黄斑露尾甲的生物学与防治对策

黄斑鹿尾甲Carpophilushemipterus（Linne）俗称酱曲虫、酱曲露尾虫、大曲虫,是酿酒大曲发酵初期最严重的害虫,各地大曲酒厂普遍发生。据1989年在陕西省西凤酒厂调查,该虫发生高峰期曲房内曲糠中幼虫平均密度达18头／g,虫量之多,实属罕见,成为大曲酒厂制曲生产中急待解决的问题。1988～1989年作者在陕西省西凤酒厂对其发生规律和防治对策进行了较系统的研究,结果如下。1分布与为害黄斑露尾甲是一种世界性害虫,但主要以热带和温带地区发生严重;我国各省（区）均有分布。在大曲酒厂,主要发生于曲房,制酒车间地面缝隙和酒糟场偶而…     

脊胸露尾甲生物学特性的观察

通过室内饲养观察及实地调查,明确了脊胸露尾甲年发生规律等基本生物学特性。该虫世代重叠现象明显,每代历期约33～38d,其中产卵前期平均68d,卵历期平均32d,幼虫期平均179d,蛹期平均75d。成虫产卵明显受性比的影响,雌雄性比小时,雌虫产卵量增多。     

中国四川菜花露尾甲亚属一新种（鞘翅目：露尾甲科）

记述采自中国四川省的菜花露尾甲属菜花露尾甲亚属1新种:淡翅菜花露尾甲Meligethes(Meligethes)pallidoelytrorum Chen&Kirejtshuk sp.nov.。对其特征作了描述,提供了成虫形态及雌雄外生殖器特征图。新种的主要鉴别特征为:虫体背部体表光滑,鞘翅具稀疏的刻点,跗爪基部具明显的齿。并提出滑菜花露尾甲M.(M.)lutra Solsky,1876和蜜菜花露尾甲M.(M.)melleus Grouvelle,1908是长唇菜花露尾甲M.(M.)vulpes Solsky,1876的新异名。     

棉露尾甲——一种有利用前景的传粉昆虫

传粉昆虫(pollinatiors)的种类很多,国内外研究较多的主要集中在膜翅目和双翅目,如传统的传粉昆虫蜜蜂、壁蜂、熊蜂、切叶蜂、大头金蝇和食蚜蝇等[1],而关于鞘翅目昆虫作为传粉昆虫的报道很少.棉露尾甲Haptoncus luteolus(Erichson)属鞘翅目露尾甲科,国内将其记载为仓储害虫[2]和棉花害虫[3],未见其作为传粉昆虫的报道.传粉昆虫来到花上是要获取食物,同时也起到了传授花粉的作用[4].作者还观察到棉露尾甲有较特殊的携带花粉的构造和携带花粉的能力(另文发表).本文通过对棉露尾甲在棉花不同类型花上的分布、扩散以及寄主范围等的调查以证明其传粉作用和利用前景.     

黄斑露尾甲的室内饲养

黄斑露尾甲Carpophilushemipterus（L．）隶属于鞘翅目露尾甲科,是一世界性仓虫,其食性很杂,嗜食发酵腐败物及霉菌、酵母菌,在美国严重为害无花果和甜玉米[1],近年来在我国酿造业中日见严重[2～4]。为了配合对此虫的研究,在Patrick[5]饲养方法的基础上,改用玉米快餐粉复配人工饲料成功地进行了室内饲养。1饲料、虫源及饲养方法1．1饲料成分和配制方法人工复配饲料成分：玉米快餐粉（成分为甜玉米、大豆、糯米、精面粉、植物油,四川德阳市粮油食品厂生产,市售）60g、麦芽粉20g、酵母粉20g、复合VB4．0g、VC1.4g、山梨酸0．5g、琼…     

食料含水量对黄斑露尾甲生长发育和生殖的影响

黄斑露尾甲适宜高湿的生境。室内试验结果表明,食料含水量15％时,卵完全不能孵化。在食料含水量20～45％范围内,卵孵化率、幼虫发育速率及成虫日均产卵量均与食料含水量之间呈“S”形曲线关系,拟合关系式分别为和;幼虫期死亡率与食料含水量之间呈二次曲线关系,拟合关系式为D=0.2926W~2-20.8121W+379.3,并求得幼虫期死亡率最低的食料含水量为35.6％;预蛹和蛹则不甚敏感,其发育速率和死亡率均随食料含水量变化而定。     

棉露尾甲发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0和 3 5℃下 ,测定了棉露尾甲Haptoncusluteolus(Erichson)各虫态的发育历期。结果表明 ,卵到蛹各虫态历期随温度升高而呈抛物线变化 ,3 0℃时发育历期最短 ;成虫寿命及世代历期随温度升高呈负线性变化。对试验结果采用了 2种方法计算发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并用变异系数进行检验。结果表明 ,除预蛹期外 ,其它各虫态用最优化法计算结果优于直线回归法 ,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、雌雄成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为 :9 9,7 9,8 6,9 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 3和 5 7℃ ,有效积温分别为 :2 6 4,5 3 9,5 4 91 5 1 6,1 3 4 1 ,5 2 4和 3 2 2 0日·度 ;预蛹期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为 4 8℃和 94 1日·度。     

雄尾螨科分类学与生物学研究进展

雄尾螨科Arrenuridae是水螨群Hydrachnidia雄尾螨总科Arrenuroidea较大类群之一,目前世界区系的分类学研究活跃,但属级阶元的分类尚有分歧,包括中国在内的许多国家和地区对该类群的系统学和生物学特性尚待深入研究。本文总结和讨论了雄尾螨科分类学尤其高级阶元分类的历史沿革、现状和趋势,并对其主要生物学习性作了介绍。     

印度加尔各答市区外围一地的露尾甲物种组成、多度和季节性发生(英文)

【目的】印度大部分露尾甲在腐烂的水果和蔬菜上大量发生,其种群在一年中表现出明显的季节性波动。据推测,露尾甲种群很大程度上依赖于温度、湿度和降雨之类的环境因子。【方法】本研究调查了2013-2015年印度加尔各答市区外围一地Garia的露尾甲物种组成、季节性发生和种群结构,记录了其活跃时期、季节性多度和影响其发生的因素。【结果】调查期间在调查地共发现数目不等的6个物种。其中最常见露尾甲为Urophorus humeralis,它是个体数量最多的物种且在一年中几乎所有月份均有发生;其他常见物种为Epuraea ocularis和E. luteola。不同物种在食物发酵的连续阶段进入诱捕器中。最初12 h被捕获的是Epuraea 属的种类,而在诱捕器中食物严重腐烂的后续阶段发现最多的是U. humeralis。在合适范围的气温(22~29℃)和相对湿度(82.5%~86%)下,物种丰富度最高,表明这些环境变量对露尾甲种群具有重要影响。【结论】加尔各答主要水果和蔬菜在季风后季节种植,在季风后季节取食这些作物的露尾甲发生量(物种丰富度和多度)最高。这一研究结果可能有助于制定针对这些甲虫的有效田间治理策略。     

Species of two paleoendemic sap beetle genera of the Tribe Nitidulini (Nitidulidae: Coleoptera) from the Baltic and Dominican amber

Omositoidea gigantea Schaufuss, 1892 is redescribed; O. pubescens sp. nov. from the Baltic amber, Palaeometopia dominicana gen. et sp. nov. and P. colorata gen. et sp. nov. from the Dominican amber are described. The taxonomic position of the two genera and their probable bionomy are discussed.     

New record of subfamily Prometopinae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Nitidulidae) in Korea

The subfamily Prometopinae Böving and Craighead, 1931 is recorded from Korea for the first time. Two species from different genera are recognized; Prometopia unidentata Hisamatsu, 1959 and Paramatopia x-rubrum Reitter, 1884. Morphological comments, biology, illustrations of habitus with genitalia of both sexes and a key to species from Korea are provided.     

Species-specific primers for predation studies of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae)

Species‐specific primers were developed for the pollen beetle (a pest in oilseed rape) for studies of predation by natural insect predators. Two forward and three reverse primers were designed within the mitochondrial COI gene and used in combination to amplify fragments in the size range of 163–290 bp. Remains of pollen beetle DNA were consistently detected in Pardosa spiders up to 24 h after ingestion but dropped drastically at 48 h. These primers will facilitate studies on biological control of this oilseed rape pest. Detection time was not correlated with fragment length as might be expected as the DNA gradually degrades into progressively shorter fragments over time.     

Evaluation of cultural practices for potential to control strawberry sap beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Strawberry sap beetle, Stelidota geminata (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), adults and larvae feed on and contaminate marketable strawberry (Fragaria L.) fruit. The beetle is a serious pest in the northeastern United States, with growers in multiple states reporting closing fields for picking prematurely due to fruit damage. Three options were evaluated for potential to reduce strawberry sap beetle populations. First, the influence of plant structure on accessibility of fruit in different strawberry cultivars to strawberry sap beetle was assessed by modifying plant structure and exposing caged plants to strawberry sap beetle adults. Severity of damage to berries staked up off the ground was similar to damage to those fruit contacting the soil, showing that adults will damage fruit held off the ground. Second, baited traps were placed at three distances into strawberry fields to determine whether overwintered beetles enter strawberry fields gradually. Adult beetles were first caught in the strawberries approximately equal to 19 d after occurring in traps placed along edges of adjacent wooded areas. The beetles arrived during the same sampling interval in traps at all distances into the fields, indicating that a border spray is unlikely to adequately control strawberry sap beetle. Third, the number of strawberry sap beetle emerging from strawberry for 5 wk after tilling and narrowing of plant rows was compared in plots renovated immediately at the end of harvest and in plots where renovation was delayed by 1 wk. In the 2-yr study, year and not treatment was the primary factor affecting the total number of emerging strawberry sap beetle. Overall, limited potential exists to reduce strawberry sap beetle populations by choosing cultivars with a particular plant structure, applying insecticide as a border spray, or modifying time of field renovation.     

Intraspecific competition effects on Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Two kinds of experiments were conducted with Aethina tumida Murray larvae over four temperatures: "consumption" experiments, in which larvae and diet were weighed to determine food consumption rates under conditions of unlimited food and few conspecifics; and "competition" experiments, in which varying numbers of larvae were presented with the same amount of honey and pollen diet, and larval weight at final instar was used to determine competition effects. In consumption experiments temperature, diet and their interaction all had significant effects on the ratio of larval weight to the weight of food consumed, which was higher at 24 degrees C than at any other temperature. In competition experiments, three relationships were examined and modeled: that between the number of larvae per experimental unit and the average weight of those larvae; that between average larval and adult weights; and that between average adult weight and survivorship to adult (emergence rate). An exponential decay function was fit to the relationship between number of larvae per experimental unit and their average weight. Average adult weight was linearly correlated with larval weight. Likewise, emergence rates for adults < 11.6 mg in weight were linearly correlated with adult weights, but no significant relationship was observed for heavier adults. Using these relationships, the reproductive potential for A. tumida were estimated for a frame of honey and pollen. Information on resource acquisition by A. tumida will be useful in evaluating the impact of different factors on beetle population dynamics, such as bee hygienic behavior or control strategies used by the beekeeper.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis sp. against sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Absract Nitidulid beetles (Coleoptera) are considered serious pests of date palms throughout the world. They attack the ripe fruit, causing it to rot, and damage is reflected in both reduced yield and lower fruit quality. Previous studies demonstrated the susceptibility of larvae of this pest to entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Heterorhabditidis. In the present study nematode efficacy was evaluated in greenhouse and field. In containers filled with soil, moderate reduction in insect emergence was achieved when the nematodes were applied at concentrations of 25 and 50 IJs/cm². However, the highest concentration (100 IJs/cm²) treatment resulted in a drastic reduction (by 70–90%) in emergence of the beetles. The lowest emergence was achieved by the IS-19 and IS-21 strains (>10%). Efficacy of the IS-19 strain was retained up to 7 days after application at a rate of 100 IJs/cm². When the insect larvae were introduced to the soil 2 weeks after nematode application, the percentage emergence of insects increased by 2–2.5 fold as compared to previous introductions but was still lower than in the control. Insect density per container did not have an effect on efficacy of the nematodes when the strains IS-19 and IS-12 were used. Two field trials were conducted in different sites in Israel. In the first trail, conducted in date palm orchard, four strains of Heterorhabditis sp. were tested. No significant difference in insect emergence was recorded among the various treatments or the control. Whereas in the second trial conducted in a fig orchard, substantial reduction (by 50–70%) in insect emergence was recorded following nematode treatment. Further studies, under natural conditions, are needed to optimize application efficiency and evaluate the commercial utilization of these biological control agents.     

Susceptibility of Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Nitidulid beetles (Coleoptera) are considered to be serious pests of date palms throughout the world. They attack ripe fruit, causing it to rot, and damage is reflected in both reduced yield and lower fruit quality. The present study was aimed at an evaluation of the susceptibility to different sap beetles to entomopathogenic nematodes. We further tested nematode efficacy in pots filled with soil infested by third instar larvae of the two beetle species. In Petri dish assay, mortality levels of Carpophilus humeralis and C. hemipterus exposed to Heterorhabditis sp. IS-5 strain indicated that the latter is less susceptible to nematode infection. Exposure of both sap beetle species to different nematode strains gave moderate levels of mortality (35-65%) with the heterorhabditid strains HP88, IS-5 and IS-25. The IS-12 strain of Heterorhabditis sp. showed poor virulence (<35% mortality) against larvae of C. humeralis as well as larvae and pupae of C. humipterus. The nematode species S. riobrave showed moderate virulence (35-65%) mortality to larvae and pupae of S. humeralis as well as to larvae of C. hemipterus . Exposure of C. hemeralis to different concentrations of Heterorhabditis sp. IS-5 in pots containing soil resulted in high mortality (>65%). In contrast, the lower concentrations (500 and 1000 nematodes/pot) caused low mortality (35%) of C. hemipterus . Other heterorhabditid strains caused 95-100% mortality of C. humeralis in pot assay. The HP88 strain of H. bacteriophora and the Tx strain of Steinernema riobrave showed poor effectiveness. Incubation of different nematode strains with the C. humeralis larvae at high temperature (32 C) resulted in an increase in insect mortality with the IS-12 and IS-21 strains. Reduced mortality was recorded with the HP88 strain treatment at the higher temperature. The IS-5 and IS-12 strains were equally effective in all three soil types tested, whereas the IS-19 strain was more effective in the Almog type soil than in the others.     

虾钳菜披龟甲生物学的研究

虾钳菜披龟甲是湘南危害空心莲子草的重要害虫,1年发生4代,以成虫越冬。成虫产卵期长达25～45天,平均每雌产卵64粒。各虫态历期,因代别而异,卵期在3～9天,幼虫期在16～26天,蛹期3～8天。成虫寿命长达60天或200余天（越冬代）。发生为害与温、湿度关系密切,高温、干旱对其不利。