区石菖蒲最为优质。     

Utilisation of soil organic P by agroforestry and crop species in the field,western Kenya

A field experiment in western Kenya assessed whether the agroforestry species Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray, Tephrosia vogelii Hook f., Crotalaria grahamiana Wight & Arn. and Sesbania sesban (L) Merill. had access to forms of soil P unavailable to maize, and the consequences of this for sustainable management of biomass transfer. The species were grown in rows at high planting density to ensure the soil under rows was thoroughly permeated by roots. Soil samples taken from beneath rows were compared to controls, which included a bulk soil monolith enclosed by iron sheets within the tithonia plot, continuous maize, and bare fallow plots. Three separate plant biomass samples and soil samples were taken at 6-month intervals, over a period of 18 months. The agroforestry species produced mainly leaf biomass in the first 6 months but stem growth dominated thereafter. Consequently, litterfall was greatest early in the experiment (0–6 months) and declined with continued growth. Soil pH increased by up to 1 unit (from pH 4.85) and available P increased by up to 38% (1 g P g^–1) in agroforestry plots where biomass was conserved on the field. In contrast, in plots where biomass was removed, P availability decreased by up to 15%. Coincident with the declines in litterfall, pH decreased by up to 0.26 pH units, plant available P decreased by between 0.27 and 0.72 g g^–1 and P_o concentration decreased by between 8 and 35 g g^–1 in the agroforestry plots. Declines in P_o were related to phosphatase activity (R²=0.65, P<0.05), which was greater under agroforestry species (0.40–0.50 nmol MUB s^–1 g^–1) than maize (0.28 nmol MUB s^–1 g^–1) or the bare fallow (0.25 nmol MUB s^–1 g^–1). Management of tithonia for biomass transfer, decreased available soil P by 0.70 g g^–1 and P_o by 22.82 g g^–1. In this study, tithonia acquired P_o that was unavailable to maize. However, it is apparent that continuous cutting and removal of biomass would lead to rapid depletion of P stored in organic forms.     

Changes in phosphorus concentrations and pH in the rhizosphere of some agroforestry and crop species

The aim of this work was to assess whether agroforestry species have the ability to acquire P from pools unavailable to maize. Tithonia diversifolia(Hemsley) A. Gray, Tephrosia vogelii Hook f., Zea mays and Lupinus albusL. were grown in rhizopots and pH change and depletion of inorganic and organic P pools measured in the rhizosphere. Plants were harvested at the same growth stage, after 56 days for maize and white lupin and 70 days for tithonia and tephrosia, and the rhizosphere sampled. The rhizosphere was acidified by tithonia (pH change –0.3 units to pH 4.8) and lupins (–0.2 units to 4.9), alkalinised by tephrosia (+0.4 units to pH 5.4), and remained unchanged with maize growth. Concurrent with acidification in the rhizosphere of tithonia there was a decline in resin-P (0.8 g P g^–1). However, there was also a decline in NaOH extractable inorganic P (NaOH-P_i) (5.6 g P g^–1 at the root surface) and organic P pools (NaOH-P_o) (15.4 g P g^–1 at 1.5 mm from the root), which would not be expected without specific P acquisition mechanisms. Alkalinisation of tephrosia rhizosphere was accompanied by changes in all measured pools, although the large depletion of organic P (21.6 g P g^–1 at 5 mm from the root) suggests that mineralisation, as well as desorption of organic P, was stimulated. The size of changes of both pH and P pools varied with distance away from the rhizoplane. Decline of more recalcitrant P pools with the growth of the agroforestry species contrasted with the effect of maize growth, which was negligible on resin-P and NaOH-P_i, but led to an accumulation of P as NaOH-P_o (14.2 g P g^–1 at 5 mm from the root). Overall the depletion of recalcitrant P pools, particularly P_o, suggests that the growth of tithonia and tephrosia enhance desorption and dissolution of P, while also enhancing organic P mineralisation. Both species appear to have potential for agroforestry technologies designed to enhance the availability of P to crops, at least in the short term.     

Constituents of glandular trichomes of Tithonia diversifolia: relationships to herbivory and antifeedant activity

The herbivory activity of the bordered patch larvae (Chlosyne lacinia, Lepidoptera) on leaves of a Brazilian population of Tithonia diversifolia and the antifeedant potential of its leaf rinse extract were investigated. The caterpillars fed only on the adaxial face, where the density of glandular trichomes is very low, and avoided the abaxial face, which contains high levels of trichomes. Deterrent activity against the larvae was observed in leaf discs treated with leaf rinse extract at concentrations of 1-5% of fresh leaf weight. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that sesquiterpene lactones are the main constituents of the glandular trichomes. Dichloromethane rinse extracts of the leaves and inflorescences were chemically investigated, and 16 compounds were isolated and identified: 14 sesquiterpene lactones, a flavonoid and a diterpenoid. In this study, five sesquiterpene lactones are described for the first time in the genus, including two lactones, one of which has an unusual seco-guaianolide skeleton. Our findings indicate that the caterpillars avoid the sesquiterpene-lactone-rich glandular trichomes, and provide evidence for the antifeedant activity of the dichloromethane leaf rinse extract. In addition, a study of the seasonal variation of the main constituents from the leaf surface throughout a year demonstrated that a very low qualitative but a very high quantitative variation occurs. The highest level of the main metabolite tagitinin C was observed between September and October and the lowest was from March to June, the later corresponding to the period of highest infestation by the larvae.