Resource exploitation of larvae ofGastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky andgalerucella vittaticollis Baly (Coleoptera: Chrisomelidae) under a limited resource condition

Resource exploitation by and intraspecific competition in larvae of Gastrophysa atrocyanea and Galerucella vittaticollis were investigated in field and laboratory experiments. Larvae of both species frequently suffered from food shortages in the field. When G. atrocyanea larvae suffered from a food shortage, severe intraspecific competition occurred because of lack of predation and parasitism. This exploitive competition was caused by a local food shortage of the host plant. Individuals survived by fast exploitation when food became abundant (contest type competition). the G. atrocyanea larvae were wasteful of the food resource, and no mechanism by which to economize on the utilization of the resource was acquired because of their exploitation of the abundant resource. In contrast, the G. vittaticollis population probably is regulated by extrinsic factors such as predation and parasitism. Those larvae grew into smaller adults than those of G. atrocyanea under a food shortage, so that their wasted food consumption was lower than that of G. atrocyanea. Although intraspecific competition was similar to that for G. atrocyanea, it was not as severe. The food for G. vittaticollis was apt to be appropriated by other wasteful exploitators such as G. atrocyanea, which was superior in resource exploitation; therefore G. vittaticollis frequently suffered a food shortage. Consequently selection in relation to tolerance to starvation became more acute for G. vittaticollis than for G. atrocyanea, and individuals of G. vittaticollis that could endure starvation better may have been selected.     

Role of interspecific competition in the coexistence ofApodemus argenteus andA. speciosus (Rodentia: Muridae)

Reciprocal-removal experiments with two replicates were conducted to test for the role of interspecific competition in the coexistence ofApodemus argenteus andA. speciosus. Population density, rate of appearance of new (unmarked) individuals, reproduction, survival rate and habitat use were monitored during pre- and removal periods. In both removal experiments, the removal ofA. argenteus had little effect onA. speciosus, while that ofA. speciosus affected several population characteristics ofA. argenteus. Namely, the removal ofA. speciosus shifted the distribution ofA. argenteus to the habitat with a denser shrub cover in one experiment. Also, the removal increased the population densities and appearance rates of new individuals ofA. argenteus in another experiment. Interspecific interactions between the two species appeared to be a one-way action fromA. speciosus toA. argenteus. In removal periods in both experiments, the rates of appearance of new individuals in each species were the highest on the grid where that species was removed. These results suggest that, though interspecific competition occurred between the two species, intraspecific competition had greater effects than interspecific competition on the abundance and habitat use ofA. argenteus andA. speciosus. This implies that the fundamental niches ofA. argenteus andA. speciosus differ potentially, which may play an important role in the coexistence of the two species.     

Coexistence between two fruit fly species is supported by the different strength of intra‐ and interspecific competition

1. Unravelling the strength and modes of interspecific interactions between resident and introduced species is necessary in order to understand the basis of their coexistence or the displacement of the former by the latter. In Argentina, the indigenous Tephritidae fly Anastrepha fraterculus overlaps its distribution and host fruit with the introduced species Ceratitis capitata. 2. This study focused on the relative strength of intra‐ and interspecific competition during the larval stage as a potential factor supporting coexistence. Classical competition experiments (addition and substitution) were conducted between larvae of the two species reared in artificial larval diet. The study evaluated whether a temporal separation between oviposition events affects the outcome of the competition. 3. When both species started to consume the resource at the same time, A. fraterculus experienced a negative effect in larval survival, pupal weight and duration of larval stage, while for C. capitata, pupal weight decreased. When A. fraterculus started feeding 1 day earlier than C. capitata, the negative effects became milder, and when the temporal separation increased, these effects were reversed. Substitution experiments showed an increase in pupal weight when larvae had to share the resource with heterospecific larvae, and showed negative effects suffered for both species when they shared the resource with conspecific individuals. 4. These results suggest that intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition, and a differential oviposition preference could generate an asynchrony of these species in nature. Such mechanisms could favour coexistence between A. fraterculus and C. capitata in an environment previously occupied only by the former.     

Coexistence of three differentDrosophila species by rescheduling their life history traits in a natural population

We present evidence for coexistence of three differentDrosophila species by rescheduling their life history traits in a natural population using the same resource, at the same time and same place.D. ananassae has faster larval development time (DT) and faster DT(egg-fly) than other two species thus utilizing the resources at maximum at both larval and adult stages respectively. Therefore,D. ananassae skips the interspecific competition at preadult stage but suffers more from intraspecific competition. However,D. melanogaster andD. biarmipes have rescheduled their various life history traits to avoid interspecific competition. Differences of ranks tests for various life history traits suggest that except for DT(egg-pupa), the difference of ranks is highest for the combination ofD. melanogaster andD. ananassae for all other life history traits. This difference is maintained by tradeoffs between larval development time and pupal period and between pupal period and DT(egg-pupa) inD. ananassae.     

Effects of herbivory by chrysomelid beetles on the growth and survival ofRumex plants

The effects of herbivory by the guild of chrysomelid beetles on the growth and survival ofRumex plants were examined in relation to the distribution and size of the plants. Gastrophysa atrocyanea never appeared on solitary plants whereasMantula clavareaui showed even utilization of solitary and clumped plants.Galerucella vittaticollis utilized large solitary plants most frequently. In patches of the host plants, the frequency of withering of the aerial parts was higher on small plants. The regrowth rate was higher when the aerial parts withered in spring than in summer. In patches of the host plants, the regrowth rate was higher on small plants. On the other hand, it was lower on small solitary plants than on large solitary plants and small plants in patches. In large plants, no difference in survival rate was recognized between solitary and clumped plants, because both the frequency of withering of the aerial parts and the regrowth rate were lower in clumped than solitary plants. The high vigor against intense herbivory by the chrysomelid beetles brought on the delay in the phenology ofRumex plants. This shift permits in parts the existence ofG. vittaticollis in mid summer. The temporal and spatial interactions between herbivore guild and the host plants were discussed.     

Interspecific dominance and asymmetric competition with respect to nesting habitats between two snowfinch species in a high-altitude extreme environment

Interference competition over shared resources is expected to be intensive in harsh environments between phylogenetically and morphologically similar species. We document interspecific dominance and nest habitat selection by two pika-burrow nesting Montifringilla species, white-rumped snowfinches M. taczanowskii (WRS), and rufous-necked snowfinches M. ruficollis (RNS), which commonly inhabit alpine meadows in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Relative to the critical point (<0.60) for coexistence, high overlaps (0.68–0.86) between the two species in egg-laying date, nest site distribution and nesting burrow attributes suggested strong interspecific competition over these niches. This is also predicted by the ratios of inter-species body mass (1.4) and linear dimensions (1.1–1.2) below the minimum value (2.0 and 1.3) for stable coexistence of closely related species. Larger-sized WRS was behaviorally dominant over pikas and over small-sized RNS. Being dominant, WRS established nesting territories in areas with moderately steep slopes from which they required most of the food resources during the breeding season; in contrast, RNS exhibited no territoriality and had to nest at margins between WRS’s territories and fed at dispersed sites. For the same reason, WRS mainly used active, and RNS used inactive, pika burrows. The asymmetric competition over nesting habitats could contribute to the relatively high nesting success and breeding density of the superior species. We argue that there is a spectrum in interspecific competition strength, from stable coexistence to complete exclusion along a gradient of increased environmental harshness, and the guild of the two snowfinch species is at a mediate position of the spectrum.     

The dietary basis for temporal partitioning: food habits of coexisting Acomys species

Two rodent species of the genus Acomys coexist on rocky terrain in the southern deserts of Israel. The common spiny mouse (A. cahirinus) is nocturnally active whereas the golden spiny mouse (A. russatus) is diurnally active. An early removal study suggested that competition accounts for this pattern of temporal partitioning: the golden spiny mouse is forced into diurnal activity by its congener. Theoretically, temporal segregation should facilitate coexistence if the shared limiting resources differ at different times (primarily among predators whose prey populations have activity rhythms), or if they are renewed within the period of the temporal segregation. We studied food preferences of the two Acomys species in a controlled cafeteria experiment in order to assess resource overlap and the potential for competition for food between the two species. We found no significant difference in food preferences between species. The dietary items preferred by both were arthropods. We also carried out a seasonal study of the percentage and identity of arthropods taken in the field by individuals of the two species. Individuals of both species took on annual average a high percentage of arthropods in their diets. Seasonal diet shifts reflect seasonal abundance of arthropods at Ein Gedi during day and night. Diurnal activity may also reduce interspecific interference competition between A. russatus and A. cahirinus. However, the strong interspecific dietary overlap in food preference, the heavy reliance on arthropods in spiny mouse diets, and the seasonal and circadian differences in arthropod consumption suggest that prey partitioning may be a viable mechanism of coexistence in this system. Received: 6 July 1998 / Accepted: 10 May 1999     

How do invasive species affect native species? Experimental evidence from a carrion blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) system

1. The necrobiome is a unique microcosm in which various organisms interact and compete for access to an ephemeral resource, such as carrion, that ultimately determines the structure and composition of these assemblages. 2. Blowfly species exhibit different competitive abilities which, when associated with other types of behaviour, such as predation or cannibalism, influence coexistence. Knowledge of the effects of competition between native and invasive species on development and survival is essential to understanding the dynamics of insect communities and to assess biological invasions. 3. Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of interspecific competition on the bionomics and survival of a native (Cochliomyia macellaria) and an invasive (Chrysomya rufifacies) blowfly species at different population densities. 4. The deleterious effect of competition on the larval parameters of C. macellaria increased proportionally with increases in the larval density of C. rufifacies. When exposed to increased densities of C. rufifacies, larvae of C. macellaria accelerated their development and, as a trade‐off for this strategy, surviving adults were smaller and had reduced wing size, which were likely to reduce dispersal and reproductive capacity. 5. Larval competition – both as species‐dependent and density‐dependent phenomena – influences morphological and biological traits of surviving individuals. The impact of the invasive species has consequences at the population level, such as displacement or local population depletion of native species, a phenomenon likely to occur in other systems involving insects and ephemeral resources.     

Competitive strategies between Anastrepha fraterculus and Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) regulating the use of host fruits

Interspecific competition between individuals of different species can result in reductions in their fecundity, growth or survival, reflecting differential exploitation of resources that become intensified due to spatial co-occurrence, ecological similarity and increased population densities. As two species cannot occupy the same niche, coexistence is only possible if the available resources are used in non-overlapping manners such as niche partitioning or the use of refuges. Among agricultural insect pests, such as fruit flies of the family Tephritidae, competitive interactions can result in competitive displacement, host changes, or the expansion or restriction of the numbers of hosts utilized that can have negative consequences for human agricultural activities. We evaluated the competitive interactions between two fruit fly species of the genus Anastrepha, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedmann, 1830), on their respective preferred hosts (mangoes and guava). Experiments of larval competition and competition for ovipositioning sites by adult females were performed to compare the parameters of larval development time, numbers of pupae and emerged adults and numbers of ovipositions in the presence or absence of interspecific competition. We observed that the interactions between those species were asymmetrical and hierarchical, and our results suggest a competitive displacement of A. fraterculus by A. obliqua when those two species are present on the same fruit, whether mangoes or guavas.     

Competition between Bufo larvae in a eutrophic pond

Competition between larvae of two anuran species (Bufo bufo and B. calamita) was investigated under field conditions likely to disfavour cell-mediated interference mechanisms. The experiment used triplicated cage treatments in an unshaded farm pond, a poor habitat for the unicellular pathogen Anurofeca richardsi implicated in interference competition between these anurans in sand dune ponds. The farm pond experienced lower maximum temperatures than a nearby dune pond but sustained larger numbers of eukaryotic algae and therefore had higher primary productivity. Survival and growth of B. calamita larvae were inversely related to density in all treatments but interspecific effects were much more severe than intraspecific ones. There was no evidence of A. richardsi in any treatment and competition between the Bufo larvae was therefore intense in the absence of Anurofeca-mediated interference effects. Anuran larvae reduced the standing crop and altered the community composition of algae in the treatment cages but larval growth rates were not simply related to food availability. Algal cell numbers in larval guts, a measure of food acquisition, were however inversely related to tadpole density in both species. Feeding niche overlap was high but decreased as larval density increased. Resource competition was implicated as the most probable major mechanism. Received: 1 September 1999 / Accepted: 20 January 2000     

Habitat selection of three chrysomelid species associated with Rumex spp.

Summary Habitat selection of three chrysomelid beetles feeding on the Rumex plants was studied in relation to the ecological requirements of the three species and the habitat characteristics arising in their unstable and often unpredictable environment. The different ecological requirements and bionomic characteristics of the three chrysomelids were associated not only with their differing degrees of feeding specialization; they also influenced habitat selection. For example, the small body size and lower food demands of Mantura clavareaui, which is a feeding specialist, allowed it to exploit any habitat, irrespective of habitat size and duration. The other specialist, Gastrophysa atrocyanea, selected larger habitats because of the relatively brief lifespan of its adults after overwintering, its reduced mortality, and greater food demand. On the other hand, Galerucella vittaticollis, which is a multivoltine, general feeder, selected the habitat that lasted longer, rather than one that was larger. This species' life cycle is not synchronized with Rumex phenology, but its adults are long-lived and it has a flexible life cycle. The different patterns in habitat selection among these three chrysomelids prevented serious overlapping of their habitats; thus, the habitat overlapping of 2 or 3 species was 34.62%, that of all 3 species 3.85%. Most of the habitats utilized by Gastrophysa, however, overlapped those of the other two species, because Gastrophysa's habitat utilization range was the narrowest of the three. In Mantura, the degree of overlap with the other two species was lowest because this beetle had the broadest range of habitat utilization. On the other hand, Galerucella adjusted the temporal, rather than the spatial coordinates of its habitat usage when it occupied habitats where the other two specialists were also present. Galerucella, unlike the other two species, is multivoltine. Consequently, it was able to coexist in habitats occupied by the others by exploiting the host plants at times when the other species were numerically few, or even absent. No direct interspecific competition among adults of the three species was observed. Their different patterns of habitat selection created by their different responses to available food allowed them to coexist on Rumex without direct competition.     

Can the tortoise beat the hare? A possible mechanism for the coexistence of competing mosquitoes in bamboo groves

We studied interspecific competition between the larvae of the two mosquitoesAedes albopictus andTripteroides bambusa, which are predominantly found in water-filled bamboo stumps in northern Kyushu, south-western Japan, using microcosms with dead bamboo leaves in the laboratory. We compared short-term competition between single cohorts of the two species and long-term competition involving four cohorts of each species, which were introduced at 6-day intervals. In the single cohort experiment,A. albopictus grew faster thanT. bambusa. However, in the multiple cohort experiment, although the first cohort ofA. albopictus grew faster and began to pupate earlier than that ofT. bambusa, molting rates of later cohorts ofA. albopictus, that were introduced on the 12th and the 18th day, were lower than those ofT. bambusa. The survival rate ofA. albopictus became lower than that ofT. bambusa after the 18th day. The cumulative number of the pupatedT. bambusa individuals exceeded that ofA. albopictus on the 96th day. The final pupation success was higher inT. bambusa than inA. albopictus, especially when additional leaves were supplied on the 48th and the 96th days. The reversed outcomes between short- and long-term interspecific competition and the variation in the lifespans of small aquatic sites may contribute to the coexistence of the two mosquito species in bamboo groves.     

Asymmetric competition in larval amphibian communities: conservation implications for the northern crawfish frog, Rana areolata circulosa

Asymmetric competition in larval amphibians can influence population dynamics and community structure. This density-dependent regulatory mechanism may be of particular importance for rare or endangered species such as the northern crawfish frog, Rana areolata circulosa. Interspecific competition of R. areolata with two congenerics, R. blairi and R. sphenocephala, was examined in artificial ponds. Analysis of covariance (differential mortality covariate) indicated that interspecific competition increased larval period length and decreased metamorphic body mass of R. areolata. The number of metamorphs produced was lower for R. blairi ponds when reared with R. areolata at high density. Body mass at metamorphosis was larger for R. sphenocephala when reared with R. areolata, suggesting that R. areolata facilitates larval growth in R. sphenocephala. These results indicate that the larval performance of R. areolata was reduced in the presence of interspecific competitors. Although many conservation efforts emphasize the preservation of critical habitat or particular rare species, interactive effects of biotic components in the focal community may also be important demographic regulators. Received: 11 December 1997 / Accepted: 15 April 1998     

Active dispersal is differentially affected by inter‐ and intraspecific competition in closely related nematode species

Competition is one of the main drivers of dispersal, which can be an important mechanism to achieve permanent or temporal coexistence of multiple species. This coexistence can be achieved by a dispersal‐competition tradeoff, spatial store effects or neutral dynamics. Here we test the effect of inter‐ and intraspecific competition on dispersal of four species of the marine nematode species complex Litoditis marina. A previous study in closed microcosms without a possibility for dispersal had demonstrated pronounced interspecific competition, leading to the exclusion of one species. We now investigated whether 1) the dispersal is affected by interspecific interactions, by intraspecific competition (density) or by food availability, 2) the dispersal dynamics influence assemblage composition and can lead to co‐occurrence of the species, and 3) the abiotic environment (here salinity) can affect these dynamics. We show that density is the main driver for dispersal in two of the four species. Dispersal of a third species always started at the same time irrespective of density, whereas in the fourth species interspecific interactions accelerated dispersal. Remarkably, this fourth species was not a strong competitor, suggesting that a dispersal–competition tradeoff does not explain the observed coexistence. Salinity did not alter the timing of dispersal when interspecific interactions were present but did affect assemblage composition. Consequently, spatial store effects may influence coexistence. All four species co‐occurred in fairly stable abundances throughout the present experiment indicating the importance of species specific dispersal strategies for coexistence. Co‐occurrence can be facilitated because competition is postponed or avoided by dispersal. Neutral dynamics also played a role as intra‐ and interspecific competition were of similar importance in three of the four species. We conclude that dispersal is a driver of the coexistence of closely related nematode species, and that population density and interspecific interactions shape these dynamics.     

Complex competitive interactions in four species of Lucilia blowflies

Abstract.

• 1 The effects of intraspecific and interspecific larval competition on larval survival, adult size, adult longevity and fecundity were quantified in four species of coexisting Lucilia blowflies: illustris, silvarum, sericata and caesar.
• 2 There was a general negative effect of increasing density on larval and adult survival, size and fecundity. Additionally, complex species-specific and frequency-dependent responses were identified, which were not expected in these biologically and morphologically closely similar species.
• 3 Lucilia illustris, the numerically dominant species in the natural community, was a superior competitor to L.silvarum at intermediate densities but an inferior competitor at high density. Such nonlinear responses may be related to differences in the life histories and larval behaviour of the species (bigger eggs and more contest-type outcome of competition in L.silvarum).
• 4 We parameterized a model of interspecific competition on a subdivided resource in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting results on larval competitive abilities and the abundances of the species in the field. Using laboratory and field-estimated parameter values the model predicted coexistence of L.illustris and L.silvarum and the observed numerical dominance of the former species. The average densities of flies in the field are limited to relatively low levels, apparently preventing L.silvarum (the superior competitor at high density) from dominating and excluding L. illustris.

     

Seasonal dynamics and interspecific competition in Oneida Lake Daphnia

I investigated the population dynamics and competitive interactions of two species of the suspension-feeding crustacean Daphnia in Oneida Lake, N.Y. Both species have persisted in the lake for decades, but their water-column densities are negatively correlated. The larger Daphnia pulicaria dominates in some years, the smaller D. galeata mendotae in others, and in some years one species replaces the other seasonally. Although this pattern results in part from annual variation in vertebrate predation pressure, predation alone cannot explain the irregular daphnid dynamics. In 1992–1995, I examined the water-column abundances, birth and death rates of both species. D. pulicaria dominated in two years, D. galeata mendotae was replaced by D. pulicaria in one year and in 1994, both species persisted in low numbers. To test the effect of temporal changes on the strength of intra- and interspecific competition on both juvenile and adult daphnids, I manipulated a series of field enclosures in 1994 and 1995. The outcome of competition varied within and between years, and its effects were most evident at the highest densities and lowest resource levels. For adults of both species, the effects of interspecific competition were detected more often than those of intraspecific competition. Lipid reserves (a metric of fitness) among juveniles were generally low, with those of D. galeata mendotae often being less than those of D. pulicaria. Contrary to the results of other studies examining competition in daphnids, spatial segregation and predictable within-year reversals in competitive dominance most likely do not play a large role in fostering coexistence of the Oneida Lake daphnids. Instead, coexistence of these competitors is promoted by interannual variation and long-lived diapausing eggs. Received: 20 July 1997 / Accepted: 21 November 1997     

Spatial pattern formation and relative importance of intra- and interspecific competition in codominant tree species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Podocarpus nagi</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neolitsea aciculata</Emphasis>

Spatial patterns, their changes due to mortality, and intra- and interspecific competition of two codominant tree species, Podocarpus nagi and Neolitsea aciculata, were analyzed at Mt. Mikasa, Nara City, Japan. Podocarpus nagi has a higher shade tolerance but a narrower seed dispersal range than N. aciculata. We inferred the mechanisms of spatial pattern formation and coexistence of the two species. Podocarpus nagi and N. aciculata trees were clumped and showed a spatial repulsion from each other. Patches dominated by either P. nagi or N. aciculata were formed. Podocarpus nagi trees were less clumped with increasing tree size, although no significant change in spatial patterns due to mortality was detected. A patch formation of the P. nagi population seemed to be induced by the narrow seed dispersal range. On the other hand, N. aciculata trees were more clumped and more repulsive from P. nagi trees with increasing tree size. The distribution of N. aciculata trees shifted to more clumped than expected from the random mortality over the research period. Post-dispersal mortality due to competitive exclusion by P. nagi affected the patch formation of the N. aciculata population. The relative importance of intraspecific competition to interspecific competition on the relative growth rate increased with increasing tree size. The shift corresponded to an increasing spatial repulsion between the two species. The patch formation of P. nagi population may create the spatial refuge of N. aciculata from P. nagi and may enable avoidance of interspecific competition and the coexistence of the two species.     

Temperature modulates the effects of predation and competition on mosquito larvae

1. Predation risk affects interspecific competition by decreasing foraging activity and relative competitive ability. Predation risk is determined by predators' prey choice and prey responses, both of which can be influenced by temperature. Temperature is especially important for larval prey and can result in a trade‐off between predator‐induced decreases in foraging activity and growth. Interspecific competition must also be examined in relation to intraspecific density‐dependent competition; weaker interspecific competition leads to coexistence of competitors. 2. This study explored how temperature (15 and 25 °C) could affect a focal species, larvae of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, by examining prey choice in a shared predator (mosquitofish; Gambusia holbrooki) and the effects of predation risk on interspecific competition with Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Intraspecific density‐dependent competition in C. quinquefasciatus at these temperatures was also examined. 3. At 25 °C, G. holbrooki consumption of both C. quinquefasciatus and L. peronii increased; however, the effects of interspecific competition on mosquito survival did not decrease with L. peronii exposure to predation risk. The relationship between intraspecific density‐dependent competition and interspecific competition was temperature‐dependent, with competitive dominance of L. peronii at 25 °C. Male and female mosquitoes had different temperature‐dependent responses, indicating sex‐specific intrinsic responses to starvation and differential selection pressures. At 25 °C, females were susceptible to interspecific competition by L. peronii, while males were susceptible to intraspecific competition. 4. The use of competitors as biological controls has implications for mosquito disease transmission, and these results suggest that control effectiveness may be modified by climate change.     

Accumulation of Cd and Pb in successive stages ofGalleria mellonella and metal transfer to the pupal parasitoidPimpla turionellae

Larvae ofGalleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) were exposed to Pb (4, 43, 430 μg Pb/g food dw) and Cd (4, 20, 40 μg Cd/g food dw) applied singly and in combination. Metal transfer of Pb and Cd was investigated from food to larvae and successive stages ofG. mellonella and also to the pupal parasitoidPimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Larvae/food concentration factors (CFs) were highest in controls (Cd 5.25, Pb 3.07) and ranged from 0.19 to 0.92 for Cd and from 0.18 to 0.83 for Pb in contaminated groups; in general, the CFs decreased with an increasing contamination level in food.G. mellonella eliminated most of its larval metal load before pupation (metal concentration in larvae ς> pupae). Although pupae were only moderately contaminated (0.11–1.61 μg Cd/g dw), concentrations inP. turionellae ranged from 0.5 to 6.8 μg Cd/g dw. Again, CFs (parasitoid/pupa) decreased with enhanced levels of metal in the host pupae (Cd 3.07–14.05, Pb 0.0–2.47). The CFs calculated for both species were lower at combined contamination compared to single application.G. mellonella can be classified as a ‘deconcentrator’ (CF<1) along with other lepidopteran species, whereasP. turionellae is apparently a ‘macroconcentrator’ (CF>2).     

The effect of intra- and interspecific larval competition for food (Myzus persicae) on the development at 20° ofSyrphus ribesii andSyrphus corollae [Diptera,Syrphidae]

Intra- and interspecific competition for food (Myzus persicae) in larvae ofSyrphus ribesii andS. corollae were investigated in the laboratory at 20°, 16 hrs light. A competing unit consisted originally of six newly hatched larvae, trhee of each species or six of one species.S. ribesii had a low larval survival (about 35–40%) and a prolonged larval period (about 16–17 days) under both intra- and interspecific conditions, although food consumption was greater when mixed withS. corollae. InS. corollae, larval survival was significantly smaller when mixed withS. ribesii than under intraspecific conditions (25.0% and 73.1%). Larval period was somewhat increased in the mixed series. The results are explained by different sizes, natural food demands, feeding efficiencies and predatory tendencies of the two larval species.

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Résumé De jeunes larves deSyrphus ribesii et deSyrphus corollae ont été rassemblées par groupe de 6, toutes de la même espèce ou bien à raison de 3 larves de chaque espèce. Au sein de chaque groupe, les larves pouvaient entrer en concurrence les unes avec les autres en raison de la faible quantité de pucerons, qui étaient offertes chaque jour en nombre dépendant de l’age des larves, les mortes n’étant pas remplacées. Dans le cas d’une concurrence intraspécifique, les larves deS. ribesii ont un taux de survie faible (35–40%) et un long cycle de développement (16–17 jours); par contre,S. corollae a une survie élevée (73,1%) et un cycle de développement normal (9,9 jours). Dans le cas d’une concurrence interspécifique, le développement deS. ribesii n’est pas modifié, mis à part une prise de nourriture un peu plus grande en présence deS. corollae, ce qui se traduit par un poids plus élevé des pupes — par contre, les larves deS. corollae ont un taux de survie sensiblement plus faible (25,0%) et une durée de développement un peu plus longue (11,0 jours), lorsqu’elles sont placées dans les conditions d’un comportement interspécifique. Les résultats peuvent être expliqués par le fait que les larves deS. corollae ont, en présence des larves deS. ribesii, un comportement alimentaire plus mauvais que lorsqu’elles sont placées avec des individus de la même espèce. Cela tient vraisemblablement à ce que les larves deS. ribesii sont plus grosses, ont un besoin alimentaire plus élevé et consomment les pucerons plus rapidement queS. corollae.