磨盘山遗址新石器时代人骨研究

磨盘山遗址是分布在云南省楚雄彝族自治州元谋盆地的一处新石器时代聚落。本文通过对遗址出土的6例新石器时代人骨的体质人类学研究,得出以下结论:磨盘山组颅骨的形态特征可以概括为中颅型与正颅型相结合,阔额型、阔上面型、阔鼻型、中眶型并伴有颇大的面部扁平度;磨盘山组应属于亚洲蒙古人种范畴,在次级分类比较中与南亚类型在鼻眶形态和上面部形态上表现出更多的相似性;在与亚洲蒙古人种各近代组的比较中,磨盘山组与广西壮族组关系最为密切,与蒙古组关系最为疏远;在与其他新石器对比组的比较中,磨盘山组与代表"古华南类型"的甑皮岩组、鲤鱼墩组和昙石山组表现出更多的一致性,与"古中原类型"和"古华北类型"关系疏远。     

山东鲁中南地区周-汉代人骨研究

本文对 11例出土于山东省鲁中南地区保存较好的周 -汉代颅骨进行测量研究。在颅、面部测量特征的比较上 ,这批头骨与鲁北地区同时代头骨特征类似 ,都属于东亚蒙古人种类型。与周邻地区古代人群的聚类分析与主成分分析结果表明 ,鲁中南周 -汉代组人群与黄河流域古代类群的亲缘关系比与华南组的更接近 ,这组人群与西日本弥生人接近的程度明显大于与绳文人接近的程度。本研究支持在现代日本人的起源中有源自中国大陆特别是华北东部地区的因素。     

郑州孙庄遗址仰韶文化居民的颅骨形态

孙庄遗址位于河南省郑州市中原区孙庄村南,是分布在黄河中下游地区的一处仰韶文化晚期遗存。通过对遗址出土的10例保存基本完整的颅骨进行测量与观察后,得出以下结论：孙庄组的颅面部特征为高颅型与狭颅型相结合的颅型特点、中等偏大的面部扁平度、狭额型、中鼻型、低眶型、中面角属平颌型、犬齿窝和鼻根凹欠发达、颅顶缝简单等。孙庄组古代居民颅骨的形态特征归属于亚洲蒙古人种范围。颅骨形态学特征分析结果显示,孙庄组与亚洲蒙古人种近代华南组（R=1.26）关系最为密切,与近代蒙古组（R=1.80）和通古斯组（R=2.06）关系疏远;在与各新石器时代组的对比中,孙庄男性组与仰韶合并组（R=1.00）、庙子沟组（R=1.00）、西山组（R=1.07）、大汶口组（R=1.13）关系接近,孙庄女性组最接近于大汶口组（D_ij=3.10）、徐堡组（D_ij=4.58）和西山组（D_ij=4.60）。综上,我们可知分布在黄河中下游地区的仰韶时代中晚期人群在颅面部特征上颇为一致,具有较高的同源性,应同属于“古中原类型”居民。     

福建漳平奇和洞新石器时代早期人类身体大小

身高、体重、颅容量等是反映人类身体大小,探讨人类体质特征、生长发育水平及营养健康状况的重要指标。本文采用公式推算法,对2011年在福建漳平奇和洞遗址出土的、距今约9500年的奇和洞II号女性个体的身高、体重、颅容量等身体大小特征进行了研究。结果显示,奇和洞II号的身高和体重约为160.3cm和59.9kg,在新石器时代成年女性个体中属于较高水平,同时高于福建地区现代成年女性的平均水平;颅容量约为1369m L,在新石器时代成年女性个体中处于中间水平。奇和洞II号较好的身体特征发育,提示处于更新世晚期向全新世过渡这一时期的奇和洞人可能具有较好的营养状况;与新、旧石器时代各组的比较显示,这一时期我国华南地区古人类身体大小、形状特征已经形成;我国南、北方地区人群身高、体重差异已经出现。     

河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址头骨非测量性状的观察与研究

本文对河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址头骨进行了非测量性状的观察。选择了在时间和空间上与之相关的12个人群作为研究对比组,求出各对比组之间的平均差异度（MMD）值,以MMD值为基础进行了聚类分析和主坐标分析。结果表明,姜家梁新石器时代居民在非测量性状上有着比较明显的特点：既与其它某些人群（特别是与贝加尔人群、华北组）有着某种联系,但现在还没有证据说明这种联系的密切程度以及是何种方式的联系;同时,姜家梁组可能是因为还存在着某些独立的特征（比如其较高的或者较低的非测量性状特征）,使之不能完全地归入到某种人群中去。我们期待从这一地区及其周邻地区发现更多的古人骨材料,以期从研究中得出更细致的结论。     

南京现代人颅骨的测量

对南京出土成年颅骨273个(男157,女116)进行了9个项目的测量。结果表明,除1项性差不显著外,其余8项的性差均有高度的显著性。按颅指数,颅长高指数及颅宽高指数分级,南京人颅骨多分别属于圆颅、高颅及中颅型。     

早期新石器时代贾湖遗址人类的体质特征及与其他地区新石器时代人和现代人的比较

河南省舞阳县贾湖村遗址是新石器时代早期文化遗存。根据非测量性特征,贾湖人具有一般蒙古人种的特点,其人种属性应归属于蒙古人种。根据测量性特征,贾湖人的体质特征主要表现在颅指数属于园颅型;颅长高指数Ⅰ和Ⅱ都属于高颅型;颅宽高指数属于中颅型;全面指数（M395）属于狭面型;上面指数（pr）属于中上面型;眶指数Ⅰ（mf-ek）和眶指数Ⅰ（d-ek）都属于中眶型;鼻指数属于中鼻形;腭指数属于阔腭型;枕大孔指数属于阔型;总面角属于平颌型（下限）。把贾湖人与其他新石器时代人组和现代人组（共15组,11个体质特征项目）,运用多元统计分析方法的系统聚类、BIPLOT法及判别分析法加以统计并作比较分析,可把所比较群体划分为3大类群：①新石器时代组的北方类群;②新石器时代组的南方类群;③我国现代人类群。贾湖新石器时代人属于新石器时代组的北方类群。在新石器时代组的北方类群这个小范围内,贾湖新石器时代人的体质特征与本省内的下王岗新石器时代人的体质特征又较接近些。通过比较,可看到现代人类与新石器时代人类之间的区别大于现代南方人和现代北方人之间的区别;在从新石器时代人类向现代人类进化发展的几千年过程中,处于南方、北方地理位置上的人类在体质上的差异有趋于缩小的趋势; 此外 , 在此进化发展过程中 , 各地不同的新 石器时代人类基因的扩散速度、 范围和方向也都不尽相同。     

颅面复原技术在体质人类学中的应用

面貌是人类最重要的特征,其形态受到颅骨几何形态、面部软组织分布以及性别、年龄、身体质量指数、营养状况等多种因素的影响。考古遗址出土的古代人类遗骸,其面部软组织大多已经消失,如何根据颅面形态关系推测古人类颅骨的生前面貌已成为人类学家和考古学家关注的热点问题之一。传统手工颅面复原是由人类学家和艺术家使用雕塑技艺在颅骨上用可塑物质生成其生前面貌的技术。近年来,随着医学影像采集和计算机技术的发展,计算机颅面复原技术已经成为信息科学、体质人类学、法医人类学交叉研究的前沿技术之一。本文通过梳理和归纳相关文献的研究方法,对手工颅面复原技术、计算机颅面复原技术和颅面复原结果评价方法作简要综述,并对颅面复原技术在体质人类学中的应用进行了回顾和展望。     

中国新石器时代居民体征类型初探

应用聚类分析的方法研究中国新石器时代居民体征类型。作者认为他们同属一个大人种——蒙古人种(即黄色人种)。依照他们体征间的差异,可以分为三个地区类型:1)中原地区类型;2)华南地区类型;3)关中地区类型。这些地区类型形成的时间可能是在较新石器时代为早的时候。     

福建漳平奇和洞发现的新石器时代早期人类头骨

2011年在福建漳平奇和洞发现的距今1万年左右的新石器时代早期人类遗骸"奇和洞III号",是迄今在福建地区发现的最早、最完整的古人类头骨,为探讨华南更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段人类的体质特征及现代人群的形成与分化提供了重要的研究材料。本文对这件头骨进行了研究,奇和洞III号为35岁左右的男性个体,牙齿龋病严重,推测当时人类的经济模式主要以农耕为主。通过与更新世晚期柳江、山顶洞101号及14组新石器时代人类头骨的比较,发现奇和洞III号头骨兼有更新世晚期人类及新石器南、北方居民的混合体质特征:奇和洞III号头骨长而脑量大,似更新世晚期人类;其高而狭窄的面部、宽阔而低矮的鼻部,呈现出不同于南、北方人群的特殊体质特征。主成分分析显示,奇和洞III号与对比的新石器时代各组在头骨的测量数据上没有表现为明显的南、北地区间差异,但在头骨的测量指数或形状上存在时代和地区间的不同。本文研究为新旧石器过渡阶段人类体质特征的变异提供了进一步证据。     

中国与非洲近代-现代人类某些颅骨特征的对比及其意义--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之二

对近代—现代非洲和中国人群26项颅骨特征的观测和分析显示非洲人具有一些显示其特异性的颅骨特征,但多数特征的表现与东亚人类非常接近,提示现代人群体质特征的趋同性。作者认为非洲人在多数颅骨特征的表现方式上较中国人更为多样化,表明现代非洲人群在体质特征的表现上较东亚人类具有更宽广的形态变异谱。作者基于许多东亚、欧洲及澳洲人类的颅骨特征在非洲人群具有较高的出现率或明显的表现等现象提出一些未来研究中有待解决的问题。     

徐堡遗址龙山文化居民颅骨的形态学研究

徐堡遗址位于河南省焦作市温县武德镇徐堡村东部,地处豫西北黄河与沁河冲积扇平原内,是分布在黄河北岸的一处典型龙山文化聚落,距今约4500-4000年,遗址出土的龙山文化时期人骨标本,对探讨中原地区仰韶文化与龙山文化人群的源流关系具有重要学术价值。通过对2例女性颅骨的形态学研究,我们得出以下结论:徐堡组的颅面部特征可以概括为:中颅型、高颅型与狭颅型相结合的颅型特点,中面型、阔鼻型、中眶型、鼻根点略有凹陷、鼻前棘不显,犬齿窝欠发达,颅顶缝发育简单;徐堡组应属于现代亚洲蒙古人种的范畴,与亚洲蒙古人种近代抚顺组(均方根值R=1.08)关系密切;在与古代组的对比中,徐堡组与宝鸡组(R=0.48)、庙子沟组(R=0.49)、大甸子I组(R=0.55)和游邀组(R=0.59)较为接近。     

Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Sumidouro Cave, Lagoa Santa, Brazil: history of discoveries, geological and chronological context, and comparative cranial morphology

In this work, we present new evidence supporting the idea that the first Americans were very distinct from late and recent Native Americans and Asians in terms of cranial morphology. The study is based on 30 early Holocene specimens recovered from Sumidouro Cave (Lagoa Santa region, central Brazil) by Peter Lund in 1843. Sumidouro is the largest known collection of Paleoindian skulls deriving from a single site. Six different multivariate statistical methods were applied to assess the morphological affinities of the Sumidouro skulls in comparison to Howells' worldwide extant series and late archaic Brazilian series (Base Aérea and Tapera). The results show a clear association between Sumidouro and Australo-Melanesians and none with late Asian and Amerindian series. These results are in accordance with those of previous studies of final Pleistocene/early Holocene human skulls from South, Central, and North America, attesting to a colonization of the New World by at least two different, succeeding biological populations: an early one with a cranial morphology similar to that found today in the African and Australian continents, and a later one with a morphology similar to that found today among northeastern Asians.     

Early South Americans Cranial Morphological Variation and the Origin of American Biological Diversity

Recent South Americans have been described as presenting high regional cranial morphological diversity when compared to other regions of the world. This high diversity is in accordance with linguistic and some of the molecular data currently available for the continent, but the origin of this diversity has not been satisfactorily explained yet. Here we explore if this high morphological variation was already present among early groups in South America, in order to refine our knowledge about the timing and origins of the modern morphological diversity. Between-group (Fst estimates) and within-group variances (trace of within-group covariance matrix) of the only two early American population samples available to date (Lagoa Santa and Sabana de Bogotá) were estimated based on linear craniometric measurements and compared to modern human cranial series representing six regions of the world, including the Americas. The results show that early Americans present moderate within-group diversity, falling well within the range of modern human groups, despite representing almost three thousand years of human occupation. The between-group variance apportionment is very low between early Americans, but is high among recent South American groups, who show values similar to the ones observed on a global scale. Although limited to only two early South American series, these results suggest that the high morphological diversity of native South Americans was not present among the first human groups arriving in the continent and must have originated during the Middle Holocene, possibly due to the arrival of new morphological diversity coming from Asia during the Holocene.     

Morphometric cranial identity of prehistoric Malawians in the light of sub-Saharan African diversity

Little has been described of the Holocene populations of South‐Central Africa, despite the region demonstrating major subsistence shifts relating to dispersals of agriculturalists at least 2,000 years ago. Seven sites with associated human skeletal remains were selected. Hora, Chencherere, Fingura, and Mtuzi represent the Middle Holocene (2,000–5,000 years ago), and Phwadze, Mtemankhokwe, and Nkudzi Bay represent the Late Holocene and the arrival of agriculturalists between 500–2,000 years ago. Focusing on the identity of Hora and Chencherere specimens, two questions were addressed: are the various Holocene Malawians similar to each other, or do they suggest morphological change over time? What modern populations are closest to the prehistoric specimens? The archaeological sample was compared to modern sub‐Saharan Africans from four regions, plus a historic Khoi‐San foraging group. Factor analyses were performed in order to identify complex patterns of variation in metric traits of the skull. According to the results, prehistoric Malawians showed only slight differences between the Late and Middle Holocene, suggesting a population change without any major discontinuity. Later Stone Age skulls did not exclusively show similarities with the Khoi‐San, as they frequently fit well within the variation of modern Bantu‐speaking groups, especially West‐Central Africa. Therefore, we reject the hypothesis that Middle Holocene South‐Central Africans have an exclusively Khoi‐San ancestry, and support an alternative hypothesis that both Middle and Late Holocene groups share a common biological heritage originating in West‐Central Africa in earlier times. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

现代人头骨面部几项非测量性状的观察

用人类学观察法比较了中国云南、华北和欧洲现代人头骨的犬齿窝、颧骨缘突和梨状孔上外侧部膨隆的出现情况,以探讨其在人种、群体区分上是否有意义。结果：（1）在云南头骨,犬齿窝、颧骨缘突的出现率无性别差异,梨状孔上外侧部骨表面膨隆的出现率男性明显高于女性,而在欧洲头骨,这3项非测量必状的出现率男女间无差异。（2）上述3项性状,在中国云南和华北头骨（男性）的出现率无差异。（3）犬齿窝、梨状孔上外侧部骨表面膨隆的出现率,在现代欧洲人头骨明显高于现代中国人头骨。颧骨缘突的出现率在欧洲与中国现代人头骨上无差异。     

Late Pleistocene/Holocene craniofacial morphology in Mesoamerican Paleoindians: implications for the peopling of the New World

Several studies on craniofacial morphology showed that most Paleoindians, who were the first settlers of the New World, clearly differ from modern Amerindians and East Asians, their supposed descendants and sister group, respectively. Here we present new evidence supporting this view from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene horizon from Mexico, as well as from the most complete set of dated Paleoindian remains. We analyzed the phenotypic resemblance of early Mexicans with other South Paleoamerican and modern human series. Two independent approaches to the data were used. In the first case, individual specimens were tested for morphological similarity with a set of modern reference samples. In the second analysis, Mexican specimens were treated as a sample in order to compute minimum genetic distances. Results from both approaches tend to associate early Mexican skulls with Paleoindians from Brazil, an Archaic sample from Colombia, and several circum-Pacific populations. These results give support to a model in which morphologically generalized groups of non-Northeast Asian descent (the so-called Paleoamericans) entered the continent first, and then dispersed from North to South America through Central America. The large geographic dispersal of Paleoamericans, and their presence in Mexico in the Early Holocene, raise new issues about the continent's settlement scenario.