基于能值的绿洲种植业系统可持续性及敏感性评价——以新疆渭干河流域为例

利用能值理论与方法对2000～2006年新疆渭干河流域种植业系统的可持续性与敏感性进行分析,研究结果表明:(1)种植业系统的能值总投入逐年上升,不可更新工业辅助能与可更新自然资源能是种植业系统主要的能值投入类型,地均能值投入在上、中、下游呈递增趋势;(2)种植业系统的能值总产出呈现逐年上升趋势,地均能值产出在上、中、下游依次增加,棉花是中游与下游重要的能值产出作物,玉米、小麦是上游主要的能值产出作物;(3)中游种植业系统的可持续发展指数较高,近年来基本处于稳定状态;上游与下游可持续发展能力偏低,并且表现为连续下降的趋势,形成上、下游可持续发展指数偏低的本质原因差别较大;(4)种植业系统对可更新自然资源能的变化响应较弱,对不可更新工业辅助能变化的响应最为明显;下游种植业系统在环境改善或恶化的情景下响应最为敏感,上游种植业系统对环境变化的响应较弱.     

黄土高原典型流域种植业发展模式的能值分析

为客观评估和比较退耕还林后黄土高原典型小流域不同种植业发展模式的稳定性和可持续性,本研究通过能值分析方法,定量分析了粮食和果树兼作、粮食生产为主和果树种植为主3种典型流域种植业系统的能值投入和产出情况,建立能值分析指标体系,在自然资源压力、社会和经济发展水平方面进行比较,进而对3种模式的系统可持续性进行评估.结果表明: 黄土高原典型流域不同类型种植业系统外部辅助能值均占总能值投入的75%以上,且其中不可更新能值所占比例远大于可更新能值,由此造成了能值自给率低而环境承载率高的特点;流域粮食种植业生产具有高投入、低产出的特点,而水果种植和粮果兼作具有高投入、高产出的特点,3种模式能值密度均达到全国农业经济系统平均水平2倍以上,其中,粮食生产为主的模式净能值产出率最低而粮果兼作型最高;流域种植业能值可持续发展指数均<1,能值/环境可持续指标均远低于全国农业系统平均水平,可持续发展能力较低,以粮食和果树兼作的模式可持续发展指数最高.3种模式比较发现,粮果兼作发展模式在流域种植业发展中具有相对较好的发展能力和较高的系统稳定性,能值生产效率适中且可持续性最高,因此黄土高原地区以流域为单元的农业发展应该更加偏向于考虑多产业综合的复合结构生产方式.     

山东省农业生态系统能值分析

为了更好地评价山东省农业种植业对太阳能资源的利用情况和山东省农业的可持续发展状况,用能值分析方法对山东省农业生态系统的能值投入产出状况、环境承载情况和生态系统运行效果进行了定量分析.结果表明:山东农业生态系统的能值投入中,无偿利用的环境能值贡献率、不可更新的工业辅助能值贡献率和可更新的有机能值贡献率分别为21.0%、54.5%和24.5%;净能值产出率为5.31,环境承载力为6.42,能值密度为7.22×1011sej·m-2;基于能值分析的可持续发展指数为1.52.经分析,山东省农业生态系统能值产出效率相对较高,整体运行状况处于较好水平,但仍处于石油农业发展阶段,应引起关注.为促进山东省农业的可持续发展,应调整能值投入结构,加大农业科技的研究和推广力度,逐步减少石化能源的投入比例.     

辽宁省朝阳市农业生态经济系统能值分析

应用能值分析的方法,研究了以辽宁省朝阳市为代表的辽西半干旱区农业生态经济系统的能值投入及产出结构,并通过计算、对比能值评价指标,分析了朝阳市农业生态经济系统的发展现状。结果表明,对自然资源的过度利用造成了当地生态环境条件的恶化,由此产生不可更新自然资源的流失以及产出能值的损失;对可更新有机能的不充分利用也是造成当地资源浪费和环境破坏的重要原因。     

中国农业生态的能流能值分析

应用最新能值分析理论和方法,以能值为共同尺度,定量分析中国农业生态系统的能物流,包括自然环境资源、石化补助能和可更新有机能的能值投入,以及农牧渔业的产出能值;计算得出一系列反映生态与经济的能值综合指标体系,绘制了中国农业总体生产系统能流能值模型图;评估了国家农业环境资源基础、能投结构和能值产出,并与一些发达国家比较分析,评价了中国农业的生态经济效益,分析了农业总体结构、能投结构,为农业生产的持续、     

基于能值理论的吉林省农业生态系统分析

以吉林省为研究区进行了农业生态系统的能值动态分析.结果表明:1990-2007年,吉林省的总能值投入呈上升的趋势,源于经济系统的反馈能值占总投入能值的比例基本保持在85%以上,其中可更新的能值投入占总投入的80%以上(农业劳动力的能值投入占总投入的60%);总产出能值也呈逐年增加的趋势,从1990年的5.5×1022 sej增至2007年的13.61×1022 sej,增长了147%,其中产出能值以种植业和畜牧业为主;1990--2007年总体上吉林省净能值产出率较高,环境负载率比较低,可持续发展能值指标较高并且呈逐年上升的趋势(从1990年的2.64上升到2007年的4.98),但吉林省农业生态系统的社会经济反馈能值中工业辅助能值投入不足,总的来说吉林省的农业可持续发展潜力较大.     

Energy Flow and Emergy Analysis of the Agroecosystems of China

应用最新能值（ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法,以能值为共同尺度,定量分析中国农业生态系统的能物流,包括自然环境资源、石化补助能和可更新有机能的能值投入,以及农牧渔业的产出能值;计算得出一系列反映生态与经济的能值综合指标体系,绘制了中国农业总体生产系统能流能值模型图;评估了国家农业环境资源基础、能投结构和能值产出,并与一些发达国家比较分析,评价了中国农业的生态经济效益,分析了农业总体结构、能投结构,为农业生产的持续、稳定发展提供科学依据     

基于能值理论的贵州省生态经济系统分析

运用能值理论和方法,详细分析了贵州省1992—2008年生态经济发展状况。对其环境负载率、废弃物能值比率、能值-货币比率、人均能值用量、能值使用强度、电力能值使用量比、能值投入率、净能值产出率、能值自给率、人口承载力等指标进行了研究,并与其他地区的有关指标进行了比较研究。结果表明:贵州省生态经济发展主要依赖于本地资源,输出能值中仍以原材料输出为主,缺乏深加工和高附加值的产品。环境负荷率由1992年的2.15上升到2008年的3.82之间,表明贵州省环境和资源系统的负荷率在增大。能值-货币比呈现下降趋势,其值在3.82×1013sej/$到2.47×1013sej/$之间,下降的主要原因是由于贵州省的GDP增长较快造成的,受总能值使用量和人口数量的制约,人均能值使用量在13.6×1015sej和11.4×1015sej之间波动。能值使用强度呈上升趋势,其值在1.07×1011sej和1.57×1011sej之间,说明贵州对省内资源利用的不断增强。电力能值使用量比呈上升趋势,这与贵州省加快水电资源开发有关。能值投入率由1992年的0.049上升到2008年的0.107。净能值产出率非匀速下降,在25.3—10.9之间变动,此值高于新疆、四川、甘肃的净能值产出。能值自给率呈现一种波动状态,其比例从1992年的95.7%下降到2008年的88.6%。     

湖南省农业生态系统能值演变与趋势

应用能值分析方法,对1999-2008年湖南省农业生态系统的能值总量、投入和产出结构以及各能值指标的变化进行趋势分析.结果表明： 研究期间,湖南省农业生态系统总能值使用投入量基本保持平稳,但能值投入结构有变化,其中,不可更新工业辅助能值投入量由400E+22 sej增至5.53E+22 sej,可更新有机能值投入量由1.32E+23 sej降至1.20E+23 sej;系统能值产出总量和产出效率均有较大幅度的提高,2008年总能值产出达1.69E+23 sej,比1999年提高23.8%,净能值产出率由0.79升至0.96;由于环境负载率也呈不断上升的趋势（由1.12上升到1.79）,可持续发展指数呈缓慢下降趋势,由0.71降至0.54,说明湖南省农业总体属于高消费驱动型生态系统,具有较明显的粗放式发展特征.     

基于能值的天山北坡经济带农牧系统可持续性评估

应用能值分析理论和方法,对新疆天山北坡经济带农牧业生态经济系统进行了分析和评价,通过一系列的能值指标定量分析了该地区的农牧业系统的能值流动。结果表明:环境资源对农牧业系统的贡献很大,环境资源能值占总能值利用的79.2%,高于全国农业系统平均值(13%);净能值产出率为4.81,高于我国平均值(0.27),说明该区域农牧系统生产有一定的竞争优势;农牧业产品的宏观经济价值大于市场价值,这是由于农牧业生产中有相当大一部分环境资源无偿投入所致;环境负载率指标为0.373,低于我国农业系统的环境负载率(2.8),环境压力较小;可持续发展指数为12.90,有较好的发展潜力,据此,提出了一系列促进区域农业可持续发展的产业结构调整措施。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.