Inducible and constitutive mechanisms of salt stress resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geum urbanum</Emphasis> L.

The avens (Geum urbanum L.) seedlings were grown for 6 weeks until the expansion of five to six leaves and then exposed to salinity shock (300 mM NaCl in the nutrient medium) or to a gradual (within 4 days) increase in NaCl concentration from 100 to 400 mM. The dynamics of stress-dependent accumulation of Na⁺, Cl^?, proline, and polyamines in leaves and roots was measured, together with activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol-dependent peroxidase occurring in soluble, ionically bound, and covalently bound forms. It is shown that avens plants can adapt to gradual salinization by mobilizing stressinducible protective mechanisms (accumulation of proline and spermine) and by activating constitutive enzyme systems (SOD and peroxidase).     

Effects of landscape structure on genetic diversity of Geum urbanum L. populations in agricultural landscapes

Plant species in fragmented populations are affected by landscape structure because persistence within and migration among inhabited patches may be influenced by the identity and configuration of surrounding habitat elements. This may also be true for species of the semi-natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes. To determine the effect of landscape elements we analyzed Wood Avens (Geum urbanum L.) populations within three 4×4 km² agricultural landscapes in Germany, Switzerland and Estonia, which differ in levels of land use intensity and habitat fragmentation. Genetic variation was determined in 15 randomly selected populations in each landscape using 10 microsatellite loci. The landscape structure was assessed at two circles around each population, with radii defined by the range limits of spatial genetic autocorrelation. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the influence of landscape structure variables for inter- and intrapopulation genetic diversity. Gene diversity was equally high in Germany (H_e=0.27) and Switzerland (H_e=0.26) but lower in Estonia (H_e=0.16). A high overall inbreeding coefficient (F_IS=0.89) was found, as expected for a selfing breeding system in G. urbanum. Genetic differentiation among populations was high (overall F_ST=0.43, 0.48, and 0.45 in Estonia, Switzerland and Germany, respectively), and did not differ among the three landscapes. Only a moderate influence of individual land use types on genetic diversity within and among populations was found with some idiosyncratic relationships. Genetic variation within populations was correlated to the amount of hedgerows positively in Estonia but negatively in Switzerland. The study demonstrates that the distribution of individual land use types affects the genetic pattern of a common plant species. However, different variables were identified to influence the genetic structure in three different landscapes. This indicates a major influence of landscape-specific land use history and stochastic processes determining gene flow and plant population structure.     

Significant differences in outcrossing rate,self‐incompatibility,and inbreeding depression between two widely hybridizing species of Geum

Geum urbanum and Geum rivale are two widely hybridizing perennial herbs. Estimation of the breeding systems of these taxa using nuclear microsatellite markers scored in mother–progeny arrays demonstrated that, in pure populations, G. urbanum is predominantly selfing (outcrossing rate, t = 0.058 to 0.177), whereas G. rivale is predominantly outcrossing (t = 0.686–0.775). Theory suggests that hybridization between inbreeding and outcrossing species can potentially generate novel inbreeding lineages. However, the establishment of such lineages may be restricted either by self‐incompatibility loci or deleterious recessive alleles derived from the outcrossing parent. To assess the likelihood that hybridization between G. urbanum and G. rivale will generate novel inbreeding lineages, self‐incompatibility and inbreeding depression were investigated in the two taxa. Seed set in the absence of pollinators, and after controlled self‐ and cross‐pollination, was measured to study self‐incompatibility. Inbreeding depression was measured by estimating the relative fitness of offspring from controlled self‐and cross‐pollinations. Geum urbanum was fully self‐compatible [self‐compatibility index (SCI) = 1] and bagged flowers showed full seed set. By contrast, only 3% of bagged flowers set seed in G. rivale and controlled self‐pollinations showed a 60–80% reduction in seed set compared to controlled outcross pollinations (SCI = 0.28). There was no evidence for inbreeding depression in G. urbanum, although significant, albeit low levels of inbreeding depression were detected in one of two G. rivale populations (δ = 0.33). The implication of these results is that if genetic material from G. rivale was incorporated into a hybrid with a selfing morphology, the establishment of this selfing lineage could be compromised by self‐incompatibility and inbreeding depression. The wider implications of these results for evolution in hybrid swarms between G. urbanum and G. rivale are discussed. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 977–990.     

獐牙菜属植物的研究概况

本文对龙胆科獐牙菜属植物的化学和生理活性研究进行了概略的回顾。迄今为止,约有40种獐牙菜属植物有文献报道。从这些植物中已分离出100多种不同类型的化合物,包括(口山)哃、黄酮、甙类、萜类及少部分内酯、生物碱和有机酸类化合物。这些化合物有多种生理活性,如:镇静、抗结核菌、强壮、退热、轻泻、肝保护、抗惊厥、增压及治疗胃病和心血管疾病等。还可制成各种制剂用于生发、护肤、驱虫等。     

悬钩子属和蔷薇属的新植物

本文发表了山莓两个新变型和小果蔷薇一新变型,即粉红山莓Rubus corchorifolius L.f.f.roseolus Z.X.Yu、重瓣山莓R.cor-chorifolius L.f.f.Hemi semiplenus Z.X.Yu,还有重瓣小果蔷薇Rosa cymosa Tratt.f.plena Z.X.Yu et G.Z.Liu。     

反枝苋染色体数目的观察(简报)

<正> 反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)为苋科苋属(Amaranthus)的一年生草本。分布于东北,华北和西北等地,原产于美洲热带,为归化植物,生于田园村庄附近的草地上。 其种子作青箱子入药,全草药用:具有治腹泻和痢疾之功效。 本文对反枝苋的体细胞染色体进行了观察,旨在为中药材的良种繁育工作提供必要的细胞学资料。     

VASCULAR SYSTEM OF LODICULES OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.

The vascular system for the two lodicules in a floret of Dactylis glomerata L. was studied in serial sections. The floret stele contained a few modified tracheary elements and xylem transfer cells enveloped by a phloem of squat sieve-tube members and intermediary cells. A single sieve tube and associated phloem parenchyma exited the right and left sides of the stele and upon nearing the base of each lodicule branched and formed the minor veins of the lodicule. The minor veins underwent limited branching and anastomosing to form a small three-dimensional system which described an arc during its ascent in the adaxial portion of each lodicule. The sieve tubes in the minor veins extended halfway up the lodicule and contained short sieve-tube members with transverse, slightly oblique, or lateral simple sieve plates. The associated phloem parenchyma cells were intermediary cells, companion cells, and less intimate parenchyma cells. Intermediary cells terminated the minor veins and touched the distal ends of the terminal sieve-tube members, which lacked distal sieve plates. Although the transverse area of the sieve-tube members remained constant up the lodicule, the transverse area of the associated phloem parenchyma fluctuated.     

西南地区绣线菊属和花楸属新植物

本文发表了我国四川和云南地区蕴薇科绣线菊属和花楸属的2新种和1新变种,即稻城绣线菊Spiraea daochengensis Lu,兰坪花楸Sorbus lanpingensis Lu和毛萼铺地花楸Sorbus reducta Diels var.pubescens Lu。     

桑属（Morus L.）3个种的核型分析

采用火焰干燥涂片法制备染色体标本。对桑属(Morus L.)的广东桑(M. atropurpurea Roxb.)、鲁桑(M. muticaulis Perr.)、瑞穗桑(M. mizuho Hotta.)进行了核型分析。结果表明,广东桑、鲁桑的核型公式是2n=2x=28=24m+4sm,瑞穗桑的核型公式是2n=2x=28=26m+2sm。广东桑与鲁桑的核型相近,可归为同一类,而瑞穗桑核型与之不同。     

黄芪属一新改级

作者通过对药用黄芪野生资源的调查, 结合查阅大量标本及考证模式标本, 发现淡紫花黄芪Astrasalus membranaceus(Fisch. exLink)Bge. var. membranaceus f. purpurinus(Y. C. Ho)Y. C. Ho不仅花旗瓣顶端为紫红色;而且花小;小叶小, 质地厚, 小叶对数少;果小且果皮厚;限分布于我国西南地区。认为作为亚种处理比较合适。即A. membranaceus(Fisch. exLink)Bge. subsp. pallidipurpureus(Hsiao)X. Y. ZhuetC. J. Chen.     

岩高兰(Empetrum nigrum L.)新变种

发表了采自大兴安岭的岩高兰,与原种的主要区别为果白色(非黑色)。命名为Empetrum nigrum L. var. albium J. Y. Ma et Y. Zhang。