双孢蘑菇分解基质能力退化的DDRT-PCR分析

对4种不同液体培养基培养的双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus CGMCC No.0214及其分解基质能力退化菌株0214-3、0214-5进行了24对引物组合的mRNA差异显示(DDRT-PCR)分析,结果发现8对引物组合扩增出可重复的差异,并克隆了9条差异片段。序列分析结果显示9条差异片段代表了5个基因的差异,它们与不同生物的ATP结合盒式运输亚家族A某蛋白、碳水化合物酯酶家族4蛋白、几丁质脱乙酰基酶、乙酰木聚糖酯酶II及其他一些未知蛋白具有较高的同源性。本研究结果为进一步进行双孢蘑菇分解基质能力退化的分子机理研究奠定了良好的基础。     

6株食根结线虫真菌厚垣普奇尼亚菌的形态学比较

采用玻片和平板菌落培养方法,对6株不同来源的食根结线虫真菌——厚垣普奇尼亚菌进行了形态学观察和比较。结果表明:不同菌株在形态和培养性状上存在明显差异。各菌株在CMA培养基上的生长速率不同,QNMP0214和NRRL13094生长最快,气生菌丝发达;QNZFF0601-3菌落背面乳白色;QNAV97-5分生孢子梗细长。6个菌株均能够产生菌丝膨大和厚垣孢子,其中QNAV97-6和QNMP0214厚垣孢子着生方式除间生外还有侧生,NRRL13094厚垣孢子大量间生成串,QNZFF0601-3和QNMP0214厚垣孢子稀少。QNAV97-2、MP0214、NRRL13094和QNAV97-5能产生晶体。     

开放式O3浓度增高对小麦籽粒蛋白的影响

于2006—2009年应用FACE研究平台,设计O₃浓度增高50%(E)和自然浓度(CK)两个处理,采用烟农19、扬麦16、扬麦15和扬辐麦2号4个品种,研究了O₃浓度增高对不同类型小麦品种籽粒蛋白质组分及其动态的影响.结果表明：随着O3浓度增高,籽粒蛋白质含量上升,3个年度上升幅度分别为7.55%～16.37%（2006—2007年度）、4.93%～22.63%（2007—2008年度）和2.29%～17.65%（2008—2009年度）,处理间、品种和年度间差异显著;但籽粒蛋白质产量显著或极显著下降,3个年度降幅分别为1.83%～11.64%（2006—2007年度）, -0.41%～24.22%（2007—2008年度）和-1.90%～15.81%（2008—2009年度）.籽粒蛋白质4种组分（清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白）含量均表现为O₃浓度增高处理高于自然浓度处理,品种间和年度间差异显著,且处理间醇溶蛋白和球蛋白含量差异显著,而清蛋白和谷蛋白含量差异不显著.     

双孢蘑菇子实体发育不同阶段蛋白质组分析

为探讨双孢蘑菇子实体发育不同阶段的蛋白质表达变化,对双孢蘑菇As2796菌株子实体原基期、幼菇期、采收期、开伞期的蛋白质组进行了二维液相色谱串联质谱（iTRAQ-MS/MS）分析,共获得不同肽段5 869个,鉴定到1 059个蛋白质,其中1 007个具有相对定量信息。与双孢蘑菇原基期相比,幼菇期、采收期和开伞期分别有差异蛋白质242、200、240个,分别占鉴定蛋白质总数的24.0%,19.9%和23.8%。对这些蛋白质及不同阶段之间的差异蛋白质进行了系列生物信息学分析,对8个上、下调表达具有连续性的差异蛋白质相关基因进行了荧光定量PCR验证,其中3个蛋白质（错配碱基识别蛋白、细胞色素C1及某推定的未知蛋白质）基因的转录与蛋白质的表达具有较为一致的趋势。这些结果为后续双孢蘑菇子实体发育相关基因的功能研究奠定了良好的基础。     

iTRAQ联用串联质谱鉴定食管鳞状细胞癌差异表达蛋白质及蛋白质相互作用网络

基于质谱的蛋白质组学结果不仅具有重复性差和覆盖率低等缺陷,并且针对数十至百个差异表达蛋白质分子的分析非常具有挑战性,而蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用网络（protein-protein interaction network, PPIN）分析能够在一定程度上弥补上述不足,使各种组学研究结果具有一致性和可比性。本研究应用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（iTRAQ）联用串联质谱技术鉴定了与食管鳞状细胞癌（esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC）相关的差异表达蛋白质244个（ESCC中,升高和降低的蛋白质分别为119个和125个）,基因本体论（gene ontology, GO）富集与肿瘤十大特征相关的17个GO条目|以该17个条目包含的117个蛋白质为种子蛋白搜索STRING（http: //www.string-db.org）数据库,构建包含96个存在相互作用的PPIN和21个离散蛋白质。用CytoHubba算法确定34个中心节点蛋白质和36个瓶颈蛋白质,非重复49个中心节点和/或瓶颈蛋白质中含7个目前已报道的癌基因表达蛋白（PPP2R1A、CTNNB1、ENO1、EZR、TPM4、COL1A1、TPM3）,确定与该7个癌蛋白直接相互作用的4个蛋白质（FN1、ITGB1、TAGLN和YWHAZ）可能为参与食管癌变的关键蛋白质,并应用Western印迹实验验证了 FN1、ITGB1、TAGLN和YWHAZ等4个关键蛋白质在ESCC中具有显著的表达差异,表明PPIN分析是确定具有重要生物学意义分子的有效途经之一。     

球状香菇菌株的氨基酸特征分析及蛋白质品质评价

比较分析香菇球状菌株与正常菌株的形态特征、氨基酸特征和蛋白质品质,并基于现行国际氨基酸模式谱,采用蛋白质的氨基酸评分（amino acid score,AAS）、氨基酸比值系数分（ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC）、IOM（Institute of Medicine）模式评分、化学评分（chemical score,CS）、必需氨基酸指数（essential amino acid index,EAAI）以及蛋白质校正氨基酸计分（protein digestibility corrected amino acids score,PDCAAS）多种指标进行评价。结果表明：与正常菌株相比,球状菌株形态上没有菌褶和菌柄的分化,同时营养成分也发生了变化,就粗蛋白含量而言,球状菌株为正常菌株的1.37倍（分别为32.32%和23.60%）;就平均总氨基酸含量而言,球状菌株（209.58mg/g）是正常菌株（163.10mg/g）的1.28倍。这些球状菌株的特征可作为新品种的培育材料进一步被利用。     

血管生成素相互作用蛋白质的筛选与鉴定

血管生成素（angiogenin, ANG）在肿瘤、神经退行性疾病和先天免疫过程中均发挥作用,但对其具体生理病理功能和作用机制的了解并不深入全面.蛋白质 蛋白质相互作用调控着细胞内的各个生物学过程,可以为目标蛋白质功能和机制的探索提供信息.本文利用酵母双杂交技术,分别从人心肌和肝cDNA文库中筛选了ANG的可能相互作用蛋白质.对筛选获得的20个候选蛋白质进行生物信息学分析,显示10个蛋白质含有EGF结构域;有5个蛋白质在KEGG 数据库已有记录,主要参与细胞黏附、通讯和迁移等过程.在以往的研究中,我们已经验证α 辅肌动蛋白2（α-actinin 2）、卵泡抑素（follistatin）、磷脂混杂酶1（phospholipid scramblase 1）和腓骨蛋白1（fibulin1）与ANG作用的真实性.本文的蛋白质沉降实验显示,ANG与腓骨蛋白2、3、4之间也存在相互作用.     

烤烟不同部位叶片中主要含氮化合物的变化

目的：分析烤烟下、中、上3个部位调制后叶片中烟碱、蛋白质及游离氨基酸等主要含氮化合物含量的变化规律。方法：选取3个部位烟叶分别采收烘烤5次,分级后取样测定。结果：随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中的烟碱含量表现出随之增加的变化规律,蛋白质含量表现为＂∧＂型的变化,游离氨基酸含量表现为随之降低的变化规律。3个烟叶部位之间烟碱、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的差异均不显著。结论：烟叶中烟碱与蛋白质含量之间呈极显著负相关（r=-0.72）,与游离氨基酸含量之间呈显著负相关（r=-0.6）;蛋白质与游离氨基酸含量之间呈显著正相关（r=0.62）。     

玉米T型细胞质雄性不育系与相应保持系线粒体蛋白质组中的差异蛋白

利用固相pH3—10梯度双向凝胶电泳．对玉米T型细胞质雄性不育系（T—CMS）及其相应保持系叶片（苗期、拔节期、孕穗期）,胚轴,胚根和花药（花粉母细胞减数分裂期、花粉粒小孢子单-双核期）线粒体蛋白质组中的差异蛋白进行分析。PDQuest2D图像软件分析表明,苗期和拔节期叶片约有150个蛋白质斑点,胚轴和胚根中可识别出150个线粒体蛋白质斑点,花药中约有100个斑点。利用MALDI—TOF—MS方法．运用MASCOT软件于NCBI进行数据查询．对T—CMS与相应保持系中存在的差异蛋白进行归属鉴定,在T—CMS中存在,保持系中缺失的线粒体蛋白质有：r40cl protein（胚轴中）,mature anther—specific protein,DNA—directed RNA polymerase 23kD subunit．hexokinaseⅡ和T—CMS中缺失而在保持系中存在的有：glutathione S—transferase．putative protein。其中T—CMS与相应保持系间．线粒体蛋白质组呈现出差异的组织有胚轴、胚根和小孢子单-双核期的花药。叶片的不同发育时期线粒体蛋白质组呈现明显变化．但T—CMS与保持系间没有差异。在小孢子单-双核期（花粉败育期）的花药中,T—CMS与保持系间线粒体蛋白质组出现明显差异,线粒体蛋白质组出现变异的时期与花粉败育时期相一致。     

金鱼雌核发育单倍体发育过程中的比较蛋白质组学研究

前期已有工作发现在金鱼雌核发育单倍体中一些与发育调控相关的重要蛋白质表达受阻导致单倍体的发育畸形。为了进一步阐明单倍体的发育机制,我们共收集了3个不同发育时期金鱼单倍体胚胎（HE-1、HE-2、HE-3）进行雌核发育单倍体的差异蛋白质组研究。研究采用二维凝胶电泳进行分离,利用PDQuest软件进行图谱分析,质谱分析初步鉴定到了15个差异蛋白质。这些蛋白质在金鱼雌核发育单倍体的发育中起着重要作用,为进一步阐明单倍体的发育机制奠定了良好的基础。     

Diversity in the ability of Agaricus bisporus wild isolates to fruit at high temperature (25°C)

The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus commercially cultivated requires 16-19 °C during the fruiting period. Wild strains are also present in natural habitat, and in light of their wide range of geographic distribution reported, from boreal region to tropical region, questions on the development adaptation to temperature arose. Isolates from various geographic areas were screened for their ability to fruit at higher temperature (FHT ability) than commercial cultivars. The FHT trait discriminated at the varietal rank. Agaricus bisporus var. eurotetrasporus was unable to develop any sporophores whilst A. bisporus var. burnettii adapted perfectly to 25 °C for fruiting, suggesting that the FHT ability is a fixed trait in these varieties. In contrast, FHT ability of A. bisporus var. bisporus appeared variable and correlated neither with climate/microclimate nor with habitat. However, FHT ability taken as a whole appeared higher in North American populations than in European ones. Some A. bisporus var. bisporus isolates revealed a good potential for cultivation at 25 °C.     

热胁迫对双孢蘑菇抗氧化酶及热激蛋白基因的差异表达的影响

抗氧化酶和热激蛋白是双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus抵御逆境胁迫的重要蛋白,高温胁迫下菌丝会通过二者基因的差异表达来减少对自身的损伤。通过对双孢蘑菇菌丝进行40℃热胁迫处理0-120min后发现,随着热胁迫时间延长,菌丝生长速度降低、气生菌丝增多和菌丝分叉明显。转录组分析抗氧化酶和热激蛋白基因差异表达发现,在热胁迫30-60min时抗氧化酶基因gpx、ppo3和cat3与热激蛋白基因hsp、hsp70-1和hsp70-17上调表达明显,而在90-120min时抗氧化酶基因ppo1、ppo2和cat2与热激蛋白基因hsp16、hsp70-14、hsp70-3和hsp70-16上调表达明显。跟踪抗氧化酶活性发现,热胁迫能激活过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）,使酶活性提高2-3倍;同时热胁迫降低了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）酶活性,而对多酚氧化酶（PPO）影响不明显。此外,研究还发现热胁迫能使双孢蘑菇积累更多的超氧阴离子氧化自由基（O ^2-）,从而对菌丝造成损伤。因此,双孢蘑菇在热胁迫过程中可以通过启动不同的抗氧化酶和热激蛋白基因表达来抵御高温胁迫对菌丝造成的损伤,其中CAT和POD可能起到主要清除氧化自由基的作用,对双孢蘑菇耐高温基因的初步研究为选育耐高温品种奠定基础。     

Phenotypic variation of Pseudomonas putida and P. tolaasii affects attachment to Agaricus bisporus mycelium.

The effect of phenotypic variation on attachment of Pseudomonas tolaasii and P. putida to Agaricus bisporus mycelium was investigated. Quantitative studies demonstrated the ability of each isolate to attach rapidly and firmly to A. bisporus mycelium and significant differences in attachment of wild-type and phenotypic variant strains were observed. This was most pronounced in P. tolaasii, where the percentage attachment of the wild-type form was always greater than that of the phenotypic variant. The medium upon which the bacteria were cultured, prior to conducting an attachment assay, had a significant effect on their ability to attach. Attachment of the wild-type form of P. putida was enhanced when the assay was performed in the presence of CaCl2, suggesting the involvement of electrostatic forces. No correlation was observed between bacterial hydrophobicity and ability to attach to A. bisporus mycelium. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained from the quantitative studies and provided further evidence for marked differences in the ability of the pseudomonads to attach to mycelium. Fibrillar structures and amorphous material were frequently associated with attached cells and appeared to anchor bacteria to each other and to the hyphal surface. A time-course study of attachment using transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of uneven fibrillar material on the surface of cells. This material stained positive for polysaccharide and may be involved in ensuring rapid, firm attachment of the cells.     

Plasmids resembling 2-micrometers DNA in the osmotolerant yeasts Saccharomyces bailii and Saccharomyces bisporus

Five of eight strains of Saccharomyces bailii and one of 13 strains of S. bisporus were found to harbour DNA plasmids. pSB1 and pSB2 plasmids were isolated from S. bailii strains IFO 0488 and IFO 1047, respectively, and pSB3 and pSB4 from S. bisporus strain IFO 1730. All four plasmids resemble 2-micrometers DNA of S. cerevisiae in that their molecular sizes are about 6 kb, each molecule possesses a pair of inverted repeats, they exist as a mixture of two isomers and their copy numbers in the native host are similar. None of them showed homology with 2-micrometers DNA or with each other by Southern hybridization under moderately stringent conditions, but pSB4 hybridized with the pSR1 DNA, which was found previously in a strain of S. rouxii. Each of the pSB plasmids has DNA sequence(s) effective for autonomous replication in S. cerevisiae. In S. cerevisiae, pSB3 and pSB4 showed intramolecular recombination but neither supported isomerization of 2-micrometers DNA.     

双孢蘑菇耐热相关基因的表达载体构建及转化研究

构建了双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus耐热相关基因028-1全长cDNA序列的双元表达载体,通过农杆菌介导转化双孢蘑菇非耐热菌株8213,经潮霉素抗性筛选和PCR鉴定,获得了一批双孢蘑菇转基因菌株。对10株转基因菌株进行了不同温度下的草管走菌试验,结果显示大部分转基因菌株的耐热性能有较为明显的提高。     

Screening of basidiomycete fungi for the quinone-dependent sugar C-2/C-3 oxidoreductase, pyranose dehydrogenase, and properties of the enzyme from Macrolepiota rhacodes

Mycelial cultures of 76 strains of lignocellulose-degrading basidiomycete fungi were screened for the activity of pyranose dehydrogenase, a novel sugar oxidoreductase recently detected in Agaricus bisporus. Of these fungi, 37 strains belonging to seven phylogenetically related genera of mostly litter-decomposing Agaricales were positive for the dehydrogenase, based on activity assays towards D-glucose with 1,4-benzoquinone or ferricenium ion as electron acceptors, and on TLC/HPLC analyses of the reaction products. Lack of activity with O(2) as the oxidant, specificity for C-3 of D-glucose, and active extracellular secretion of the enzyme were used as criteria to differentiate pyranose dehydrogenase from pyranose 2-oxidase (EC 1.1.3.10), known to be produced by numerous wood-rotting fungi. Extracellular pyranose dehydrogenase from Macrolepiota rhacodes was heavily glycosylated. The enzyme was characterized as a 78-kDa flavoprotein under denaturing conditions and a 76-kDa native protein using gel filtration. This enzyme had a maximum extracellular activity of 4.1 U ml(-1) in 39-day liquid cultures. It exhibited broad selectivity for sugar substrates and oxidized D-glucose (K(m)=1.82) exclusively at C-3 to 3-dehydro-D-glucose (D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose), in contrast to pyranose dehydrogenases from Agaricus species, which acted at both C-3 and C-2 of D-glucose. The N-terminal sequence, AVVYRHPDEL, showed significant similarity with that reported for A. bisporus.     

双孢蘑菇遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP指纹技术对双孢蘑菇的20个野生菌株和5个栽培品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。AFLP指纹揭示出20个野生异核体菌株所固的基因型。5个商业品种表现出比较一致的AFLP指纹,但也显示出它们之间的一些差别。由单孢分离获得的同核体菌株携带着部分异核体菌株的AFLP指纹;由同一子实体分离得到的大部分单孢菌株是异核体菌株,它们具有与其亲本一致的AFLP指纹。UPGMA分析揭示出2个与地理分布（美洲、欧洲）和相对应的组。研究结果表明：（1）在野生菌株之间存在着明显的遗传差异;（2）大多数单孢分离的菌株具有与母本一致的遗传物质;（3）野生菌株间的遗传变异大于栽培品种间的变异;（4）在双孢蘑菇的遗传多样性分析中,AFLP技术是非常有效的工具。     

Lack of nifH gene in some endophytic bacteria isolated on RC solid medium

Presence of endophytic bacteria was reported in many crops including maize (Zea mays L.). Endophytes play a significant role in plant nutrient and pesticide uptake. Application of endophytic bacteria is a goal of sustainable agriculture. Occurrence of Azospirillum strains is often reported as tissue inhabiting bacteria of maize. The biological N2-fixation is one of most important processes assigned to this bacteria. The objective of this study was to examine the biodiversity of Azospirillum spp. isolated from the leaves of 6 cultivars of Zea mays L.. They were cultivated on two experimental fields at Smolice and Kobierzyce, (Poland). Strains of Azospirillum spp. were isolated on the solid RC medium. Forty four isolates grown as a small intensive red colonies were selected. To verify ability to N2-fixation isolates were analyzed based on nifH gene presence. Presence of nifH gene was tested using PCR method with PolF and PolR universal degenerate primers. The presence of nifH gene was found in 6 tested strains isolated from leaves of 3 cultivars (Cyrkon, Kosmo230, KB2704) from Smolice location, only. Our results suggest that selection of Azospirillum-like strains on RC solid medium based on appearance of colony is not correlated with theirs ability to nitrogen fixation or used degenerated primers (PolF, PolR) are not universal enough.