中国钩瓣叶蜂属黄斑钩瓣叶蜂种团一新种（膜翅目：叶蜂科）

记述中国西藏钩瓣叶蜂属黄斑钩瓣叶蜂种团Macrophya flavomaculata group 1新种:横斑钩瓣叶蜂M.transmaculata Li,LiuWei sp.nov.。     

中国钩瓣叶蜂属一新种及一新记录种(膜翅目:叶蜂科)

记述采自山东的中国钩瓣叶蜂属Macrophya Dahlbom 1新种：斑咐钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya maculotarsalina Wei et Liu.sp.nov.与Macrophya vacillans近似,但小盾片附片黑色,后足跗节大部白色,后足胫节具红斑,腹部第2背板两侧具侧白斑,第3、4背板无白斑,背地里单眼后区宽长比大于2,侧沟明显,锯腹片的锯刃强烈突出等,易与后者鉴别,斑股钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya femorata Marlatt,1898是中国新记录种,该种原记载分布于日本,新种的模式标本保存于中南林学院昆虫模式标本室。     

中国钩瓣叶蜂属Macrophya annulitibia种团二新种及分种检索表（膜翅目：叶蜂科）

记述采自中国四川和西藏钩瓣叶蜂属Macrophya Dahlbom环胫钩瓣叶蜂种团M annulitibia group 2新种:凯文钩瓣叶蜂 Macrophya kaiweni Liu,Li&Wei sp.nov.和拟盛氏钩瓣叶蜂 M.pseudoshengi Liu,Li&Wei sp.nov.;提供了 M.annulitibia group中国已知种类检索表和分布图.     

中国钩瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目,叶蜂科)Macrophya imitator种团两新种

记述采自中国四川和吉林钩瓣叶蜂属Macrophya imitator种团2新种:康定钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya kangdingensis Wei et Li,sp.nov.和卜氏钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya bui Wei et Li,sp.nov..新种模式标本保存于中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室.     

Helminth species diversity of mammals: parasite species richness is a host species attribute

Studies investigating parasite diversity have shown substantial geographical variation in parasite species richness. Most of these studies have, however, adopted a local scale approach, which may have masked more general patterns. Recent studies have shown that ectoparasite species richness in mammals seems highly repeatable among populations of the same mammal host species at a regional scale. In light of these new studies we have reinvestigated the case of parasitic helminths by using a large data set of parasites from mammal populations in 3 continents. We collected homogeneous data and demonstrated that helminth species richness is highly repeatable in mammals at a regional scale. Our results highlight the strong influence of host identity in parasite species richness and call for future research linking helminth species found in a given host to its ecology, immune defences and potential energetic trade-offs.     

Population dynamics of species with gynogenetic sibling species

Models are formulated for the population dynamics of a monoecious or dioecious species with an all-female parthenogenetic sibling species which is also gynogenetic. Continuous, deterministic reproduction and mortality, a stationary age distribution, random mating, and limited sexual competence for all individuals are posited. It is also supposed that in the dioecious case males do not distinguish between true and gynogenetic females. Similarly, hermaphrodites do not differentiate hermaphrodites and gynogens. The model implies that extinction is highly likely in the dioecious situation, but much less so in the monoecious one. Empirical evidence is reviewed and related to the assumptions and conclusions.     

Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi

The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.     

Distinguishing species

Given two organisms, how can one distinguish whether they belong to the same species or not? This might be straightforward for two divergent organisms, but can be extremely difficult and laborious for closely related ones. A molecular marker giving a clear distinction would therefore be of immense benefit. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) has been widely used for low-level phylogenetic analyses. Case studies revealed that a compensatory base change (CBC) in the helix II or helix III ITS2 secondary structure between two organisms correlated with sexual incompatibility. We analyzed more than 1300 closely related species to test whether this correlation is generally applicable. In 93%, where a CBC was found between organisms classified within the same genus, they belong to different species. Thus, a CBC in an ITS2 sequence-structure alignment is a sufficient condition to distinguish even closely related species.     

Exotic species richness and native species endemism increase the impact of exotic species on islands

Aim Exotic species pose one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, especially on islands. The impacts of exotic species vary in severity among islands, yet little is known about what makes some islands more susceptible than others. Here we determine which characteristics of an island influence how severely exotic species affect its native biota. Location We studied 65 islands and archipelagos from around the world, ranging from latitude 65° N to 54° S. Methods We compiled a global database of 10 island characteristics for 65 islands and determined the relative importance of each characteristic in predicting the impact of exotic species using multivariate modelling and hierarchical partitioning. We defined the impact of exotic species as the number of bird, amphibian and mammal (BAM) species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened by exotics, relative to the total number of BAM species on that island. Results We found that the impact of exotic species is more severe on islands with more exotic species and a greater proportion of native species that are endemic. Unexpectedly, the level of anthropogenic disturbance did not influence an island's susceptibility to the impacts of exotic species. Main conclusions By coupling our results with studies on the introduction and establishment of exotic species, we conclude that colonization pressure, or invasion opportunities, influences all stages of the invasion process. However, species endemism, the other important factor determining the impact of exotic species, is not known to contribute to introduction and establishment success on islands. This demonstrates that different factors correlate with the initial stages of the invasion process and the subsequent impacts of those invaders, highlighting the importance of studying the impacts of exotic species directly. Our study helps identify islands that are at risk of impact by exotics and where investment should focus on preventing further invasions.