Xenochironomus ceciliae (Diptera: Chironomidae), a new chironomid species inhabiting freshwater sponges in Brazil

Chironomids living inside freshwater sponges are scarcely known, particularly in the Neotropical region where most of them are to be described. Here, male and female adults, pupa and 4th instar larva of Xenochironomus ceciliae sp. n., living in freshwater sponges of the Paraná River (Brazil) are described. The larval labrum with its several densely setose or combed structures somewhat resembling the filtering structures of simuliid larvae and the predominance of fine detritus in the larval gut contents, may indicate that the larvae of Xenochironomus ceciliae sp. n. are collector-filterers and they might be favored by the aquifer systems of the sponges.     

A new species of Gadirtha Walker (Nolidae,Eligminae): a proposed biological control agent of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) (Euphorbiaceae) in the United States

Gadirtha fusca sp. n., is described from Guangxi Province, China. Gadirtha fusca differs in forewing color and pattern, male and female genitalia, and in larval pattern from all other species of Gadirtha. Gadirtha fusca has been evaluated as a potential biological control agent for Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small, Euphorbiaceae) in the southeastern United States. Adult, male and female genitalia, larva, and pupa are described, illustrated, and compared with Gadirtha impingens Walker.     

Five Simuliidae (Diptera) from West Cameroon

The male, female, pupa and larva of a new phoretic species of Simulium are described. A new species-group is established for this species and S.diceros, and its systematic position is discussed. Two other new species of Simulium are described from pupal material, and new forms of S.palmeri and S.berghei are recorded.     

Revision of the South American window fly genus Heteromphrale Kröber, 1937 (Diptera, Scenopinidae)

The Neotropical window fly genus Heteromphrale Kröber, 1937 is revised. Two previously described species (Heteromphrale chilensis (Kröber, 1937) and Heteromphrale cyanops (Edwards, 1932)) are redescribed while a new species (Heteromphrale blanca sp. n.) is described from Argentina. The male of Heteromphrale chilensis and female of Heteromphrale cyanops are described and figured for the first time, and a key to species is presented.     

Simulium (Chirostilbia) bifenestratum (Diptera, Simuliidae), a new black-fly species from the Atlantic forest, State of São Paulo, Brazil

The larva, pupa, male, and female of Simulium bifenestratum n. sp. are described and illustrated. The pupae of the new species have 10 gill filaments, thick at their base and arranged in a three-dimensional way, surrounding the head and thorax. Its pupal cocoon is peculiar, not found in any of the known Brazilian black-fly species; it is very thick and hard with two openings in the anterior region. S. bifenestratum n. sp. was collected in one stream in the Bocaina mountain chain, Atlantic forest, in S?o José do Barreiro county, state of S?o Paulo, in a high (1500 m) natural grassland. Larvae and pupae were collected on the edges of small waterfalls and in places with-high speed laminar water flow, attached to the bedrock.     

Insect galls on Bauhinia cupulata (Fabaceae): morphotypes characterization and description of a new species of Schizomyia (Cecidomyiidae,Diptera)

Galls on Bauhinia cupulata (Fabaceae) were investigated in two physiognomies of the Cerrado, riparian and dry forest, in the municipality of Barreiras (Western Bahia, Brazil) from October 2012 to July 2014. Four insect gall morphotypes were found. They were characterized based on shape, color, indumentum, plant organ of occurrence and galling taxon. A new galling species, Schizomyia barreirensis, is described, illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) and compared to other Neotropical congeneric species.     

Botryocladius gen.n.: a new transantarctic genus of orthocladiine midge (Diptera: Chironomidae)

A new genus of orthocladiine Chironomidae, Botryocladius (type species B. grapeth sp.n. from eastern Australia) is described and illustrated in all life history stages. All thirteen included species are described as new, six from eastern Australia (B. grapeth, B. brindabella, B. mdfrc, B. collessi, B. tasmania, B. australoalpinus), two from Western Australia (B. bibulmun and B. freemani), one from ephemeral streams in Australia (B. petrophilus) and four from Patagonian Argentina and Chile (B. edwardsi, B. glacialis, B. mapuche and B. tronador). All Australian species are known from at least pupal exuviae, most from adult males and several from larvae. In contrast, only B. edwardsi amongst Neotropical species is known from the adult male; all others are described from pupal exuviae. The immature stages are lotic in Australian permanent and temporary streams and Patagonian glacial streams and rivers, and lentic in Neotropical glacial-fed and Australian subalpine lakes. Botryocladius appears to belong with a grouping centred on two formally undescribed taxa from Australia. The genus evidently demonstrates a vicariant distribution with at least two sister-group relationships between South American and Australian taxa, providing a minimum dating for the clade of 38 Ma., with apparent absence from New Zealand indicating a maximum date of 80 Ma.     

Anopheles halophylus,a new species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil

Anopheles halophylus n.sp. is described from Central Brazil. It is distinguished from An. triannulatus (Neiva and Pinto) by morphological and morphometric characters, especially in the male genitalia, larva and egg. Illustrations of the male and female genitalia, egg, larva and pupa, and discussion of the status of names associated with An. triannulatus are provided.     

Stenopsyche kodaikanalensis: A new species of Stenopsyche from South India (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae)

Stenopsyche kodaikanalensis sp. n. is described from a small stream in the Palni Hills, Tamil Nadu, South India. All life stages and both sexes of adults are described and illustrated. The larva and pupa aresimilar to S. griseipennis and the adult male demonstrates a close relationship to S. splendida of the simplex group.     

A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha,gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar

Male, female, pupa, larva and egg of a new genus and species of Gracillariidae (Gracillariinae), Spinivalva gaucha Moreira and Vargas from southern Brazil are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences including members of related lineages is also provided. The immature stages are associated with Passiflora actinia, Passiflora misera and Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae), and build mines on the adaxial leaf surface. Initially the mines are serpentine in shape, but later in larval ontogeny become a blotch type. Although the larvae are hypermetamorphic as in other Gracillariidae, there is no sap-feeding instar in Spinivalva gaucha; the larva feeds on the palisade parenchyma, thus producing granular frass during all instars. Pupation occurs outside the mine; prior to pupating, the larva excretes numerous bubbles that are placed in rows on the lateral margins of the cocoon external surface. This is the second genus of gracillariid moth described for the Atlantic Rain Forest, and the second gracillariid species known to be associated with Passifloraceae.     

辽宁真蚋亚属一新种(双翅目,蚋科)

记述在中国辽宁省北票市发现的新种细端真蚋Simulium(Eusimulium)tenuistylum sp.nov.,对其雄虫、蛹和幼虫进行了描述。新种的突出特征是雄虫生殖肢端节侧面观呈鸟头状,蛹呼吸丝上对下丝非常粗壮。模式标本存放于贵阳医学院生物学教研室。     

西藏真蚋一新种(双翅目：蚋科)

西藏真蚋一新种（双翅目：蚋科）邓成玉,张有植,薛群力,陈汉彬（成都军区卫生防疫队成都６１００６１）（贵阳医学院贵阳５５０００４）１９８９年５月,作者在进行西藏亚东烟类调查时,发现烟属真纳亚属一新种,现记述如卜。新纤细真纳Ｓｉｔｈｄｓ（ＥＭｂｏｄｓｎ们...     

Aagaardia,a New Holarctic Orthoclad Genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Diagnoses of all stages of the new genus Aagaardia are given. The genus includes A. sivertseni (Aagaard), originally described in Eukiefferiella Thienemann, from Norway and Finland and described in all stages; A. protensa sp.n. from Finland and A. triangulata sp.n. from Turkey described as male imagines; and A. longicalcis sp.n. from Canada described in both sexes. The male imagines share bare eyes, strong punctation on wings, bare squama, extended costa, triangular gonostylus and two groups of extremely strong and sclerotized virga. The pupa and the female genitalia show relationship with Paratrissocladius Zav[rcirc]el, while the larva is very similar to the larvae of Psilometriocnemus Sæther and Platysmittia Sæther. Parsimony analyses suggest that Aagaardia forms the plesiomorphic sister genus to the rest of the Heterotrissocladius group combined.     

Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) tergospinosum new species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in siolii group from the southern part of the State of Amazonas, Brazil

The larva, pupa, male and female of Simulium tergospinosum n. sp. are described and illustrated. The adults of this new species share many characters with species in the subgenus Psaroniocompsa, where it is placed. The larva of this species bears dorsal and lateral triangular tubercles on the abdomen and multiply branched scale-like setae on the body, suggesting that it belongs to the S. siolii species group. S. tergospinosum n.sp. was collected along the Juma River, Apuí county, in the southern part of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. The Juma, a black-water river, is a tributary of the Aripuan? River in the Madeira River hydrographic basin, on the southern part of Amazonas. Females were collected biting humans along the water courses during the sampling period (in the dry season).     

A new species of the Simulium damnosum complex from Uganda, and comparative morphology of the tarsal claws in females of this complex

The female, male, pupa and larva of Simulium (Edwardsellum) pandanophilum sp. nov. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from western Uganda are described. Diagnostic features are the shape of the tarsal claws of females and, cytogenetically, new intraspecific inversions on chromosomes I and II. Simulium pandanophilum is assigned to the Simulium damnosum complex. Different tarsal claw shapes of West African members of the S. damnosum complex are also described.     

云南窗萤的形态学及其生物学特性（鞘翅目：萤科）

研究了云南窗萤卵到成虫不同发育阶段的形态学。根据野外观察和实验室饲养结果,记录了其生物学特性。卵、幼虫、蛹和雌成虫可发弱光,但雄成虫仅在受刺激时才发出更弱的光,云南窗萤可归属于昼行性萤火虫,而化学信号则是其雌雄在求偶时的主要识别方式。     

Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Steinernema scapterisci n. sp., isolated in Uruguay from the mole cricket Scapteriscus vicinus, can be distinguished from other members in the genus by the presence of prominent cheilorhabdions, an elliptically shaped structure associated with the excretory duct, and a double-flapped epitygma in the first-generation female. The spicules of the male are pointed, tapering smoothly to a small terminus, and the shaft (calomus) is long, bearing a sheath. The gubernaculum has a long, upward-bent anterior part. The ratio of head to excretory pore divided by tail length of the third-stage juvenile is greater for S. scapterisci n. sp. than for S. carpocapsae. Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. did not hybridize with S. carpocapsae strain Breton. In laboratory tests, S. scapterisci n. sp. killed 10% or less of non-orthopteran insects, including the wax moth larva, a universal host for other species of Steinernema.