降香檀叶的非黄酮类成分研究

为阐明降香檀(Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen)叶的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从叶的醇提和水煮液中得到8个非黄酮类化合物。经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为(3S)-6,7-二羟基-6,7-二氢芳樟醇(1)、淫羊藿次苷B1 (2)、淫羊藿次苷B6 (3)、淫羊藿次苷F2 (4)、苯甲醇β-巣菜糖苷(5)、苯乙醇β-巣菜糖苷(6)、2,3-丁二醇2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)和腺嘌呤(8)。化合物1为单萜、2和3为大柱香波龙烷糖苷、4～6为芳基糖苷、7为烷基糖苷、8为嘌呤,均为首次从该植物中报道。     

偏斜淫羊藿化学成分研究

采用70%乙醇超声波辅助提取偏斜淫羊藿（Epimedium truncatum H.R.Liang）叶片中的类黄酮化学成分,利用LC-MS联用技术鉴定其化合物组成,利用HPLC方法测定其主要活性成分的含量并与药典规定药材箭叶淫羊藿（Epimedium sagittatum）主要活性成分的含量进行比较。结果从偏斜淫羊藿叶片中鉴定出6个化合物：朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、3,5,7-三羟基4’-甲氧基-8-异戊烯基黄酮-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→2）-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖甙、山奈苷。该6个化合物均为首次在该植物中发现。偏斜淫羊藿富含朝藿定C,其含量显著高于箭叶淫羊藿主要活性成分的总含量。结果表明LC-MS可以简单、快速地对淫羊藿化学成分进行定性和定量分析,偏斜淫羊藿富含朝藿定C,具有潜在的药用价值。     

黄刺玫果实化学成分及其体外延长凝血酶原时间研究

对黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina Lindl)果实的化学成分及其体外延长凝血酶原时间(PT)进行研究。采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、MDS柱色谱以及半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,并运用NMR、MS等波谱方法对所分离的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从黄刺玫果实75%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定6个化合物,分别为槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(1)、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-反式香豆酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、山奈酚-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、1,2-二(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1,3-丙二醇(5)、2,3-二羟基-1-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(6)。其中化合物6是首次从本属植物中分离得到,化合物1~5为首次从黄刺玫中分离得到。体外血浆PT测定结果表明,化合物1~4与空白对照相比(P0.05)均显示具有延长凝血酶原时间作用,进一步对化合物1的延长凝血酶原时间(PT)进行量效关系研究,结果显示在浓度不小于27 m M时,化合物1显示明显延长凝血酶原时间作用。     

月见草中一个新的莽草酸衍生物CSCD

为了研究月见草Oenothera biennis L.的化学成分,采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶、MCI gel CHP-20等柱色谱并结合半制备高效液相等分离技术,利用现代波谱学手段进行化合物结构鉴定。从月见草50%丙酮提取物中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为dimethyl 3-lactyl shikimate(1)、methyl shikimate(2)、3,3′,4-O-三甲基鞣花酸(3)、3,3′-二甲氧基-鞣花酸(4)、3,4,3′-三甲氧基鞣花酸(5)、alternariol 9-methyl ether(6)、2,3-二羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(7)、scirpyrone H(8)、dimethoxydimethylphthalide(9)、clearanol C(10)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2~10均为首次从该植物中分离得到。化合物2和3可显著提高TGF-β1诱导BEAS-2B细胞的活力,推测其具有潜在的肺保护作用。     

薏苡糠壳的化学成分及其种子萌发活性研究

为了解薏苡(Coixlachryma-jobi)糠壳的化学成分,利用多种柱色谱技术对其乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯萃取部位进行分离,经波谱数据分析鉴定了15个化合物,分别为香豆酸(1)、香豆酸甲酯(2)、2-羟乙基-香豆酸酯(3)、咖啡酸甲酯(4)、阿魏酸甲酯(5)、(E)-3-(4-甲氧基苯基)丙烯酸(6)、2,3-二羟基-1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(7)、2,3-二羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(8)、对羟基苯甲酸(9)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(10)、1,3,5-三甲氧基苯(11)、methyl (3-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroindol-3-yl)-acetate (12)、尿囊素(13)、2-(2-羟乙基)-3-甲基反丁烯二酸(14)和油酸(15),其中化合物3、7、12、13和14为首次从薏苡中分离得到。活性测试结果表明,化合物1、2、9、10和11对种子萌发具有较强的抑制作用。     

姜黄地上部分化学成分的研究

为了解姜黄(Curcuma longa L.)地上部分的化学成分,采用硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱从姜黄地上部分分离得到14个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为槲皮素3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(1)、山柰酚3-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→2)-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、橙皮素7-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、1,7-二(4-羟基苯基)庚烷-4E,6E-二烯-3-酮(4)、1,7-二(4-羟基苯基)庚烷-1E,4E,6E-三烯-3-酮(5)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸(6)、对羟基苯甲醛(7)、香草醛(8)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(9)、异香草酸(10)、4-(1-羟基-1-甲基乙基)苯甲酸(11)、R-6-羟基-6-甲基-3-(2-羟基异丙基)-2-烯环己酮(12)、6,9-二羟基-4,7-巨豆二烯-3-酮(13)和β-胡萝卜苷(14)。化合物1、2、3、12和13首次从该植物中分离得到。经HPLC比较分析,姜黄地上部分缺乏姜黄药材的主要功能成分姜黄素。     

淫羊藿中的新黄酮甙

淫羊藿甙(icariin,1)和1个新的黄酮甙类成分-新淫羊藿甙(neoicariin,2)已从中药淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum)的地上部分分到,新淫羊藿甙(2)的化学结构经光谱分析并通过^1H-^1H COSY,^1H-^1H NOE,HMQC,HMBC等二维核磁共振谱和化学方法鉴定为3,5,7-三羟基-4’-甲氧基-8-(2”,3”-环氧)异戊基黄酮-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖甙。     

鸡血藤中的酚酸类化合物

为了解鸡血藤(Spatholobus suberectus Dunn)的化学成分,从鸡血藤的95%乙醇提取物中分离出15个酚酸类单体成分,经波谱学分析分别鉴定为:没食子酸(1)、tachioside(2)、isotachioside(3)、canthoside D(4)、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、4-羟甲基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、丁香酸葡萄糖苷(8)、3-甲氧基苯乙醇-4-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(9)、2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(10)、4,6-二羟基-2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)苯乙酮(11)、松香(12)、顺式紫丁香苷(13)、(–)-(7R,8S)-guaiacylglycerol 8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(14)和l-threo-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-β-glucopyranoside(15)。其中,化合物2~8和10~15为首次从密花豆属植物中分离得到。     

杨桃叶的化学成分研究

为阐明酢浆草科植物杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)的化学成分,运用有机溶剂提取、萃取及多种色谱分离技术,从其叶中分离得到11个化合物。经光波谱分析,分别鉴定为苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、2-苯乙基芸香糖苷(4)、1-O-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酰)-β-D-葡萄糖(5)、5-羟基麦芽酚(6)、麦芽酚苷(7)、麦芽酚3-O-[6-O-(3-羟基-3-甲基-5-丁基戊二酰)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、乙基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(9)、丁基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(10)和鲨烯(11)。化合物8是1个新的人工产物,除化合物2和3外均为首次从杨桃属植物中得到。部分化合物与杨桃叶的抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤作用相关。     

茂汶淫羊藿化学成分的研究

从小檗科植物茂汶淫羊藿(Epimedium platyetalum K. Meyer)的地上部分首次分离得到5种化合物(1-5),经化学和波谱法(UV、 IR、 NMR和FAB-MS)鉴定,其中两种为新化合物,命名为茂藿甙A (3,5-dihydroxy-4′-methoxy-8-(3″-hydroxyisopentyl)-flavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1)和茂藿甙B (5-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-8-prenyl-flavone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2), 另三种为淫羊藿甙(3)、宝藿甙-Ⅰ(4)和胡萝卜甙(5).     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.