水分胁迫对不同抗旱类型冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在人工气候室水培条件下,选用3个不同抗旱类型的冬小麦品种,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：水分胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv／Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv／Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qF)均降低;而初始荧光(Fo)与非光化学淬灭系数(qNP)则升高,说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv／Fo)降低;光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散提高。但水分胁迫下品种间各参数变化幅度不同。除qNF外,其余各参数均为抗旱性越强降低幅度越小,而qNF则升高幅度越大。说明水分胁迫对冬小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响与其抗旱性密切相关。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）、叶绿素含量（Chl）都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿P。降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率（F／F=）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv／Fo）降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv／Fm和Fv／Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PsⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光的影响

研究了水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合色素及叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在长期的水分胁迫中,牛心朴子叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量没有下降或下降不明显。直到处理末期才显著下降;叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm变化不大,在处理末期各处理Fo降低,轻度、重度水分胁迫的Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm升高。说明K期水分胁迫后牛心朴子的光合功能受到影响,但牛心朴子仍表现出较强的适应干旱的能力。     

灌浆期热胁迫对小麦不同绿色器官光合性能的影响

以4个冬小麦（Triticum aestivem L.）品种（“JD8”、“Jing411”、“Centurk”和“Tam202”）为材料,研究灌浆期热胁迫对旗叶叶片、旗叶鞘、穗下节间、护颖、外疑和芒的光合性能和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：灌浆期对泪科进行热锻炼也能增加其耐热性且各绿色器官间耐热性差异显。耐热性较强的器官为穗下节间、旗叶鞘和护颖;热敏感器官为旗叶叶片、外颖和芒。热胁迫条件下,穗下节间1旗叶鞘和护颖的细胞膜热稳定性强,光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）下降速率以及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素降解速率均低于旗叶叶片、外颖和瓦,穗的净光合速率下降幅度小于旗叶。热胁迫过程中,相对耐热品种“JD8”各器官上述光合参数的下降速度均显低于其他3个热敏感品种。     

水分和氮素运筹对冬小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响

在大田条件下,进行了不同水分和氮素运筹对冬小麦生育后期光合特性及产量影响的研究。结果表明：适当增施氮素有利于提高旗叶的叶绿素含量(Chl)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv／Fo)及PSⅡ光化学的最大效率(Fv／Fm),而减少荧光非光化学猝灭系数(qN),从而提高光合速率(Pn)和产量。但水分不足或过多,均会影响氮素对光合性能的改善,进而影响水分及氮素的效率和产量的形成。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素含量(Chl)都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿Pn降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PSⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

五节芒不同种群对Cd污染胁迫的光合生理响应

通过盆栽模拟试验,以分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的两个五节芒种群为试验材料,比较研究了两个种群在Cd胁迫下的气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性、光合色素含量和叶绿体超微结构变化的差异。结果表明:(1)Cd胁迫下五节芒两种群叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、叶绿素含量(Chl)都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。矿区种群随Cd胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。(2)轻度Cd胁迫下气孔限制是五节芒非矿区种群Pn降低的主要因素,中度和重度Cd胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。(3)Cd胁迫下五节芒两种群PSⅡ反应中心最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率Fv′/Fm′均有所下降。总体上矿区种群降幅较小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PSⅡ光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)的变化表现为Cd胁迫下两种群qP值降低、NPQ值升高,总体上抗性强的矿区种群qP降低的幅度低且NPQ升高幅度大。随着Cd胁迫浓度增加,矿区种群实际光化学反应效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)变化幅度不大,而非矿区种群显著下降,表明矿区种群PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。研究表明,五节芒矿区种群对重金属Cd有较强的耐受能力,适合作为金属矿区植被恢复建设的禾本科先锋物种。     

小麦旗叶黄化转绿突变体的生理分析及细胞学研究

叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用机理的理想材料。该研究以小麦旗叶黄化转绿突变体LF2090及其野生型H_261为材料,对其主要农艺性状、光合色素含量、光合参数和叶绿体超微结构进行比较分析。结果显示:突变体在旗叶黄化期叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿体结构基本正常,光合速率无显著变化;在旗叶转绿期,突变体叶绿素b相对含量提高,但各色素含量均显著下降,叶绿体内基粒大部分消失,细胞间CO_2浓度及光合速率均显著下降。研究表明,叶绿素a与叶绿素b间的比例变化导致突变体旗叶叶片颜色发生由黄转绿的变化;突变体LF2090旗叶气孔部分关闭是该突变体光合速率降低和农艺性状较差的主要原因,同时色素含量降低导致叶绿体结构的改变也影响着旗叶的光合效率。     

磷胁迫对水曲柳幼苗叶绿素合成、光合作用和生物量分配格局的影响

采用沙培试验对水曲柳幼苗磷胁迫与叶绿素合成、光合作用和生物量分配的关系进行了研究．结果表明,在磷胁迫下,水曲柳幼苗叶片内5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)合成速率和胆色素原(PBG)合成酶活性下降,但叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素以及类胡萝卜素含量没有显著变化;水曲柳幼苗叶片和根中N浓度下降。P在各个部位的浓度也相应减少。表明N和P在苗木生理过程中具有协同作用．叶片中N浓度下降引起光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光量子效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ的光化学效率(ΦpsⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)以及最大光合速率(Amax)下降．磷胁迫对叶绿素合成的影响与Amax下降无关．在磷胁迫下,水曲柳幼苗总生物量下降,且生物量分配倾向于地下部分。而在P充足或过剩条件下,生物量主要分配于地上部分．     

小麦旗叶和穗光合作用与耐旱性关系研究

研究了土壤干早胁迫下小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）旗叶和穗光合作用的差异及其与耐旱性的关系。结果表明,穗光合活性对干旱胁迫的敏感性低于旗叶叶片。干旱胁迫下。穗光合速率下降幅度远小于叶片,类胡萝卜素含世较高,色素含量、PSI活性下降幅度均小于叶片。且PEPC活性诱导增强,暗示穗器官较叶片有较强的耐逆性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.