以葡萄糖为生长相基质的重组毕赤酵母表达植酸酶发酵

甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白是在醇氧化酶（alcohol oxidase,AOX）启动子（PAOXI）严格调控下进行的,然而这种启动子在转录水平受到葡萄糖的阻遏。本文研究了毕赤酵母在葡萄糖替代甘油为生长相碳源时表达重组植酸酶蛋白的发酵特征。结果表明：初始葡萄糖浓度为20dL的细胞得率高,为0．39g[DCW]／g。通过基于实时参数（溶氧和呼吸商）调控的葡萄糖补料策略,生长相40h后细胞密度达到100g[DCW]／L,甲醇诱导100h后植酸酶产量达到2200FTUphytase／mL,甲醇得率系数为0．25FTU phytase／gmethnol。因此,在毕赤酵母高表达重组蛋白培养中葡萄糖能够用作生长相基质,并能实现重组蛋白的高效表达。     

碱性果胶酶在重组毕赤酵母中高效表达的关键因素研究

为提高重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶的产量和生产强度, 在摇瓶条件下优化了重组毕赤酵母生产碱性果胶酶的关键因素。结果表明, 以下条件：初始甘油浓度40 g/L、初始甲醇浓度3.1 g甲醇/g DCW、每24 h添加0.51 g甲醇/g DCW、诱导表达周期72 h、250 mL三角瓶诱导培养基装液量30 mL、初始pH 6.0, 最适于菌体生长与产物表达。在此基础上, 7 L罐上通过恒速流加甘油进一步提高细胞密度, 诱导阶段甲醇采取前期恒速流加和后期DO-stat, 发酵结束菌体干重达80 g/L, 酶活为217 U/mL, 比摇瓶结果提高了66.2%。     

重组人干扰素ω在对数生长期毕赤酵母中的高效表达特性研究

用不同比生长速率μ的毕赤酵母探讨其表达外源重组蛋白的差异性,通过起始pH值、甲醇诱导浓度和周期、菌体浓度、装液量等实验,优化具有较高μ的对数生长期毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω的摇瓶条件。结果表明,μ对毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω有显著影响。μ为0.1612h-1的毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω最高为558mg/L,较μ为0.1321、0.0505和0.0052h-1的毕赤酵母分别提高50%、68%和99%。对数生长期的毕赤酵母表达rhIFNω的最适摇瓶表达条件为:250mL摇瓶装入30mL BMMY,控制菌体浓度达到200~300g/L(WCW),起始pH值自然,每24h添加甲醇15g/L一次,诱导表达周期为4d。通过表达条件的优化,rhIFNω的表达量达到1070mg/L,较优化前提高149%。     

甲醇周期诱导控制强化毕赤酵母生产猪α干扰素

利用甲醇营养型毕赤酵母生产猪α干扰素(pIFN-α),诱导过程一般在高细胞密度、定值控制甲醇浓度于5～10g/L下进行,此时、溶解氧浓度(DO)自然下降到接近于0的水平。如果高好氧的毕赤酵母长期处在高甲醇/低DO的诱导浓度环境会导致其代谢活性恶化,胞内甲醇积累严重,pIFN-α表达生产效率低。为此,提出了一种甲醇周期诱导控制策略来强化pIFN-α生产。先将甲醇控制于高浓度达7h,再降低甲醇流加速率,将DO控制在20%左右约4h,一共重复6个循环。采用上述周期控制策略,毕赤酵母代谢活性可以长期维持在较高水平;胞内甲醇处于极低水平(≤0. 003g/g DCW),解除了甲醇毒性效应; pIFN-α活性达到3. 90×10~7IU/ml的最高水平,是定值控制甲醇浓度时的1. 86倍。     

采用混合策略提高葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的表达水平

为了提高葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD) 在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,提出了甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导和共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶 (PDI) 和透明颤菌血红蛋白 (VHb) 两种策略。利用对照菌株X33/pPIC9k–GOD 在5 L发酵罐放大培养时,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活为456 U/mL,比只采用甲醇作为单一碳源诱导时GOD最终酶活提高了20%。利用整合伴侣蛋白菌株X33/pPIC9k-GOD/pPICZ-PDI-VHb在5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活达到716 U/mL,蛋白浓度为7.4 g/L。研究结果对提高外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达有重要参考价值。     

L-蛋氨酸及甲醇浓度对毕赤酵母摇瓶发酵生产S-腺苷蛋氨酸的影响

利用甲醇传感器及高效液相色谱检测毕赤酵母摇瓶发酵过程的甲醇浓度及S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)浓度,发现L-蛋氨酸浓度及甲醇浓度对毕赤酵母细胞生长及合成S-腺苷蛋氨酸具有影响,据此对摇瓶发酵过程的L-蛋氨酸浓度及甲醇浓度进行优化。优化结果表明:当L-蛋氨酸浓度为7.5 g/L时,最适于SAM积累,产量达到0.83 g/L;进而利用甲醇传感器对发酵过程的甲醇浓度进行检测及控制,考察不同甲醇浓度对SAM产量的影响,毕赤酵母产SAM的最佳甲醇浓度为15 g/L,在此浓度下SAM的产量达到1.41 g/L,比对照实验增加了21%。     

双碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母高效表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了实现葡萄糖氧化酶的高效生产,提高重组毕赤酵母生产GOD的产量和增强生产强度,对重组毕赤酵母诱导阶段的初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度进行了优化.在此基础上,诱导期采用了双碳源(甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇)与甲醇混合流加的模式.研究发现,最佳诱导前初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度分别为100 g/L和18 g/L,此时GOD产量为427.6 U/mL.在诱导阶段采用甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高GOD产量,其中甘露醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著.当甲醇与甘露醇混合流加的比例为20∶1(W/W)时,诱导156h GOD产量和生产强度分别可达711.3 U/mL和4.60 U/(mL·h),比甲醇单一流加策略结果分别提高了66.3％和67.9％.此外采用合适的甘露醇混合流加策略不但不会抑制AOX1启动子的表达,甚至有一定促进作用,AOX酶活性为8.8 U/g(对照为5.2 U/g).双碳源流加方式还能推广到毕赤酵母其他表型中,为该系统高效表达外源蛋白提供一种新策略.     

乙醇胁迫抑制毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的转录组学分析

在5 L发酵罐中进行毕赤酵母发酵表达猪?干扰素的实验,发现甘油培养末期乙醇的积累会抑制外源蛋白的表达。从转录组学角度系统分析不同浓度乙醇胁迫条件下,毕赤酵母甘油培养期和甲醇诱导期细胞的生理状态变化。研究结果表明,在甘油培养期,乙醇胁迫使得毕赤酵母细胞中的545个基因发生了显著差异表达(265个基因表达上调,280个基因表达下调),这些差异表达基因的功能主要涉及蛋白质合成、能量代谢、细胞周期和过氧化物酶代谢。乙醇胁迫增加了蛋白质错误折叠的情况,降低了核糖体和线粒体的结构完整性,使得甘油培养末期无法得到大量具有健全功能的酵母细胞。在甲醇诱导期,与甲醇代谢、蛋白质加工合成、氨基酸代谢等途径相关的294个基因发生了显著差异表达(171个基因表达上调,123个基因表达下调),导致内质网胁迫不能被及时解除,破坏了细胞内的氨基酸正常代谢。     

毕赤嗜甲醇酵母工程菌高密度培养表达黑曲霉菊粉内切酶的研究

目的:对毕赤嗜甲醇酵母工程菌inu-26高密度培养表达黑曲霉菊粉内切酶的条件进行优化,找出最佳的外源蛋白表达条件。方法:在摇瓶优化培养的基础上进行发酵罐高密度培养,优化最佳产酶条件。结果:以葡萄糖为碳源、微量元素添加量100～200mL/L、甲醇浓度1g/L、pH6.0～7.0、诱导时间96h时酶的表达量最高;摇瓶模拟高密度培养表明影响酵母生长的最主要因素葡萄糖和硫酸铵的最佳浓度分别为20～45和11.5g/L;利用培养基F1进行高密度培养优于其他培养基,工程菌生长符合指数生长曲线,细胞生长延迟期为1.36h,比生长速率μ为0.4846h-1。结论:以葡萄糖为碳源,采用葡萄糖-甲醇混合诱导和100%甲醇单一诱导相结合,在菌体鲜重约为280g/L时连续诱导96h,菌体生长良好,不会出现自溶,且酶的表达量最高,为摇瓶培养的3倍多,酶活最高可达540 U/mL。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母甲醇诱导表达磷脂酶A2的转录组学分析

【目的】基于转录组学技术研究表达磷脂酶A_2的毕赤酵母重组菌在甲醇诱导表达外源蛋白时的基因表达差异,从而解析外源蛋白高效诱导表达机制,为进一步工程菌株的改造提供理论支撑。【方法】以一株产磷脂酶(PLA_2)的毕赤酵母为出发菌株,采用RNA-Seq二代测序方法,研究在甘油培养和甲醇诱导两种条件下,重组毕赤酵母转录组基因表达差异情况。【结果】重组毕赤酵母中共鉴定到5225个转录本。甘油培养与甲醇诱导相比,共有857个基因发生显著变化。依据代谢途径分类,差异基因集中在核糖体成分、甲醇代谢、磷酸戊糖途径、糖酵解途径、柠檬酸循环、乙醛酸循环以及蛋白质加工过程。【结论】通过分析甲醇诱导前后的差异表达基因,结果表明碳源改变对胞内代谢会产生全局影响。本研究结果为进一步研究毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的机制提供了基础。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.