应用微卫星DNA标记对Wistar和SD大鼠封闭群的遗传学研究

封闭群大鼠的遗传质量对其医学生物学实验结果有重要影响,但目前缺乏遗传检测方法和标准.本研究应用6个微卫星标记及其荧光标记一半自动基因分型技术,对北京和上海2家单位分别提供的Wistar和Spague-Darley(SD)大鼠封闭群进行了遗传检测和评估.6个微卫星位点均具有高度多态性,在两大鼠群体共发现等位基因36个,每位点等位基因数5-8个,其多态信息含量(PIC)从0.5892(D11Mgh3)到0.8019(D6Mit1),平均为0.688l.6个位点在Wistar和SD大鼠分别发现25和26个等位基因,其平均期望杂合度分别为O.6260和0.6249.两群体的各组遗传多样性指数间无显著差异.群体间的不同微卫星位点Fst范围0.046l到0.4363.平均为0.2069,表明其遗传分化程度较大;Nei(1972)遗传距离和Nei(1978)无偏遗传距离分别为1.2862和1.2726,表明了2群体之间较大的遗传差异:Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验表明Wistar大鼠在所有检测的6个位点均非常显著偏离Haraly-WeinJaerg平衡,SD大鼠在2个位点(D6Mit1和D11Mgh3)处于遗传平衡状态,且偏离位点均表现为杂合子缺陷.因此研究表明,Wistar和SD大鼠封闭群均具有较好的遗传多样性,且两群体之间有较大的遗传差异和分化程度,分别具有各自不同的遗传特征,偏离Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡是其繁育过程中较多存在的问题.本研究结果将为两品系大鼠遗传检测方法和标准的建立提供基础资料和依据.     

利用微卫星标记对四带无须鲃不同种群的遗传质量评价

目的分析四带无须鲃封闭群及近交群的遗传质量。方法筛选多态性丰富的四带无须鲃微卫星序列,通过构建两个多重PCR反应体系再利用毛细管电泳技术进行分型,开展群体遗传多样性分析。结果野生群、WT封闭群、BT封闭群及近交群的平均等位基因数分别为6.5833、3.1667、3.0833和3.1818,平均多态信息含量分别为0.5969、0.3748、0.4159和0.4241。群体遗传质量检测分析表明:4个群体间遗传分化结果和近交群由野生群、封闭群逐渐筛选获得的过程相符。结论筛选的微卫星标记可用于四带无须鲃不同群体的遗传质量分析,为其遗传质量控制及监测提供方法基础。     

无特定病原体金定鸭微卫星DNA遗传多样性分析

目的利用微卫星标记对无特定病原体金定鸭群进行遗传多样性分析。方法采用微卫星标记,对SPF金定鸭种群中71个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果 SPF金定鸭种群中17个位点上共检测到119个等位基因,每个微卫星上等位基因数介于3~13;该SPF金定鸭群体中有13个位点(PIC0.5)呈现出高度多态,平均杂合度为(0.5816±0.0142),其他位点均呈现出中度多态。仅有5个位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,其余12个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,达到极显著水平(P0.01)。结论该SPF金定鸭群体内均存在丰富的遗传多样性,满足建立封闭群的遗传特征,可以利用该群体继续开展无特定病原体金定鸭封闭群的建立。     

微卫星标记对WHBE兔封闭群、日本大耳白兔和新西兰兔的遗传分析

目的分析比较大耳白黑眼兔（WHBE兔）封闭群与日本大耳白兔（Jw兔）、新西兰兔（NZW兔）基因组存在的微卫星结构，研究WHBE兔封闭群的微卫星多态性。方法利用21个微卫星位点，通过微卫星分子标记技术对WHBE兔封闭群、Jw兔和NZW兔进行遗传多样性检测和对比。结果根据初步结果，在21对微卫星引物中筛选出扩增产物稳定并且具有多态性的11对引物。WHBE兔封闭群在每个位点上的等位基因数为3～8个不等，11个位点的平均有效等位基因数为2．0402个，平均杂合度为0．4810；Jw兔在每个位点上的等位基因数为2～8个不等，11个位点的平均有效等位基因数为3．6077个，平均杂合度为0．5039；NZW兔在每个位点上的等位基因数为3～9个不等，11个位点的平均有效等位基因数为2．6537个，平均杂合度为0．5334。WHBE兔封闭群在11个微卫星位点上的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．6005，多位点累积个体识别率达到100％，多位点累积非父排除概率（CPE）在双亲信息都是未知情况下的为0．9613，而在得知任一亲本信息的情况下，CPE值高达0．9973。在11个微卫星座位中，9个位点上出现了WHBE兔封闭群特有等位基因，其中在Sat2、Sat5、Sat7、Sat12、Sat13、Sat16、S0144和INRACCDDV0003八个位点上WHBE兔封闭群的特有等位基因为一个，在sat8位点上为两个。结论WHBE兔8个位点的平均杂合度、平均有效等位基因数均比JW兔及NZW兔低，说明WHBE兔群体的基因纯合度高于其他两个品系，具有更优的遗传稳定性。9个WHBE兔特有的等位基因可作为区分WHBE兔封闭群和其它两个品系实验兔的分子标记。     

应用微卫星标记对稀有(鱼句)鲫封闭群建群过程的遗传监测

以采自四川省汉源县的野生稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)50对为建群原代(P0),采用最佳避免近交法建立了封闭群Ihb:IHB。应用11对微卫星引物对原代、F1—F4代传代亲鱼进行了遗传多样性监测。11个微卫星位点在稀有鮈鲫野生型封闭群共发现等位基因57个,各位点平均等位基因数5.2个、平均有效等位基因数3.3个、平均多态信息含量0.5282。封闭群各代平均期望杂合度为0.5553—0.5742,平均多态信息含量范围为0.5060—0.5318,平均观察等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、平均观察杂合度、平均期望杂合度、平均多态信息含量在各代之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各代间的遗传相似性在0.99以上,遗传分化系数FST为0.0008(P>0.05),基因频率也无显著性差异(P>0.05)。监测结果表明,Ihb:IHB保持了野生种群的遗传多样性,建群传代过程中未出现显著的遗传分化,符合实验动物封闭群的要求,可以作为一个实验动物的新品系。     

长爪沙鼠的遗传多样性分析

利用17个微卫星DNA标记对Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠封闭群、野生群和近交系进行遗传多样性分析, 评估群体内的遗传变异和群体间的遗传分化。结果表明：在Z:ZCLA封闭群和野生群中共有9个微卫星DNA标记获得稳定的结果, 分别为AF200940、AF200941、AF200942、AF200945、AF200946、AF200947、D11Mit128、PKC和 SCN, 共检测到41个等位基因, 每个基因的等位基因数从1～7不等, 片段大小在120～283 bp之间, 所有位点的平均期望杂合度(He)和多态信息含量(PIC)值分别为0.5032和0.4656, Z:ZCLA封闭群和野生群9个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为2.78和2.89, 平均基因杂合度分别为0.3704和 0.3893, 平均多态信息含量分别为0.3256和0.3344, 两个群体都表现为中度多态, Z:ZCLA封闭群较野生群稍低; 在3个近交系中共有8个位点获得稳定的扩增结果, 分别为AF200941、AF200942、AF200945、AF200946、AF200947、D11Mit128、PKC和 SCN, 共检测到11个等位基因, 片段大小在140~241 bp之间, 其中5个位点在群体内表现为单态纯合, 3个位点在群体内表现为单态杂合, 所有位点在群体内和群体间均呈单态性, 表明这3个长爪沙鼠品系基本符合近交系的要求, 微卫星标记技术适用于近交系长爪沙鼠的遗传检测。     

应用微卫星标DNA记对三个封闭群兔遗传分析

目的检测国内Et本大耳白兔、青紫蓝兔、新西兰白兔的遗传背景及遗传结构,为封闭群兔遗传检测方法建立和标准化提供基础资料。方法应用18个微卫星标记及荧光标记一半自动基因分型技术对三个群体95个个体进行Hardy．Weinberg检测,统计每个位点等位基因频率、杂合度、F值、遗传距离等信息。结果三个种群平均等位基因观测数为3．167、4．556、3．444,平均观测杂合度为0．444、0．5230、0．4976。18个位点平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．410、0．549、0．470,日本大耳白兔6个位点HWE检验（P〈0．05）,显著偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡,并在Satl3,INRCCDDV0088位点基因型完全纯和,新西兰白兔和青紫蓝兔分别有2个位点显著偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡。三个种群遗传距离：青紫蓝兔与新西兰白兔遗传距离最近,为0．124,与日本大耳白兔遗传关系最远,为0．320;新西兰白兔与日本大耳白兔较远,为0：10。结论三个种群有各自不同遗传特征,遗传多样性较高,种群间分化明显。个别位点偏离遗传平衡,推测人工繁育过程中存在一定问题。     

两个封闭群SPF级昆明小鼠遗传背景调查

目的：比较两个封闭群SPF级昆明（ KM）小鼠的遗传差异,调查引进的SPF级KM小鼠封闭繁殖6年后,其遗传构成是否发生变化。方法应用微卫星DNA标记方法对18个位点在两个群体中的遗传差异进行分析,主要包括观察等位基因数（ Na）、有效等位基因数（ Ne）、观察杂合度（ Ho）、期望杂合度（ He）、多态信息含量（PIC ）、Shan-non信息指数、遗传分化系数（ F st）、遗传距离等遗传参数。结果两个封闭群SPF 级KM小鼠在18个微卫星位点共发现67个等位基因,Na为2～8个,平均3．7222个;Ne为1．9459～6．5442,平均2．7966个;Ho为0．4225～1．0000,平均0．8823;He为0．4892～0．8527,平均0．6162;Shannon信息指数0．6792～1．9526,平均1．0598;PIC为0．3680～0．8301,平均0．5317;Fst平均值为0．0159,表明群体间的遗传差异仅1．59％,二者间的遗传距离（DA）为0．0499。结论两个封闭群SPF级KM小鼠遗传结构相似度极高,它们与原引进群体的分化差异极小。     

利用30个微卫星标记分析长江中下游鲢群体的遗传多样性

摘要: 利用30对微卫星分子标记对长江中下游5个鲢群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明: 在30个基因座中, 共检测到144个等位基因, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数为1～10个, 其中有25个座位具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.33,5个群体的平均等位基因数A为4.0/4.1, 平均有效等位基因数Ne为2.4445～2.6332, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.3233～0.3511, 平均期望杂合度He为0.4421～0.4704, 平均多态信息含量PIC为0.4068～0.4286。对数据进行F-检验, Fst值表明群体间的遗传分化程度中等, 并对基因型进行了基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检验, 所得P值说明5个群体均一定程度上偏离了平衡。5个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8466～0.9146,遗传距离为0.0893～0.1665, 并根据Nei氏标准遗传距离用UPGMA方法对5个鲢群体进行亲缘关系聚类。     

诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量评价方法的建立

目的分析诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群和野生群的遗传差异,建立诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量评价方法。方法利用20个微卫星标记对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼野生群和封闭群进行STR分型,计算群体间遗传杂合度和遗传分化状况,并分析样本量对遗传参数的影响。结果诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群和野生群在20个微卫星位点的平均无偏期望杂合度(He)分别为0. 6927和0. 7162。封闭群与野生群间遗传分化较小,且当样本量达到30尾以上后,平均等位基因数趋于稳定。结论遗传杂合度是否在0. 5～0. 7之间可较好将诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群与野生群区分,适于作为诸氏鲻虾虎鱼封闭群遗传质量合格与否的判定指标。     

Hairless pigmented guinea pigs: a new model for the study of mammalian pigmentation

A stock of hairless pigmented guinea pigs was developed to facilitate studies of mammalian pigmentation. This stock combines the convenience of a hairless animal with a pigmentary system that is similar to human skin. In both human and guinea pig skin, active melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis. Hairless albino guinea pigs on an outbred Hartley background (CrI:IAF/HA(hr/hr)BR; designated hr/hr) were mated with red-haired guinea pigs (designated Hr/Hr). Red-haired heterozygotes from the F1 generation (Hr/hr) were then mated with each other or with hairless albino guinea pigs. The F2 generation included hairless pigmented guinea pigs that retained their interfollicular epidermal melanocytes and whose skin was red-brown in color. Following UV irradiation, there was an increase in cutaneous pigmentation as well as an increase in the number of active epidermal melanocytes. An additional strain of black hairless guinea pigs was developed using black Hr/Hr animals and a similar breeding scheme. These two strains should serve as useful models for studies of the mammalian pigment system.     

Studies on autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. II. An in vitro investigation on the nature, properties, and specificity of the serum-demyelinating factor.

Complement-dependent demyelinating activity of whole brain homogenate (WBH)-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) sera was tested on long term tissue cultures of in vitro myelinated fetal guinea pig cerebellum. Complement-fixing (CF) auto-antibodies were shown to be the responsible agents, as demonstrated in experiments where all reagents belonged to the same species: guinea pigs of outbred (Hartley) and even of inbred (S2 or S13) strains. These antibodies were of the IgG2 class as shown by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE cellulose fractionation experiments. The corresponding auto-antigen was present in the homogenate and myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) tissue. It was different from the encephalitogenic basic protein of CNS myelin (BP), as shown in experiments where the demyelinating auto-antibodies were induced, detected, and absorbed by WBH or by CNS myelin but not by BP. They were neither induced by nor cross-reacting with cerebroside and peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue.     

Species and tissue distribution of the 4S carcinogen binding protein and its possible role in cytochrome P-450 induction

A carcinogen binding protein (CBP) that is implicated in controlling the expression of rat cytochrome P-450c which is closely associated with aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) was examined in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of the neonatal and adult New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, the hepatic tissue of the BALB/cJ and DBA/2J mice, Brown Norway rat, Golden Syrian hamster and Hartley guinea pig. These animals and tissues were examined in order to determine whether there was a correlation of CBP levels and the reported presence or absence of inducibility of AHH in these tissues. The CBP was found in hepatic and extrahepatic tissue of the NZW rabbit and the hepatic tissues of all animals except the Hartley guinea pig. The Hartley guinea pig may provide a useful animal with which to further examine the role of CBP in cytochrome induction. Since the CBP is not a tissue specific protein and because it is found in both neonatal and adult NZW rabbit tissue, the data suggests that the CBP is not the limiting factor in the tissue specific induction of cytochromes nor in developmentally controlled induction of cytochromes previously reported in the rabbit.     

Maternal Vitamin C Deficiency during Pregnancy Persistently Impairs Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Offspring of Guinea Pigs

While having the highest vitamin C (VitC) concentrations in the body, specific functions of VitC in the brain have only recently been acknowledged. We have shown that postnatal VitC deficiency in guinea pigs causes impairment of hippocampal memory function and leads to 30% less neurons. This study investigates how prenatal VitC deficiency affects postnatal hippocampal development and if any such effect can be reversed by postnatal VitC repletion. Eighty pregnant Dunkin Hartley guinea pig dams were randomized into weight stratified groups receiving High (900 mg) or Low (100 mg) VitC per kg diet. Newborn pups (n = 157) were randomized into a total of four postnatal feeding regimens: High/High (Control); High/Low (Depleted), Low/Low (Deficient); and Low/High (Repleted). Proliferation and migration of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus was assessed by BrdU labeling and hippocampal volumes were determined by stereology. Prenatal VitC deficiency resulted in a significant reduction in postnatal hippocampal volume (P<0.001) which was not reversed by postnatal repletion. There was no difference in postnatal cellular proliferation and survival rates in the hippocampus between dietary groups, however, migration of newborn cells into the granular layer of the hippocampus dentate gyrus was significantly reduced in prenatally deficient animals (P<0.01). We conclude that a prenatal VitC deficiency in guinea pigs leads to persistent impairment of postnatal hippocampal development which is not alleviated by postnatal repletion. Our findings place attention on a yet unrecognized consequence of marginal VitC deficiency during pregnancy.     

Major histocompatibility complex restriction of T-cell responses to varicella-zoster virus in guinea pigs.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), adapted to grow in guinea pig fibroblasts, was injected subcutaneously into Hartley, strain 2, and strain 13 guinea pigs. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected 2 weeks later, and T-cell proliferative responses by blood lymphocytes were found 3 weeks after injection. The proliferating cells bound the 155 antibody, which defines a CD4-like subset of guinea pig T lymphocytes. VZV-infected fibroblasts of human, Hartley, and strain 13 origin elicited equivalent amounts of proliferation, which was quantitatively greater than that obtained with an extracted VZV antigen. Uninfected (control) human or guinea pig fibroblasts did not elicit T-cell proliferation. The proliferative response to VZV required the presence of autologous (strain 2 or 13) antigen-presenting cells and was blocked by the addition of an anti-class II major histocompatibility complex antibody. Effector cells obtained from in vitro cultures mediated class II-restricted cytotoxicity to L2C cells incubated with VZV. Class I-restricted responses were obtained only by cross-priming strain 2 animals with strain 13 peritoneal exudate cells which had been preincubated with VZV. The data indicate that guinea pigs resemble humans in that class II-restricted T cells with specificity for VZV are more readily cultured from blood than are class I-restricted cells.     

Molecular cloning and expression of the IL-10 gene from guinea pigs

The Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is one of the most relevant small animals for modeling human tuberculosis (TB) in terms of susceptibility to low dose aerosol infection, the organization of granulomas, extrapulmonary dissemination and vaccine-induced protection. It is also considered to be a gold standard for a number of other infectious and non-infectious diseases; however, this animal model has a major disadvantage due to the lack of readily available immunological reagents. In the present study, we successfully cloned a cDNA for the critical Th2 cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), from inbred Strain 2 guinea pigs using the DNA sequence information provided by the genome project. The complete open reading frame (ORF) consists of 537 base pairs which encodes a protein of 179 amino acids. This cDNA sequence exhibited 87% homology with human IL-10. Surprisingly, it showed only 84% homology with the previously published IL-10 sequence from the C4-deficient (C4D) guinea pig, leading us to clone IL-10 cDNA from the Hartley strain of guinea pig. The IL-10 gene from the Hartley strain showed 100% homology with the IL-10 sequence of Strain 2 guinea pigs. In order to validate the only published IL-10 sequence existing in Genbank reported from C4D guinea pigs, genomic DNA was isolated from tissues of C4D guinea pigs. Amplification with various sets of primers showed that the IL-10 sequence reported from C4D guinea pigs contained numerous errors. Hence the IL-10 sequence that is being reported by us replaces the earlier sequence making our IL-10 sequence to be the first one accurate from guinea pig. Recombinant guinea pig IL-10 proteins were subsequently expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, purified and were confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. Polyclonal anti-IL-10 antibodies were generated in rabbits using the recombinant IL-10 protein expressed in this study. Taken together, our results indicate that the DNA sequence information provided by the genome project is useful to directly clone much needed cDNAs necessary to study TB in the guinea pig. The newly cloned guinea pig IL-10 cDNA and recombinant proteins will serve as valuable resources for immunological studies in the guinea pig model of TB and other diseases.     

封闭群斑马鱼的遗传生化标记研究

目的通过对AB、LF、ST（short tail,本地短尾群）三个封闭群斑马鱼的研究比较,建立封闭群斑马鱼的遗传生化标记。方法依照国标GB／T14927.1-2008的遗传操作规程优化实验条件,对三种群斑马鱼的7个遗传生化位点进行研究,以得到其遗传生化图谱。结果6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（Gpd）、过氧化氢酶（Ce）、苹果酸脱氢酶（Mod）、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（Gpi）、酯酶（ES）位点表现出多态性。对三种群多态性位点进行卡方分析,Gpd、Gpi位点群间差异显著（P〈0.01）,Ce、Mod有群间差异（P〈0.05）。碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）位点,各品系谱带较一致,未见同工酶多态性。结论Gpd、Ce、Mod、Gpi、ES可作为3种封闭群斑马鱼群间评价的生化标记,通过进一步研究,可建立封闭群斑马鱼的遗传标准。     

Species comparison of adenosine A1 receptors in isolated mammalian atrial and ventricular myocardium

Various species have been used as models to study the effects of adenosine (ADO) on atrial and ventricular myocardium, but few direct tissue comparisons between species have been made. This study further characterizes adenosine A(1) receptor binding, adenylate cyclase activity and direct and indirect A(1) receptor-mediated functional activity in atrial and ventricular tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats and Hartley guinea pigs. Rat right atria (RA) were found to be significantly more sensitive to cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), while guinea pig left atria (LA) were more sensitive to CPA. After the addition of isoproterenol (ISO), the reduction of CPA response in rat RA was significantly greater than in guinea pig; however, after ISO treatment, the guinea pig LA was more sensitive to CPA than the rat. Adenylate cyclase inhibition by CPA was significantly greater in atria and ventricles obtained from guinea pig than rat. In competition binding experiments, guinea pig RA had significantly more high affinity sites than rat, but the K(i)s were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between guinea pig LA and rat LA. Guinea pig ventricular tissue had fewer high affinity sites than rat without any differences in their K(i) values. In antagonist saturation experiments, the density and affinity of A(1) receptors in guinea pig cardiac membranes were significantly greater than in rat. Our results indicate definite species differences as well as tissue differences between rat and guinea pig. These differences must be considered when interpreting studies using rat and guinea pig tissue as models for cardiac function.     

Induction of allergic reactions in guinea pigs with purified house dust mite allergens

To establish a guinea pig model for house dust mite allergy with purified mite allergens, we studied the immune response to two major mite allergens, native Der f 1 (nDer f 1) and recombinant Der f 2 (rDer f 2) and crude mite extract in Hartley guinea pigs. Animals were immunized with either mite extract, nDer f 1 or rDer f 2, four times at 2- to 3-week intervals. Then the guinea pigs were examined as to the status of sensitization to the sensitizing antigen. Intradermal injection of mite antigens to mite extract-, nDer f 1-, and rDer f 2-sensitized animals induced both immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions. Allergic airway disease was also provoked by the intranasal instillation of rDer f 2 or mite extract. Anti-nDer f 1 and -rDer f 2 IgE as well as anti-mite extract IgE were produced in the sensitized guinea pigs and IgE titer for three mite antigens were comparable. We concluded that immunization of Hartley guinea pigs with nDer f 1 and rDer f 2 achieved sensitization to mite allergens, which was comparable to that obtained by the immunization with mite extract. A mite-allergic model suitable for immunological and pharmacological studies was established from rDer f 2-sensitized guinea pigs.