白三叶入侵对草地早熟禾功能性状及草坪质量的影响

【目的】白三叶入侵会挤占草坪草的生存空间,严重威胁草坪的质量和功能。明晰白三叶（Trifolium repens）入侵对草坪植物草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）功能性状及草坪质量的影响,可深入了解白三叶入侵机制,为禾本科草坪的建植养护提供理论依据。【方法】以白三叶入侵草地早熟禾草坪为研究对象,采用样地调查方法,考察不同白三叶入侵程度下（对照及轻度、中度、重度入侵）草地早熟禾功能性状及草坪质量的差异特征,并通过隶属函数法综合评价各入侵程度下草坪质量。【结果】（1）随白三叶入侵程度的增加,草地早熟禾各器官碳含量、叶片建成成本及碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比逐渐降低,而比叶面积、各器官氮和磷含量增大。（2）同一入侵程度下,草地早熟禾各器官碳、氮和磷含量均表现为叶大于根和茎,碳氮比和碳磷比表现为根和茎大于叶,而其氮磷比表现为茎和叶大于根。（3）随白三叶入侵程度的增加,草地早熟禾草坪密度、质地、绿度指数和均一性降低,而地上生物量和地下生物量增大。（4）隶属函数法综合评价结果显示,草坪质量以白三叶未入侵时最优,重度入侵时最差,且叶碳含量对草坪质量的影响最大。【结论】白三叶入侵改变了草地早熟禾功能性状,降低了入侵区草坪质量,严重影响了草坪景观和功能。     

果农复合系统根系分布格局与生长动态研究

对苹果、小麦复合系统根系分布格局生长动态的研究表明：（１）４年生苹果根系垂直分布这１００ｃｍ,其主要分布在２０～６０ｃｍ,可占总根量的８０％以上;小麦根系垂直分布可达８０ｃｍ,０～１０ｃｍ占５５．２％,与苹果根系在空间尺度上不复重叠;而不间作时,苹果根系有上浮趋势。（２）苹果幼树根系的水平分布达２５０ｃｍ,大多在０～１００ｃｍ范围,占４２．４％;间作时两边各留１００ｃｍ的保护行,基本不影响小麦生长     

不同土壤水分条件下土壤容重对玉米根系生长的影响

用玉米作为实验材料进行分根实验。种子根平分在装有土娄土的分隔的白铁皮桶中。土壤容重分 4种处理 :低容重 (两边容重都为 1 .2 0 g· cm-3 )、中容重 (两边容重都为1 .33g· cm-3 )、高容重 (两边容重都为 1 .45g· cm-3 )和混合容重 (一边为 1 .2 0 g· cm-3 ,另一边为 1 .45g· cm-3 )。土壤水分控制在高基质势 (- 0 .1 7MPa)和低基质势 (- 0 .86MPa) 2个水平。结果表明 :当植株生长在高紧实土壤或土壤基质势从 - 0 .1 7MPa降到 - 0 .86 MPa时 ,根长和根干重都显著降低 ;紧实土壤使根长降低的同时还使根的直径增大。然而 ,当植株生长在混合容重土壤中时 ,处在低容重土壤中的根系生长得到加强 ,补偿甚至超补偿高容重土壤中根系生长的不足     

土壤水分胁迫对设施番茄根系及地上部生长的影响

为了研究土壤水分胁迫对番茄生长的影响,以番茄‘金粉2号’(Jingfen 2)品种为试材,于2013年5—8月间在南京信息工程大学可控试验温室设计正常灌溉(T1)、轻度胁迫(T2)、中度胁迫(T3)、重度胁迫(T4)4个土壤水分处理,观测不同处理番茄植株根系及地上部分的生长状况。结果表明:不同处理的番茄根系生长指标(根系总长度、总表面积、总平均直径、根尖数)的最大值均表现为:T2T3T1T4,比较峰值发现,T2、T3和T4的根系总长度分别为T1的1.8、1.0和0.4倍,总表面积分别为T1的2.3、1.1和0.4倍,总平均直径分别为T1的1.3、1.1和0.6倍,根尖数分别为T1的1.1、1.0和0.5倍;T1、T2和T3处理的番茄根系均集中分布在5—10 cm土层内,而在T4处理下根系集中分布在15—25 cm土层内;番茄的株高、茎粗和叶面积指数大小表现为:T1T2T3T4,T2、T3和T4的番茄株高分别比T1下降11.49%、28.6%和43.98%,茎粗以T4处理最低,为T1的73.57%,T2、T3和T4的叶面积指数分别为T1的81.33%、64.62%和43.37%,各处理间叶面积指数在5%水平下呈现显著性差异。相关分析表明,番茄地上部分和地下部分各项生长指标与土壤体积含水率呈正相关。研究认为轻度土壤水分胁迫对番茄植株地上部分的生长影响不显著,利于根系生长,中、重度土壤水分胁迫明显抑制了番茄植株地上部分的生长,降低根系在土壤中的分布层,研究为设施番茄水分管理提供科学依据。     

干旱和盐胁迫对草地早熟禾草坪质量及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过干旱、盐、盐 干旱3种胁迫处理对草地早熟禾草坪质量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行测定分析.结果显示,(1)与对照草地早熟禾草坪相比,3种处理均随胁迫时间的延长草坪质量持续下降,且叶片细胞膜完整性、净光合速率(Pn),光合色素含量以及叶片叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光能转换效率(Fv'/Fm')、PsⅡ反应中心非环式光合电子传递效率(фPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均呈下降趋势,但不同胁迫处理的下降程度不同,总体表现为:干旱 盐胁迫>干旱胁迫>盐胁迫.(2)随着3种胁迫处理时间的延长,早熟禾叶片非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均有增加,但盐胁迫下变化不显著,而干旱和盐 干旱胁迫下变化显著.结果表明,0.3%的NaCl胁迫对早熟禾的草坪质量、叶片细胞膜完整性以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响较小,而干旱、特别是盐 干旱胁迫的影响较大.     

草地早熟禾种子产量构成因素的品种差异

对草地早熟禾 2 8个品种种子产量及性状进行了研究 .结果表明 ,2 8个品种间种子产量存在极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,最高的品种为Balin和Monoply ,其产量达 6 4 3.4～ 6 5 0 .2kg·hm-2 ,为最低品种Elysee(90 .1kg·hm-2 )的 7.1倍 .生产性状相关分析表明 ,生殖枝数 /株、生殖枝高、花序长及小穗数 /生殖枝 4个性状为影响早熟禾种子产量的主要因素 .依据对种子产量及上述 4个性状测定值的聚类分析 ,可将 2 8个品种的种子生产性能分为极强、很强、强、中等、差和极差 6个类群 ,其中Monoply等 6品种为极强类群 ;Baronie、Balin和Sydsport、Entopper分别为很强和强类群 ;Nublue等 12品种为中等类群 ;Broadway等 4品种和Ram1、Elysee分别为差和极差类群     

土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根系生长及水分利用的调节

模拟试验研究结果表明：在土壤相对含水量为４０％￣７０％范围内,水分亏缺严重,根水势和蒸腾蒸发量显著降低,根系生长严重受阻,根长变短,根干重降低,随着土壤水分趋于良好,根水势和蒸腾蒸发量显著增加,根干重在土壤相对含水量为５５％￣６２％之间时最大,而土壤相对含水量在５５％上下时根长达最长;土壤水分趋于轻度干旱有利根系下扎,土壤水分趋于良好利于根量增长。氮磷营养对小麦根系生长具有明显的调节作用。磷营养可     

土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的影响

采用小偃６号小麦品种,在模拟田间原状土容重的条件下土培,研究了土壤水分和磷营养对小麦根系生长生理特性的效应。结果表明：在土壤相对含水量为４０％─７０％范围内,土壤水分亏缺,小麦根系生长受到限制,根系比表面积（ＲＡ）、根呼吸速率（Ｒｐ）、根水势（Ｒψｗ）和叶片蒸腾强度（ＥＩ）明显降低,根系干物重（ＲＤＷ）减少;轻度干旱有利于根系的延伸生长;在土壤干旱条件下,磷营养可以提高根系ＲＡ,降低根系Ｒｐ,提高Ｒψｗ、增加叶面ＥＩ,促进根系延伸生长,扩大小麦根系对土壤深层水分的吸收和利用,进而促进地下部生长,提高ＲＤＷ。磷除作为一种营养物质促进作物根系生长发育外,在水分胁迫条件下,磷营养可明显改善植株体内的水分关系,增强对干旱缺水环境的适应能力,提高作物抗旱性。促进根系生长,提高水分利用的有效方法是根据土壤水分状况调节磷的用量。     

草地早熟禾假受精现象的研究

本文运用石蜡切片法、整体透明法研究了草地早熟禾的假受精现象。结果表明,草地早熟禾在两极核清晰可见时,卵细胞就已自发分裂成原胚,此现象占观察总数88％;但是,其极核必需经过受精过程才能发育为胚乳。     

草地早熟禾假受精现象的研究

本文运用石蜡切片法、整体透明法研究了草地早熟禾的假受精现象。结果表明,草地早熟禾在两极核清晰可见时,卵细胞就已自发分裂成原胚,此现象占观察总数８８％;但是,其极核必需经过受精过程才能发育为胚乳。     

土壤湿度对香樟幼苗根系生长和构型的影响

以1年生香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗为试材,设置对照组(CK)、中度干旱处理(M)、重度干旱处理(S)三个处理,比较不同土壤湿度下香樟幼苗不同时期地上部分生长和根系构型,探究香樟幼苗根系对不同土壤湿度的适应性及其耐旱机制。结果表明,中度和重度干旱处理组的香樟根系及地上部分干物质积累、根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径和根尖数均显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。同时干旱显著增加香樟幼苗的根系拓扑指数,降低香樟根的分形维数和平均分枝角度(P<0.05)。可见土壤湿度程度及处理时间显著影响香樟根系的生长及在土壤中的布局。较低土壤湿度可显著抑制根长的延长、根表面积扩大和根的增殖,且随着土壤湿度的继续降低以及处理时间延长,香樟幼苗根系的生长受到水分亏缺的抑制作用加重,根系建成成本增高的同时,根系分枝的复杂性降低,根系必须通过朝着更陡、更深的方向生长伸长来提高水分吸收效率。建议在园林绿化工程养护过程中制定科学的水分管理策略,以满足香樟生长过程中对土壤水分的需要。     

Soil types with different texture affects development of Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat seedlings

The effect of different soil textures, sandy (97.5% sand, 1.6% silt, 0.9% clay), loamy sand (77% sand, 11% silt, 12% clay) and a sandy clay loam (69% sand, 7% silt, 24% clay), on root rot of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Anastomosis Group (AG) 8 was studied under glasshouse conditions. The reduction in root and shoot biomass following inoculation with AG-8 was greater in sand than in loamy sand or sandy clay loam. Dry root weight of wheat in the sand, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils infested with AG-8 was 91%, 55% and 28% less than in control uninfested soils. There was greater moisture retention in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils as compared to the sand in the upper 10–20 cm. Root penetration resistance was greater in loamy sand and sandy clay loam than in sand. Root growth in the uninfested soil column was faster in the sand than in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, the roots in the sandy soil being thinner than in the other two soils. Radial spread of the pathogen in these soils in seedling trays was twice as fast in the sand in comparison to the loamy sand which in turn was more than twice that in the sandy clay loam soil. There was no evidence that differences among soils in pathogenicity or soil spread of the pathogen was related to their nutrient status. This behaviour may be related to the severity of the disease in fields with sandy soils as compared to those with loam or clay soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The phenology of fine root growth in a maple-dominated ecosystem: relationships with some soil properties

A two-year study was undertaken in a maple-dominated watershed of southern Québec, Canada, to examine relationships between trends in fine root growth, stem diameter growth, soil moisture, soil temperature, mineralized-N and extractable-P. Until September, soil temperature was consistently higher in 1995 than in 1994. Apart from the first sampling in mid-May, soil moisture was higher in 1994 than in 1995. In 1994, most fine roots were produced before leaf expansion, whereas in 1995, fine root production peaked in July. Annual fine root production was estimated to be 2.7 times higher in 1994 than in 1995. Stem growth was strongly associated with the seasonal and annual variation in soil temperature. Root and diameter growth were asynchronous in 1994 but not in 1995. Fine root production was associated with two groups of variables: a soil fertility (mineralized-N and extractable-P) group and a physical soil environment (moisture and temperature) group. Our results are consistent with the negative effect of high soil-N fertility on fine root production but are inconclusive as to the positive effect of high soil-P fertility. Soil conditions that are detrimental to root growth such as high N availability and anaerobiosis could modify the normal dynamics of fine root growth.     

Radiocarbon dating of peat macrofossils in the Cairngorm Mountains,Scotland

Summary

Radiocarbon dates for tree stumps at another three sites in the Cairngorm Mountains are presented. These are considered along with a previous set (Pears, 1969) and the evidence they provide for determining altitudinal limits of forest growth in the Flandrian Period is discussed. They support earlier tentative conclusions that the topographical factor and local site hydrology are the key factors in interpreting the macrofossil pattern.