中国艾菲跳小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

本文对艾菲跳小蜂属Aphycus(膜翅目Hymenoptera:跳小蜂科Encyrtidae)的2种进行了研究,标本均采自中国四川省。发现并描述了一新种——康定艾菲跳小蜂Aphycus kangdingensis sp.nov.,另一种为札幌艾菲跳小蜂Aphycus sapporoensis(CompereAnnecke)。研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国拟细角跳小蜂属分类学研究（膜翅目: 跳小蜂科）

对中国拟细角跳小蜂属Leptomastidea 分类研究进行了回顾, 并记述了分布于中国的拟细角跳小蜂属6 种, 其中草居拟细角跳小蜂L. herbicola, 红胸拟细角跳小蜂L. rubra 和谢氏拟细角跳小蜂L. shafeei为中国新记录种。文中提供了分种检索表、形态特征图。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国跳小蜂二新纪录属及三新种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

报道采自福建福州、吉林长春的3种跳小蜂,即桔小食甲跳小蜂Cerchysiella citricola Xu,sp.nov.,寄主为日本方头甲Cybocephalis nipponicus Endr.-Younga,初级寄主为柑橘类;扁角尼克跳小蜂Neocladella platicornis Xu,sp.nov.寄主不明和短翅思奇跳小蜂,其触角扁平膨大;短翅思奇跳小蜂Schilleriella brevipterus Xu,sp.nov.寄主为粉蚧,其前翅退化缩短.对新种进行了详细描述.本文也是尼克跳小蜂属Neocladella Girault和思奇跳小蜂属Schilleriella Ghesquiere在我国分布的首次记录.标本保存在浙江大学农业与生物技术学院应用昆虫研究所.     

四突跳小蜂亚科中国一新纪录属(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

记述了跳小蜂科中国1新纪录属,阿奴跳小蜂属Anusia F(o)rster,及中国1新纪录种,扁角阿奴跳小蜂Anusia nasicornis F(o)rster,并给出了其形态特征图.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

抑虱跳小蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

记述了采自福建的抑虱跳小蜂属AcerophagusSmith1新种——二环抑虱跳小蜂AcerophagusbiannulatusXu,sp.nov.。对我国现有二种抑虱跳小蜂,即棒节抑虱跳小蜂AcerophagusclavatusXu和松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂AcerophaguscoccoisSmith比较了区别特征。模式标本保存在浙江大学昆虫科学研究所。     

软鳞跳小蜂属一新种记述（膜翅目：跳中蜂科）

本文记述中国软鳞跳小蜂属１新种：壶蚧软鳞跳小蜂Ｌａｋｓｈａｐｈａｇｕｓ ｃｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｉ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在浙江农业大学生物防治研究室。     

中国广肩小蜂-新属及-新纪录属（膜翅目，广肩小蜂科）

研究了广肩小蜂科1新属丽广肩小蜂属Chryseurytoma Chen et Huang,描述1新种绿丽广肩小蜂Chryseurytoma viridis Chen et Huang,sp．nov．及中国1新纪录属刺盾广肩小蜂Acantheurytoma Cameron。新种绿丽广肩小蜂Chryseurytoma viridis Chen et Huang,sp．nov．的主要特征为：额无前眶脊;前足基节无纵槽;前单眼位于触角洼之上;胸部明显隆起;前胸背板前缘无脊;盾纵沟伸至中胸盾片3/4;触角除棒节褐色外其余为黄色;柄后腹长为宽的3.2倍。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国阔柄跳小蜂属一新种（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）

记述了阔柄跳小蜂属1新种：廖氏阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus liaoi sp．nov．,并给出了其形态特征图。廖氏阔柄跳小蜂与Mstagnarum很相似,但廖氏阔柄跳小蜂雌虫柄节最宽处在基半部,生殖器明显长于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节短于梗节,柄节长约为宽的3倍;而M.stagnarum雌虫柄节最宽处在端半部,生殖器短于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节明显长于梗节,柄节长约为宽的4倍。研究标本,包括正模,均保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。 正模：♀,北京市海淀区,2007-V-20～23,育自Eriococcus abeliceae,武三安采;副模：12♀♀,8♂♂,同正模。 词源：种名是为纪念已故廖定熹教授,他对中国跳小蜂分类研究做出了重大贡献。     

四突跳小蜂亚科中国新纪录属、种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

记述了四突跳小蜂亚科中国1新纪录属,阿纳跳小蜂属Anagyrietta Ferrière,及中国2新纪录种,豹纹阿纳跳小蜂Anagyrietta pantherina Ferrière和宽柄杜丝跳小蜂Dusmetia euripersiae Trjapitzin,并给出了其形态特征图。研究标本研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

阔柄跳小蜂属一新种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

记述了阔柄跳小蜂属Metaphycus 1新种,阿土阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus aretus sp.nov.(膜翅目,跳小蜂科),并提供了新种的主要形态特征图.阿土阔柄跳小蜂属于zebratus种团,与M.maculipennis形态相似,但该种柄节外侧除白色背脊外,中间无白色条带;前额宽约为1/3头宽;产卵器长约为第3产卵瓣长5.5 ～5.9倍.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所国家动物标本馆.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

Quinua and Relatives (Chenopodium sect.Chenopodium subsect.Celluloid)

Traditionally viewed as an Andean grain crop,Chenopodium quinoa Willd. includes domesticated populations that are not Andean, and Andean populations that are not domesticated. Comparative analysis of leaf morphology and allozyme frequencies have demonstrated that Andean populations, both domesticated(quinua) and free-living(ajara), represent an exceptionally homogeneous unit that is well differentiated from allied domesticates of coastal Chile(quingua) and freeliving populations of the Argentine lowlands(C. hircinum). This pattern of relationships indicates that Andean populations represent a monophyletic crop/weed system that has possibly developed through cyclic differentiation (natural vs. human selection) and introgressive hybridization. Relative levels of variation suggest that this complex originated in the southern Andes, possibly from wild types allied withC. hircinum, with subsequent dispersal north to Colombia and south to the Chilean coast. Coastal populations were apparently isolated from post-dispersal differentiation and homogenization that occurred in the Andes. Other data point toward a center of origin in the northern Andes with secondary centers of genetic diversity subsequently developing in the southern Andes and the plains of Argentina. Comparative linkage of South American taxa, all tetraploid, with North American tetraploids of the subsection will eventually clarify this problem. While the possibility of a direct phyletic connection betweenC. quinoa and the Mexican domesticate(C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae,) cannot be excluded, available evidence indicates that the latter represents an autonomous lineage that is associated with the basal tetraploid, C. b. subsp.berlandieri, through var.sinuatum, whereas South American taxa show possible affinities to either var. zschackei or var.berlandieri. An extinct domesticate of eastern North America,C. b. subsp.jonesianum, represents either another instance of independent domestication, possibly from subsp. b. var.zschackei, or a northeastern outlier of subsp.nuttalliae.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.     

Conditionallethality of Escherichia coli strains carrying dnaE anddnaQ mutations

Summary A double mutant of Escherichia coli K12 which carries a conditional lethal mutator mutation, dnaQ49 (Horiuchi et al. 1978), and a DNA polymerase III-deficient mutation, dnaE486 (Wechsler and Gross 1971), was found to be more thermolabile than was either of the dnaQ49 or dnaE486 single mutants. The double mutant is able to grow at28° C but not at 30° C. Under the restrictive conditions DNA synthesis, but not protein synthesis, of the double mutant was suppressed. All the other combinations of dnaQ and dnaE mutation alleles tested so far rendered the cells thermolabile. a dnaZ mutation exerted a similar effect on the dnaQ strain. However, when non-specific temperaturesensitive graowth mutations were conbined with the dnaQ49 mutation, no such increase in thermosensitivity was observed. There is a possibility that the product of the dnaQ gene interacts directly with the DNA replicating enzyme complex.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.