宠物的福利和管理

＂家庭动物＂或＂伴侣动物＂的提法较＂宠物＂而言,更为确切并规范。伴侣动物往往因为种种原因成为城镇的流浪动物,在一定程度上,已经成为社会问题。遗弃宠物的原因尽管多种多样,深层次原因主要还是伦理道德的缺失。流浪动物日益泛滥,正在拷问人类的精神文明,有必要引起全社会的关注。动物福利在当今社会已不仅仅是概念化的一般性号召,一些发达国家出版的动物法典对犬、猫的福利有专题阐述。法典不仅对伴侣动物的各种福利条件作了具体规定,同时还提出了最低标准和最佳方案。本文以犬的食物饲喂、饮水及犬舍的要求为例,逐一介绍。     

实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查国内外进展

介绍实验动物福利与动物实验伦理审查国内外进展情况。实验动物为生命科学发展和人类健康做出了重大贡献。随着社会进步和人类文明程度不断提高,善待实验动物既是人类文明道德的体现,也是人与自然和谐发展的需要。把握实验动物福利原则、遵循实验动物福利法规、严格履行动物实验伦理审查制度是切实保障实验动物福利的有效途径。虽然经过近30年的发展,我国在实验动物福利、动物实验伦理审查等方面的管理逐步走向法制化和规范化,探索出关于动物福利和实验动物伦理方面的多种教学模式,但与国际上高水平的动物福利监管相比,仍有欠缺,有待继续发展完善。     

宠物的社会问题与管理

随着社会的演进,宠物数量和宠物产业的需求高速增长,宠物与人类生活、生态以及经济活动的关系也愈加密切。与此同时,城市生物链被破坏、宠物饲养规范及防疫管理难度加大、流浪动物收留和领养困难、宠物密度及总量宏观调控等社会问题相继提出。今后,我们应在发展高质量的宠物繁育体系、规范宠物交易、提高国有品牌宠物食品市场占有度、建立宠物服务行业标准、确保流浪动物福利与控制流浪动物数量等方面进一步开展工作,适时调整法律和政策体系,科学引导社会需求,积极促进新兴产业健康发展。     

我国实验动物福利发展战略与十二五生命科技发展需求及对策的探讨

实验动物福利越来越受到社会各方面的重视.欧美等发达国家已经建立起了一套比较完善的实验动物福利法规体系,而我国还没有专门的实验动物福利立法,与国外发达国家相比存在较大差距,但是不断出现的与实验动物福利有关的经贸技术壁垒以及十二五发展的需要使得实验动物福利成为我国目前亟待解决的战略问题.     

加强实验动物福利伦理的实施

动物实验是生命科学研究中必须采用的研究手段,对于生物医学、生物技术的发展起着非常重要的作用。但随着社会的发展,实验动物的福利及动物实验的伦理问题越来越引起人们的关注。重视实验动物的福利伦理是社会文明的体现,也是对用于人类健康研究的实验动物生命的尊重。2006年9月,科技部发布了《关于善待实验动物的指导性意见》,为落实意见的实施,我所进一步加强了实验动物福利伦理工作的开展。     

建立和人类密切接触的动物血清学检测体系具有重要的社会意义

近年来新发传染病体已经成为人类健康的主要威胁之一．其中给社会造成巨大损失和对人类健康威胁最大的新发传染病有SARS,艾滋病,禽流感等（图1）。在最近30年的新发传染病中的病原体多达30多种,其中四分之三与野生动物有关。这些人和动物共患病之所以一直层出不穷,主要是因为动物本身有自己广泛的病原群,人同动物密切接触（猎食,宠物,皮毛或入药）可以直接造成人的感染,     

宠物会引发人类传染病吗?

Q:宠物会引发人类传染病,你知道吗?A:动物是各种病原体的储存库,绝大多数动物是人畜共患病的传染源和贮存宿主。人们身边的宠物能携带某些疾病的病原,它自己不生病,但能将多种疾病传播给人类。随着人们生活水平的提高及人口老龄化,豢养宠物已成为一种生活上的享受和乐趣。特别是豢养犬、猫,各种禽类、鸟类等很多见。有些人与宠物同居一堂,餐具不分,甚至带着宠物同床睡觉。这说明宠物已直接进入家庭生活,对人类健康造成的隐患也越来越多。     

宠物与人类健康

本文围绕宠物与人类健康主题,阐述了宠物对人类健康的积极作用;宠物对人类健康的负面影响,并对保障我国宠物业健康发展提出建议。     

宠物重要人兽共患病毒病

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,城市家庭饲养宠物日益增多,宠物已经成为人们日常生活中接触最多的动物。然而,许多宠物是人兽共患疾病的重要传染源,随着人类与各种动物间＂零＂距离的接触,各种宠物携带的人兽共患病也悄然传入人类,给人们身体健康和公共卫生安全带来了严重的威胁。近年来,许多学者对犬、猫、鸟、鼠和其他宠物易感的人兽共患病毒病开展了许多研究工作,本文对狂犬病、戊型肝炎、禽流感、淋巴细胞脉络膜脑膜炎、流行性出血热、西尼罗热等一些严重危害的宠物人兽共患病毒病进行了概述。     

寻找科普使者——2012年全国实验动物与动物实验优秀科普作品、优秀报告人评选开始报名

今天的实验动物科技已广泛地与许多领域的科学实验研究紧密地联系在一起,成为保障现代科学实验研究的重要支撑条件。向公众普及实验动物科学知识,宣传我国实验动物科技成就,特别是在实验动物管理法制化、质量标准化、技术规范化,动物伦理、福利和替代研究等方面取得的进步,引导公众科学认识实验动物和动物实验,感受先进科学技术带给人类的福祉,具有重要的现实意义。     

一个新兴的朝阳产业——宠物行业的前景

随着人民生活水平提高,物质生活富裕,传统家庭结构发生了变化和工作压力的增大,人际关系逐渐趋于淡化,使越来越多的人将感情投注于宠物身上,宠物与人类的关系已经发生了变化,人们越来越注重休闲生活情趣的培养,不再以追求温饱为主要目标,人与宠物间的依赖关系,随着时间的流逝而日益浓厚。饲养的犬猫不再扮演看门和捉老鼠的角色,而是人类休闲时的玩伴。在社会提倡人与人之间关爱的同时,也提升了人们对动物福利的理念,对社会的关爱和爱心,但他们迫切需要兽医医疗、疫病防控和饲养管理的指导。怎样将兽医知识教育公众并增加公众对饲养宠物的理解、对人兽共患病的认识,对所有影响动物福利问题的意识是我们的责任。伴随着宠物数量的增长,围绕宠物经济和宠物行业的发展催生了一些新兴的产业,这些产业带来的不仅是相关产品的诞生,我们看到了这些产业上升的空间和它的发展前途,成就了人们的就业和再就业,同时也给宠物行业带来了不可估量的经济效益,并对社会产生了巨大的社会价值和难以估计的经济产值。目前国内宠物市场已进入一个高速发展的时期,全球发达国家都将目光投向了中国日益增长的消费水平,这也标志着中国宠物市场发展的时机已经成熟。宠物市场涌现出的商机不可小觑,也正是我们看到的中国巨大的商机。以宠物为主题的产业日新月异,中国的宠物行业将迈上一个新的台阶。     

The State of Research on Human–Animal Relations: Implications for Human Health

ABSTRACT

Since the late 1970s, scientific evidence has accumulated showing that pet ownership can have positive effects on people’s physical and mental wellbeing. This paper reviews the current state of affairs regarding the relationship between companion animals and human health, focusing on both the physical and psychological health outcomes related to human–animal interactions. Although designed to set the general scene on the link between animals and human wellbeing, research specific to older adults is highlighted where relevant. A particular emphasis is placed on disorders prevalent in modern-day society, notably cardiovascular disease and depression. The possible mechanisms by which companion animals might be able to enhance human wellbeing and quality of life are discussed, focusing on routes including, amongst others, the provision of companionship, social lubrication, and improvements to physical fitness. The role of the social bonding hormone, oxytocin, in facilitating attachment to our pets and the implications for human health is also discussed. Inconsistencies in the literature and methodological limitations are highlighted throughout. It is concluded that future human–animal interaction experiments should aim to account for the confounding variables that are inherent in studies of this nature.     

Using Attachment Theory and Social Support Theory to Examine and Measure Pets as Sources of Social Support and Attachment Figures

Companion animals are increasingly being recognized by society as beneficial to our health and considered by many owners as authentic and affectional family members. Human relationship theories help us to understand the emotional and supportive aspect of the human– companion animal bond. This study uses attachment theory, social support theory, and the concept of the hierarchical nature of attachment relationships to further understand and measure human–animal attachment. In study 1,161 university-student pet owners completed a modified multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) that included pets as a source of support, and we pre-tested a 60-item pet attachment measure. Results showed that students perceived their pets as distinctive sources of social support, at similar levels to their significant others, family, and friends. Principal components analysis of the 60-item measure reduced it to 31 items, and revealed four pet attachment components: (a) Proximity maintenance and interaction, (b) Emotional attachment behaviors, (c) Emotional support given and received, and (d) Emotional and monetary value. The scale was named the Emotional and Supportive Attachment to Companion Animals Scale (ESACA) (Cronbach’s α = 0.96). In study 2, 83 university students completed an attachment hierarchy scale and the ESACA. Companion animals were included in pet owners’ attachment hierarchies and ranked higher than siblings but lower than romantic partners, parents, and close friends. Those who indicated higher attachment to their companion animals ranked them higher in their attachment hierarchy than those less attached. This study supports and extends previous research that has used aspects of attachment theory and social support theory when exploring the human–animal bond. Many companion animal owners perceive their pets as additional sources of emotional support, fulfilling the four features of an attachment relationship and including them in their hierarchy of important attachment relationships.     

Infectious microorganisms in mice (Mus musculus) purchased from commercial pet shops in Germany

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of infectious microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi and eukaryotic parasites) in mice from different pet shops in Germany; such animals may compromise the hygienic integrity of laboratory animal vivaria if private pet holders act as unintended vectors of infections carried by them. House mice sold as pets or feed specimens were purchased from different pet shops and tested for a comprehensive panel of unwanted microorganisms. We found a number of microorganisms in these pet shop mice, the most prevalent of which were Helicobacter species (92.9%), mouse parvovirus (89.3%), mouse hepatitis virus (82.7%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (71.4%) and Syphacia species (57.1%). Several microorganisms (e.g. mouse parvovirus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Clostridium piliforme) had considerably higher prevalences than those reported in similar studies on wild mice from North America, Europe or Australia. Our study shows that direct contact with pet shop mice may constitute a risk for laboratory animal vivaria if hygienic precautions are not taken. However, even relatively simple precautions seem effective enough to hold the risk at bay.     

宠物与人类健康的关系

随着人们生活水平的逐渐提高,饲养宠物的家庭在中国越来越多。饲养宠物能改善心血管功能,增强机体免疫力,发出健康预警,增强自信和减少抑郁。但是不科学的饲养宠物也会给人类的健康带来挑战,近年发生的＂非典＂和高致病性禽流感引起了我们对生物安全和人兽共患病的高度重视。只要科学饲养,就可以创造人与动物和谐的幸福生活。     

七种常见宠物二级抗体的制备和HRP标记

目的制备兔抗7种中国家庭中常见宠物的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化酶标记,为宠物血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法利用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法粗纯抗体后,再利用protein A 或protein G亲和层析的方法进一步纯化宠物的IgG,免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,利用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法来纯化兔抗宠物的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的兔抗宠物的二级抗体进行HRP标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blotting考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了狗、家猫、豚鼠、金仓鼠、松鼠、花鼠和龙猫7种宠物的血清IgG,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗这7种宠物的抗血清效价均达到1：32,并对纯化的兔抗7种宠物的二级抗体进行了HRP标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1：（2000～15000）左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了HRP标记的兔抗7种中国家庭中常见宠物的二级抗体,为宠物血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。