卫星跟踪中蒙之间秃鹫春季迁徙路线及活动区域

秃鹫(Aegypius monachus)被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)列为近危物种。每年冬季或者早春在渤海湾都会救护到因体质较弱而无法飞行的秃鹫,为了对秃鹫及其迁徙路线进行更有效的保护,于2016年春季对两只救护放飞秃鹫(ID1051和ID2016),利用卫星跟踪技术研究其迁徙路线和活动区,旨在为秃鹫的救护和保护提供基础资料。结果表明,ID1051和ID2016都迁徙到蒙古国的布尔干省和后杭爱省交界处,行程分别为2 200 km和2 400 km。ID2016在度夏初期、中期和后期的活动区面积(50%Fixed Kernel),分别为31 261.01km^2、1 492.96 km2和11 027.70 km^2。秃鹫在迁徙过程中主要时间在静息,其次是飞行和寻觅行为。在0至7时和19至24时,即晨昏和夜间秃鹫都处于静止状态。从8时开始,秃鹫开始活动,并在12和13时达到活动高峰,随后活动逐渐趋缓,直至18时趋于静止状态。本文提供了秃鹫的春季迁徙路线以及重要中途停歇地,为秃鹫的救护和保护提供了基础资料。     

包头南海子湿地春季北迁大天鹅食性初步分析

2013年2~4月,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法对在包头南海子湿地越冬的大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)的食性进行了分析。大天鹅的春季食物主要为酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium)、玉米(Zea mays)、光果甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra)和香蒲(Typha amgustifolia)。通过频率转换分析发现,黄河开河之前,首批迁徙到湿地的18只大天鹅,采食酸模叶蓼为主,占食物组成的99.4%;黄河开河之后,迁徙到湿地的120只大天鹅,采食玉米为主,占食物组成的69.7%,光果甘草、香蒲所占比例相对较小,分别为18.3%和11.2%。两个时间段迁徙至南海子湿地的大天鹅,采食植物的种类存在明显差异。大天鹅采食植物的种类与本地的优势植物以及农业生产有着紧密的关系。     

卫星跟踪技术在鸟类迁徙研究中的应用及展望

综述了利用人造卫星跟踪技术进行鸟类迁徙研究的现状和利用卫星遥感技术对鸟类栖息地环境进行分析研究的现状。指出了这两项技术目前存在的问题,提出将这两项技术结合起来将有助于弄清候鸟迁徙定向、迁徙路径选择的机理,揭开候鸟迁徙策略之谜,有助于从景观生态学和保护生物学的角度研究并预测环境变化给候鸟带来的影响。     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器(PTTs),跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1900m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

包头南海湿地保护区大天鹅春季行为时间分配及日活动节律

2013年1月11日—3月17日,2014年2月10日—4月15日,采用焦点动物观察法和瞬时扫描法,对内蒙古包头南海湿地保护区内大天鹅Cygnus cygnus的昼间行为进行观察。结果表明:大天鹅的主要行为有取食、休息、运动、保养、警戒和其他,共计6类12种。在时间分配方面,大天鹅主要用于取食(45.8%)、休息(34.1%)、运动(11.1%)和保养(6.8%)行为,且4种行为有明显的节律性变化。另外,1—2月和3—4月取食、休息和保养行为差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而运动行为差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相关分析表明:除警戒行为外,其他行为之间存在显著相关性。1—2月为越冬期,大天鹅主要时间用于休息,3—4月为迁徙期,大天鹅主要时间用于取食,为再次迁徙积累能量。     

卫星跟踪技术在候鸟迁徙研究中的应用

自20世纪80年代末期应用基于Argos系统的卫星跟踪技术开展候鸟迁徙研究以来,鸟类学家取得了许多利用传统鸟类迁徙研究方法所无法取得的成果。但在中国,卫星跟踪技术在鸟类迁徙中的应用尚属空白。作者利用参与中国首次应用卫星跟踪技术跟踪候鸟迁徙研究之机,对该技术用于候鸟迁徙研究的技术平台、主要内容和未来研究进行了综述和展望。利用卫星跟踪技术开展的主要研究内容有:揭示迁徙路线和重要停歇地点;寻找新繁殖地和越冬地;利用卫星数据对栖息地及其利用进行评价;探讨鸟类的迁徙策略。期望该技术能够成为中国濒危鸟类保护的有效方法,并尽快得到应用。     

中国首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤研究初报

黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,分别被IUCN和CITES列为易危和附录Ⅰ物种,是世界上15种鹤类中唯一生活于高原的鹤类。黑颈鹤夏季在我国境内的青藏高原繁殖,冬季除在不丹北部有少量个体外,绝大部分种群在青藏高原东南部和云贵高原越冬。作为主要分布于我国的珍稀鸟类,我国学者对该物种的地理分布、     

卫星跟踪河北猎隼的秋季迁徙路线

猎隼(Falco cherrug)是国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN物种红色名录濒危物种。为探究猎隼的迁徙规律,2018年9月26日在河北省保定市成功为1只猎隼佩戴了卫星追踪器,对其迁徙活动进行了跟踪。此猎隼个体的秋季迁徙路线涉及河北省、内蒙古自治区、山西省、陕西省、甘肃省、青海省6个省区,自东向西迁徙,越冬地为甘肃省白银市平川区。迁飞过程分为三个阶段,即放飞阶段、游荡期和迁飞期,三个阶段的飞行距离分别为297.62 km、1 129.69 km和2 040.9 km。此猎隼个体每天的飞行时段为(7:33±2:01)时到(18:12±1:09)时,即在白天飞行。平均日飞行时间为(10.44±1.76)h,一天中平均飞行速度有三个高峰,分别为9:00、14:00和18:00时。迁飞过程中的平均飞行速度为(45.77±20.88)km/h,平均日飞行距离(188.65±113.90)km。此猎隼个体在越冬地晚间没有固定的休息点,休息地的海拔在1 500～2 000 m的位点较多,90%的活动区域面积为85.5 km2。2019年3月7日发现此猎隼个体被电死并悬挂在一根电线杆上,漏电电线杆...     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区，分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器（PTTs），跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中，有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地，其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中，途中停歇3—4次，总迁徙距离是674—713 km，迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间，共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地，其中11个停歇地在河流滩地；其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上，黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1 900 m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内，距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

近10年秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙时间变化的差异性

气候变化对鸟类迁徙时间的影响是目前生态学研究的热点问题.本文利用鸟类环志的方法分析了2010至2019年河北秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙时间变化趋势及其差异性,并进一步探讨了差异性的原因.选择环志数量较多的食虫鸟黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)和食谷鸟灰头鹀(Emberiza spodocephala...     

Long-term satellite tracking of white stork ( Ciconia ciconia) migration: constancy versus variability

During satellite-tracking investigations of 140 white storks (Ciconia ciconia), one individual, the long-term world record holder among birds, was followed along 12 migratory journeys over a period of 10 years. This long-term study confirms what previous several-year tracking studies of white storks had indicated: there can be great variability from year to year in the choice of winter quarters as well as in the routes and times of migration, intermediate destinations and stop-over periods, but constancy of winter quarters and migration routes is also possible. The variability may well be caused by external factors, of which food supply is probably predominant.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

Satellite tracking of the migration of the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis

Autumn migration routes of red-crowned cranes, Grus japonensis, from two continental east Asian sites were documented in detail by satellite tracking. Two routes were identified: a 2200km western route from Russias Khingansky Nature Reserve to coastal Jiangsu Province, China; and a 900km eastern route from Lake Khanka (Russia) to the Korean Peninsula and the Demilitarized Zone. The most important rest-sites were identified as Panjin Marsh (China), coastal mudflats south-east of Tangshan City (China), the Yellow River mouth (China), Tumen River mouth (North Korea/China/Russia), Kumya (North Korea) and Cholwon (Korean DMZ). Movements within the wintering range were also recorded, including complex commuting between sites by individual cranes and patterns of daily movements within sites. These data should prove useful for conservation of the flyway.     

Using molecular genetics to identify immature specimens of the weevil Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae)

Molecular analyses can play a primary role in the process of host specificity evaluation at species and population levels. Here we present an example of their application with a promising candidate biological control agent for yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. Although it is highly host specific, Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae) can develop on safflower in laboratory tests. A field experiment was conducted to further evaluate host plant specificity; however, it was not possible to rear all larvae to the adult stage, which was necessary for species determination. Therefore molecular genetic methods were used to identify immature specimens. A 731 bp fragment of mtDNA cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) was sequenced from 41 individuals of C. basicorne and four congeners: Ceratapion orientale, Ceratapion onopordi, Ceratapion penetrans and Ceratapion scalptum. Intraspecific variability ranged from 0.0% to 0.2%, and interspecific divergences ranged from 1.7% to 17.6%. All larvae that were sequenced from the field study, clearly matched one of the five species, enabling us to unambiguously identify them. Use of molecular genetics to identify larvae should also help the process of foreign exploration, enabling the identification of field-collected larvae, which often provide more reliable host plant associations than field collected adults.     

Mute swan (Cygnus olor) winter distribution and numerical trends over a 16-year period (1987/1988–2002/2003) in France

The numbers of mute swans (Cygnus olor) at 98 wetland locations in France were monitored monthly during the winter (December–February) for 16 years by a national network of observers as part of a broader national wildfowl monitoring scheme. Log-linear Poisson regressions with TRIM software were used to estimate missing counts and produce national numbers and indices. These corrected indices were in turn used to calculate an average annual rate of change and the associated confidence interval that subsequently enabled the computation of a cumulated (global) rate of change and associated confidence interval. The latter were interpreted to classify the numerical trends over the whole period. For the six wetlands with the largest numbers of mute swans, average numbers of swans were also compared between wetlands and months. General Linear Models were then used to test simultaneously for (1) differences between years and between wetlands for each month and (2) between years and between months separately for each of the six wetlands. The mute swan average annual rate of change was >7% for each month. The global rate of variation corresponded to a “strong increase” after TRIM analyses. This result strongly supports the necessity of maintaining both national and international monitoring schemes in order to be able to quickly detect major increases in swan numbers at specific sites, particularly where increasing numbers may result in a conflict with farmers or in inter-specific competition with other waterbirds and/or represent a possible sanitary/public health hazard due to the potential for swans to carry avian influenza viruses.     

华北区域杨柳科树木春季物候期模拟

杨柳科树木是我国华北区域植树造林的主要树种,但春季的杨柳飞絮问题既影响区域大气环境质量,也对人体健康造成一定的危害,因此准确预报杨柳科树木的春季物候期具有重要现实意义。基于中国气象局农业气象观测网和中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所中国物候观测网提供的华北区域1963—2018年59个站点的4种杨柳科树木(垂柳、旱柳、加拿大杨、毛白杨)的4个春季物候期(开花始期、盛期、末期和果实或种子成熟期)观测数据,对3种基于逐日气温序列构建的春季物候过程模型(简单积温模型、温度三基点模型和冷激-三基点模型)进行了参数率定和优选,分别对这16个基于物种-物候期的最优春季物候模型进行了外部检验。内部模拟结果表明,各模型对同一物种-物候期模拟效果相差不大,均方根误差(RMSE)介于5.5—11.6d,各模型对同一物种发生较早的物候期模拟效果相对更好。通过赤池信息准则(AIC)判定,上述16个基于物种-物候期的最优春季物候模型中,有11个选择简单积温模型,有5个选择冷激-三基点模型,其中,垂柳和旱柳的最优春季物候模型都选择了简单积温模型,加拿大杨的各春季物候期对2种物候模型均有选择,毛白杨的各春季物候期则全部...     

Diel vertical migration thresholds of Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae)

Light and nutrient availability change throughout dinoflagellate diel vertical migration (DVM) and/or with sub-population location in the water column along the west Florida shelf. Typically, the vertical depth of the shelf is greater than the distance a sub-population can vertically migrate during a diel cycle, limiting the ability of a sub-population to photosynthetically fix carbon toward the surface and access nutrients sub-surface. This project investigated changes of Karenia brevis (C.C. Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup intracellular carbon, nitrogen, internal nitrate (iNO₃), free amino acid (FAA), and total lipid concentrations in high-light, nitrate-replete (960 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹, 80 μM NO₃), and high-light, nitrate-reduced (960 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹, <5 μM NO₃) mesocosms. The nitrate-reduced mesocosm had a slowed cell division rate when compared to the nitrate-replete mesocosm. Minimum intracellular carbon, nitrogen, iNO₃, FAA, and total lipid concentrations during the largest surface sub-population aggregations led to the conclusion that daughter cells resulting from cell division received unequal shares of the parental resources and that this inequality influenced migration behavior. Nutrient reduced daughter cells were more strongly influenced by light and phototaxis for carbon production than their replete same cell division sister cells during vertical migration thus rapidly increasing the fulfillment of constituents through photosynthesis. Vertical migration was consistent with an optimization scheme based on threshold limits through utilization or formation of photosynthate. We propose a simplified conceptual model describing how K. brevis is transported along the benthos of the west Florida shelf from off-shore to on-shore. Dynamic carbon thresholds are also suggested for future DVM modeling efforts on K. brevis populations transported between nitrogen replete and nitrogen reduced environmental conditions.     

生态因子对红螯相手蟹捕食毛蚶苗种的影响

敌害生物的捕食在控制海洋底栖生物群落的丰度和组成中起着关键性的作用。以红螯相手蟹(Sesarma haematocheir)和毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)为试验对象,研究了红螯相手蟹的密度、规格、性别,以及毛蚶的密度、规格、海水温度和底质条件对毛蚶苗种存活的影响。结果表明,蟹表现出了第二种类型的功能反应,高密度底播毛蚶苗种可以显著提高成活率;当毛蚶苗种壳长达到20mm以上时,蟹的摄食速率显著下降;随着蟹个体的增大,其摄食速率显著增加,毛蚶的存活率下降;当蟹的密度逐渐增加的时候,同种个体之间的干扰竞争显著提高了毛蚶存活率;雄蟹凭借强有力的螯导致了更多毛蚶苗种的死亡;海水温度较低的春季和秋季底播毛蚶苗种可以显著提高成活率;底质条件的复杂性和异质性为毛蚶的存活提供了"庇护空间",从而减少了敌害生物捕食所带来的损失。     

大棚模拟条件下角倍蚜春季迁飞数量动态及其与气象因子的关系

2009-2011年,在四川峨眉对大棚模拟条件下角倍蚜春季的迁飞数量及其与气象因子的关系进行观察分析,结果表明春迁蚜的迁飞活动与天气条件密切相关,在迁飞期内,当日平均气温≥9℃、最高气温≥13℃、平均相对湿度≤80％,春迁蚜开始迁飞;当日平均气温≥15 ℃、最高气温≥22 ℃、日照时数≥7 h、平均相对湿度≤65％,春迁蚜大量迁飞.在迁飞初期和中期,春迁蚜迁飞数随气温升高而增加.当天气条件适宜时,春迁蚜日迁飞数量的变化为单峰型,前期和末期低、中期高;当迁飞期内遭遇激烈降温,日迁飞数量波动较大,呈双峰或多峰型,同时迁飞期延长、迁飞率和单位面积迁飞量下降.相关分析与主成分分析结果:春迁蚜日迁飞数与平均气温、日最高气温和日照时数呈极显著正相关(P＜0.001),与平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),与日最低气温和降水量相关性不显著(P＞0.1);表明温度和湿度是影响春迁蚜迁飞的关键因子,日照次之.     

盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属(Phylloscopus)鸟类秋季迁徙规律

江苏盐城沿海具有广阔的平原与湿地滩涂,但缺少自然林地。经过多年的防风林建设,沿海海堤逐渐形成了特有的、南北走向的条带林生境,为迁徙鸟类提供了通道和停歇地,是研究鸟类迁徙规律的理想地点。柳莺属鸟类个体小,野外种类识别难,其迁徙规律缺乏深入研究。分别于2018年和2019年两个秋季,采用雾网法对盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属鸟类的迁徙规律进行研究。结果表明：两个秋季共捕获柳莺属鸟类8种608只,其中极北柳莺（Phylloscopus borealis）、冕柳莺（P. coronatus）、淡脚柳莺（P. tenellipes）和黄眉柳莺（P. inornatus）的捕获数量分别为245只、131只、107只和94只,占捕获总数量的95%,是秋季迁徙期的优势种。对优势种柳莺日捕获率进行比较：2019年极北柳莺的日捕获率显著高于淡脚柳莺和黄眉柳莺（U test,P<0.05）。对捕获数量随时间变化进行分析,4种柳莺都以集中在短时间内快速通过的迁徙策略穿越盐城沿海海堤林带,符合秋季小型雀形目鸟类迁徙采取时间最小化假说。不同种类的柳莺在通过盐城沿海海堤林带的时间顺序上存在显著差异（K-W test,P<0.05）,2018年和2019年均以黄眉柳莺通过最晚。随着时间的推移,四种柳莺的脂肪度都逐渐下降。繁殖地纬度的差异可能是导致4种柳莺通过盐城沿海海堤林带时间差异的原因。盐城沿海海堤林带为柳莺属等雀形目小型鸟类的迁徙提供了非常理想的迁徙通道,应当加强海堤林带在鸟类迁徙和保护中的作用研究。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.