食蚜蝇

食蚜蝇是双翅目昆虫中一个很重要的类群,它不仅具有重要的经济意义,而且,还是生物学、进化生物学和仿生学研究的重要材料。从形态特征、生物学习性以及应用价值等方面对食蚜蝇进行了概述。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

河北大学博物馆馆藏食蚜蝇亚科分类研究(双翅目,食蚜蝇科,食蚜蝇亚科)

在系统整理河北大学博物馆馆藏食蚜蝇科Syrphidae昆虫标本的基础上,鉴定出中国食蚜蝇亚科Syrphinae昆虫4族21属41种,其中5新种:直带垂边食蚜蝇Epistrophe rectistrigata sp.nov.,黑龙江美蓝食蚜蝇Melangyna heilongjiangensis sp.nov.,秦巴细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria qingbaensis sp.nov.,秦岭细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria qinglinensis sp.nov.和长白山食蚜蝇Syrphus changbaishanicus sp.nov..新种正模标本保存于河北大学博物馆,副模标本保存于陕西理工学院陕西省资源生物重点实验室.     

陕西秦岭太白山北坡食蚜蝇科昆虫区系调查

鉴定出秦岭太白山北坡食蚜蝇科昆虫2亚科,10族,35属,61种,包括中国新记录种3种:亮黄斑食蚜蝇Xanthogramma laetum(Fabricius)、无饰缩颜蚜蝇Pipiza inornataMatsumura和阿尔泰颜突蚜蝇Portevinia altaica(Stackelberg),陕西省新记录种16种。太白山北坡食蚜蝇科昆虫的区系成分以古北、东洋区共有种为主体,古北区成分略占优,东洋区成分占有一定比例;从属的分布类型看,多区属比例高达57.14%,单区属均为古北区成分,所占比例最低。太白山北坡食蚜蝇科昆虫区系具有明显的过渡性,混杂性和复杂性。     

四川青城山优食蚜蝇属二新种记述（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）

本文记述四川青城山优食蚜蝇属Eupeodes 2新种:青优食蚜蝇Eupeodes (Eupeodes) qingchengshanensis和小优食蚜蝇Eupeodes(Eupeodes)parvus,均属于Eupeodes s.str.,亚属。模式标本保存于上海农学院昆虫标本室。     

芍药的访花昆虫和传粉昆虫

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区内野生芍药 (PaeonialactifloraPall.)和内蒙古农校芍药园内栽培品种芍药的访花昆虫进行调查 ,经整理鉴定有 2 9种 ,自然保护区内芍药的访花昆虫种类有 1 7种 ,芍药园内的访花昆虫有 1 7种。根据传粉行为和数量的比较确定了自然保护区内主要传粉昆虫为丽斑芫菁、黄胫宽花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、短毛斑金龟、饥星花金龟、白星花金龟和大淡脉隧蜂 ;芍药园内的主要传粉昆虫为意大利蜜蜂、棕边管食蚜蝇、长尾管食蚜蝇、大淡脉隧蜂、灰带管食蚜蝇和小淡脉隧蜂。     

中国特有种——沙芥繁育系统和传粉生物学研究

运用定位观察、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、套袋试验和重力玻片法等方法,对沙芥自然居群和人工栽培种群的开花日动态、繁育系统和传粉习性进行了研究.结果显示:沙芥在自然居群和人工栽培种群开花日高峰分别在19:00和15:00～18:00.沙芥繁育系统为异花授粉植物.沙芥传粉媒介中风的飘移能力非常微弱;沙芥自然居群的访花昆虫有19种,分属于6个目;人工栽培种群的访花昆虫有11种,分属于6个目.意大利蜜蜂、熊蜂、黑带食蚜蝇和拟蜂食蚜蝇是两个居群共有的主要传粉昆虫,在自然居群熊蜂每天的访花频率呈双峰曲线,其中访花最高峰与开花日高峰基本重叠.     

食蚜蝇科的分类系统及其研究进展

综述了食蚜蝇科的分类系统及其研究进展。林奈未能正确地区分出食蚜蝇类昆虫 ,将当时已知的大约 3 7种食蚜蝇归入家蝇属Musca中。Fabricius首次建立的食蚜蝇属Syrphus包括了当时已知的大部分食蚜蝇种类和一些非食蚜蝇种类 ,一些真正的食蚜蝇仍保留在家蝇属Musca及其它属中。MosesHarris是第 1位将食蚜蝇与双翅目其它类群分开的学者。Latreille首次建立食蚜蝇科Syrphiae。Fall啨ｎ以“Syrphici”作为食蚜蝇科的科名 ,现代食蚜蝇科的名称“Syrphidae”由Leach提出。目前 ,多数学者认为食蚜蝇科隶属于双翅目的环裂亚目Cyclorrhapha、无缝组Aschiza ,头蝇科Pipunculidae是其姊妹群 ,二者构成食蚜蝇总科Syrphiodea。在分类系统方面 ,Rondani首次将食蚜蝇科分为 5个亚科。Lioy第 1次依据幼虫摄食习性将食蚜蝇划分为 5个群 (group) ,并对Eristaliti群进行了再划分。Schiner依据径中横脉 (r m)的位置将食蚜蝇科分为 2个类群 ,将食蚜蝇科分为 8个亚科。Williston将食蚜蝇科划分为 3个亚科 ,包括1 4个族。Verrall在Schiner和Williston系统的基础上 ,提出分 7个亚科的分类系统 ,这一系统得到其后学者的认可和引用 ,如Efflatoun、Brunetti、Ferguson等。Bezzi也引用Verrall的系统 ,但以齿腿蚜蝇亚科Merodontinae取代     

秦巴山区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫的初步调查(I)(双翅目:食蚜蝇科)

通过2001~2003年对秦巴山区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫的调查,结合整理陕西师范大学生命科学院及陕西理工学院生物系馆藏标本,初步鉴定出该地区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫5族24属56种,包括2新种、1中国新记录种、37陕西省新记录种及2个末定种。文中给出种类分布、新种描述及新记录种的主要特征,模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

秦巴山区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫的初步调查（Ⅰ）（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）

通过2001～2003年对秦巴山区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫的调查,结合整理陕西师范大学生命科学院及陕西理工学院生物系馆藏标本,初步鉴定出该地区食蚜蝇亚科昆虫5族24属56种,包括2新种、1中国新记录种、37陕西省新记录种及2个末定种。文中给出种类分布、新种描述及新记录种的主要特征,模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

Identification of Important Nodes in Directed Biological Networks: A Network Motif Approach

Identification of important nodes in complex networks has attracted an increasing attention over the last decade. Various measures have been proposed to characterize the importance of nodes in complex networks, such as the degree, betweenness and PageRank. Different measures consider different aspects of complex networks. Although there are numerous results reported on undirected complex networks, few results have been reported on directed biological networks. Based on network motifs and principal component analysis (PCA), this paper aims at introducing a new measure to characterize node importance in directed biological networks. Investigations on five real-world biological networks indicate that the proposed method can robustly identify actually important nodes in different networks, such as finding command interneurons, global regulators and non-hub but evolutionary conserved actually important nodes in biological networks. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for the five networks indicate remarkable prediction accuracy of the proposed measure. The proposed index provides an alternative complex network metric. Potential implications of the related investigations include identifying network control and regulation targets, biological networks modeling and analysis, as well as networked medicine.     

海洋生境修复和生物资源养护原理与技术研究进展及展望

由于人类活动导致的海洋生境、生态系统以及生物资源的衰退已经引起了全球的高度重视。以生态修复的原理为基础,综述了海洋生境修复和生物资源养护的关键设施、关键技术、监测与效果评价以及综合管理的国内外研究进展,并对海洋生境修复与生物资源养护的研究热点和重点进行了展望,以期为我国海洋生境修复和生物资源养护提供参考。     

Glue, Verb and Text Metaphors in Biology

Metaphor influences the construction of biological models and theories and the analysis of its use can reveal important tools of thought. Some aspects of biological organisation are investigated through the analysis of metaphors associated with treating biosystems as a kind of text. In particular, the use of glue and verbs is considered. Some of the reasons why glue is important in the construction of hierarchies are pursued in the light of specific examples, and some of the conceptual links between glue in biology and other domains is discussed. Verbs are shown to be important in the construction of networks. Some of the relations between glue, verb and text are considered and the text metaphor is placed within a much broader context of ideas associated with form, relation and system. The paper concludes with comments on the nature of biological information and the need for extending or better understanding the verbal vocabulary.     

Fine-scale parallel patterns in diversity of small benthic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in relation to the ecology of lava/groundwater habitats

It is critical to study factors that are important for origin and maintenance of biological diversity. A comparative approach involving a large number of populations is particularly useful. We use this approach to study the relationship between ecological factors and phenotypic diversity in Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Numerous populations of small benthic charr have evolved in lava springs in Iceland. These charr appear morphologically similar, but differ in important morphological features related to feeding. We found a clear relationship between diversity in morphology, diet, and ecological factors among populations. In particular, there were clear differences in morphology and diet between fish coming from habitats where the lava spring flowed on as a stream compared to habitats where the lava spring flowed into a pond. Our study shows that ecological factors are important for the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. The relationship between phenotype and ecological factors are observed on a fine scale, when comparing numerous populations that are phenotypically similar. This strongly suggests that for understanding, managing, and conserving biological diversity important ecological variables have to be taken into the account.     

The role of biological control in wildlands

Use of classical biological control to suppress invasive plants or insects is often an important component of programs for the conservation and restoration of wildlands. Its use contributes to preservation of native biodiversity, maintenance of ecosystem services from wildlands, and protection of sources of natural resources for human societies. Use of classical biological control in wildlands is a form of planned, beneficial invasion and its effective use requires careful integration of conservation biologists and biological control scientists to define ecological goals for projects and to investigate and judge the potential safety of biological control agents proposed for release. Greater cooperation between these groups is essential for expanded and safe use of this process.     

生物保护的经济学

生物保护研究已经从保护生物学发展到保护生态学,在社会经济因素对自然保护影响日益广泛深刻的今天,我们应该更加主动地从经济学角度进行生物多样性保护。建立自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要措施之一。目前的自然保护区管理研究基本上是以生物学和生态学为主,缺乏系统的经济学考虑,导致一些自然保护区的管理效果不理想,可持续性受到威胁。本文在回顾生物保护的相关经济学研究的同时,提出保护经济学的概念和研究框架,以期为自然保护区的经济管理提供一种新思路,为管理部门的保护投资决策提供支持。     

Prediction of a low-frequency mode in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor molecule

One of the frontiers today in molecular biology is to measure, identify and go further to predict the low-frequency internal motion of biological macromolecules, which is crucially important for understanding the dynamic mechanism of various biological functions occurring in such molecules. Based on the theory of continuity model developed recently for dealing with the internal low-frequency motion of a biological macromolecule, it is predicted that the low-frequency phonons with wave number of about 23 cm^?1 might be excited in BPTI molecule.     

Gene technology-based antimetabolite design: the use of an in vitro protein expression system to facilitate antimetabolite design for virally-induced human diseases and malignant conditions

A precondition for the chemotherapeutic treatment of a variety of virally-induced human diseases and malignant conditions is a highly selective interaction of the drug molecule to be used with it's biological target. To ensure the development of novel, effective drugs, it is essential that the biological target is well characterised with regard to it's structure and activity. Such characterisation relies upon adequate amounts of pure target being available. One of the most important enzymatic importers for antimetabolites is the enzyme thymidine kinase. In this article an in vitro protein expression system is described which facilitates the production of milligram amounts of pure and biologically active thymidine kinase, from a number of important biological sources. Results have shown that the in vitro produced enzyme has the exact biochemical propeties of the in vivo enzyme. Thus the in vitro protein expression system is an ideal vechicle to facilitate an in depth investigation of the enzyme's biological properties.