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1.
M. Francisco M. Tortosa M.del Carmen Martínez‐Ballesta P. Velasco C. García‐Viguera D.A. Moreno 《The Annals of applied biology》2017,170(2):273-285
Brassica foods are among the top 10 economic crops in the world (i.e. broccoli, kale, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage). These vegetables have been identified as important components of a healthy diet because of their high levels of nutrients and health‐promoting phytochemicals (i.e. phenolics, glucosinolates, vitamins and minerals). Epidemiological studies have shown that increased consumption of Brassica foods is strongly associated with a reduced risk of degenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and immune dysfunction. Nevertheless, the nutritional content and profile in Brassica vegetables have been reported to vary considerably during the growth period due to agronomical factors including light, temperature, water availability and soil fertility among others. Moreover, the conditions of postharvest processing and cooking are also important factors on food quality. A better understanding of specific preharvest and postharvest conditions is essential to improve cultivars with value‐added nutritional quality. Thus, in this article are going to be addressed the effects of the most common crop management strategies and processes on the variation of nutritive compounds present within Brassica from the agri‐food perspective. 相似文献
2.
Jutta Ludwig-Müller 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2009,8(1):135-148
3.
The glucosinolates are a large group of sulphur-containing glucosides found in brassica vegetables. After physical damage
to the plant tissue, glucosinolates are broken down, by the endogenous enzyme myrosinase, releasing glucose and a complex
variety of biologically active products. The most important and extensively studied of these compounds are the isothiocyanates.
Glucosinolates can be degraded or leached from vegetable tissue during food processing, but thermal inactivation of myrosinase
preserves some intact glucosinolates in cooked vegetables. Once ingested, any remaining intact glucosinolates may be broken
down by plant myrosinase in the small intestine, or by bacterial myrosinase in the colon. Isothiocyanates are absorbed from
the small bowel and colon, and the metabolites are detectable in human urine 2–3 h after consumption of brassica vegetables.
Isothiocyanates are potent inducers of Phase II enzymes in vitro, and they have been shown to increase the metabolism and detoxification of chemical carcinogens in vitro and in animal models. Some of these compounds also inhibit mitosis and stimulate apoptosis in human tumour cells, in vitro and in vivo. This second effect raises the possibility that in addition to blocking DNA damage, isothiocyanates may selectively inhibit
the growth of tumour cells even after initiation by chemical carcinogens. Epidemiological evidence supports the possibility
that glucosinolate breakdown products derived from brassica vegetables may protect against human cancers, especially those
of the gastrointestinal tract and lung. To define and exploit these potentially anticarcinogenic effects it is important to
understand and manipulate glucosinolate chemistry and metabolism across the whole food-chain, from production and processing
to consumption.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Muhammad Jahangir Ibrahim Bayoumi Abdel-Farid Hye Kyong Kim Young Hae Choi Robert Verpoorte 《Environmental and Experimental Botany》2009,67(1):23-33
Brassicaceae plants are one of the most popular vegetables consumed all over the world and considered to be a good source of bioactive phytochemicals. Additionally, Brassica species and varieties are increasingly becoming a research model in plant science, as a consequence of the importance of their primary and secondary metabolites. Plant interaction with environmental stress factors including animals and insects herbivory, pathogens, metal ions, light, among others, is known to lead to the activation of various defense mechanisms resulting in a qualitative and/or quantitative change in plant metabolite production. Pre-harvest and/or post-harvest conditions are also known to affect this, since plants produce signaling molecules (e.g. salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, etc.) that cause a direct or indirect activation of metabolic pathways. That ultimately affects the production of phytochemicals, such as carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose), amino acids, phenolics (phenylpropanoids and flavonoids) and glucosinolates. These phytochemicals have diverse applications due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties, but on the other hand these compounds or their breakdown products can act as anti-nutritional factors in diet. In this review we report a wide range of the stress-induced metabolic responses in the Brassica plants commonly used for human consumption. 相似文献
5.
Anthony Lynn Zoë Fuller Andrew R. Collins Brian Ratcliffe 《Cell biochemistry and function》2015,33(5):266-276
Consumption of cruciferous vegetables may protect against colorectal cancer. Cruciferous vegetables are rich in a number of bioactive constituents including polyphenols, vitamins and glucosinolates. Before consumption, cruciferous vegetables often undergo some form of processing that reduces their content of bioactive constituents and may determine whether they exert protective effects. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of raw and blanched‐frozen broccoli to protect colonocytes against DNA damage, improve antioxidant status and induce xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME). Fifteen Landrace × Large White male pigs were divided into five age‐matched and weight‐matched sets (79 days, SD 3, and 34·7 kg, SD 3·9, respectively). Each set consisted of siblings to minimize genetic variation. Within each set, pigs received a cereal‐based diet, unsupplemented (control) or supplemented with 600 g day?1 of raw or blanched‐frozen broccoli for 12 days. The consumption of raw broccoli caused a significant 27% increase in DNA damage in colonocytes (p = 0·03) relative to the control diet, whereas blanched‐frozen broccoli had no significant effect. Both broccoli diets had no significant effect on plasma antioxidant status or hepatic and colonic XME. This study is the first to report that the consumption of raw broccoli can damage DNA in porcine colonocytes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a class of compounds found in Brassica species, results in a number of products with potential to inhibit seed germination. To investigate the impact of both volatile and water-soluble allelochemicals, germination bioassays using Lactuca sativa seeds were conducted with root and combined leaf and stem tissues of Brassica napus. Tissues in which glucosinolates were hydrolyzed to remove volatile glucosinolate degradation products were compared with intact tissues and water controls. Only tissues containing glucosinolates produced volatiles that inhibited germination. Volatiles were trapped and identified using GC-MS. Volatiles produced in greater quanitity from intact tissues than from tissues without glucosinolates were almost exclusively glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Water-soluble components also inhibited germination. Chemical analysis of extracts confirmed the presence of glucosinolate hydrolysis products, but indicated the involvement of additional allelochemicals, especially in leaf and stem tissues. Results support the proposal that glucosinolate-containing plant tissues may contribute to reductions in synthetic pesticide use if weed seeds are targeted.Abbreviations ITC
isothiocyanates
- CN
organic cyanides
- OZT
oxazolidinethione
- iRoot
intact root tissue
- iL&S
intact leaf and stem tissue
- hRoot
hydrolyzed root tissue
- hL&S
hydrolyzed leaf and stem tissue 相似文献
7.
Richard Mithen 《Plant Growth Regulation》2001,34(1):91-103
This paper provides a brief overview of the biochemistry, genetics andbiological activity of glucosinolates and their degradation products.These compounds are found in vegetative and reproductive tissues of16 plant families, but are most well known as the major secondarymetabolites in the Brassicaceae. Following tissue disruption, theyare hydrolysed to a variety of products of which isothiocyanates(`mustard oils') are the most prominent. The majority of geneticstudies have concentrated on reducing the levels of these compoundsin the seeds of oilseed Brassica crops due to antinutritionalfactors associated with 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate. However,current interest is concerned with the anticarcinogenic activity ofisothiocyanates derived from cruciferous vegetables and salad crops. 相似文献
8.
A. Giamoustaris R. Mithen 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1996,93(5-6):1006-1010
The biochemical and genetical relationship between aliphatic glucosinolates which have methylthioalkyl, methylsulphinylalkyl and alkenyl side chains has not been resolved by biochemical studies. In this study, two hypothetical models are tested by the genetic analysis of a backcross population between Brassica drepanensis and B. atlantica. The results support one of the models in which 3-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate is sequentially converted to 3-methylsulphinylpropyl, and then to 2-propenyl glucosinolate, by the action of dominant alleles at two loci. RFLP mapping positioned both loci on the same linkage group homologous to the B. napus N19 linkage group. The implication of the results for the genetic manipulation of glucosinolates in Brassica to improve flavour and nutritional properties, and in order to investigate plant-insect interactions, is discussed. 相似文献
9.
Kristin Hennig Ruud Verkerk Matthijs Dekker Guusje Bonnema 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2013,126(9):2323-2334
Epidemiological and mechanistic studies show health-promoting effects of glucosinolates and their breakdown products. In literature, differences in non-enzymatic glucosinolate degradation rates during food processing between different vegetables are described, which provide the basis for studying the genetic effects of this trait and breeding vegetables with high glucosinolate retention during food processing. Non-enzymatic glucosinolate degradation, induced by heat, was studied in a publicly available Brassica oleracea doubled haploid population. Data were modeled to obtain degradation rate constants that were used as phenotypic traits to perform quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Glucosinolate degradation rate constants were determined for five aliphatic and two indolic glucosinolates. Degradation rates were independent of the initial glucosinolate concentration. Two QTL were identified for the degradation rate of the indolic glucobrassicin and one QTL for the degradation of the aliphatic glucoraphanin, which co-localized with one of the QTL for glucobrassicin. Factors within the plant matrix might influence the degradation of different glucosinolates in different genotypes. In addition to genotypic effects, we demonstrated that growing conditions influenced glucosinolate degradation as well. The study identified QTL for glucosinolate degradation, giving the opportunity to breed vegetables with a high retention of glucosinolates during food processing, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. 相似文献
10.
A white-rot basidiomycete Ganoderma spp. has long been used as a medicinal mushroom in Asia, and it has an array of pharmacological properties for immunomodulatory
activity. There have been many reports about the bioactive components and their pharmacological properties. In order to analyze
the current status of Ganoderma products, the detailed process of cultivation of Ganoderma spp. and development of their products are restated in this review article. These include the breeding, cultivating, extracting
bioactive component, and processing Ganoderma products, etc. This article will expand people’s common knowledge on Ganoderma, and provide a beneficial reference for research and industrial production. 相似文献
11.
Role of glucosinolates in plant invasiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Caroline Müller 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2009,8(1):227-242
Many plants have been intentionally or accidentally introduced to new habitats where some of them now cause major ecological
and economic threats to natural and agricultural ecosystems. The potential to become invasive might depend on plant characteristics,
as well as on specific interactions with other organisms acting as symbionts or antagonists, including other plants, microbes,
herbivores, or pollinators. The invasion potential furthermore depends on abiotic conditions in the habitat. Several species
of the Brassicaceae, well known for their glucosinolate–myrosinase defence system, are invasive species. Various factors are
reviewed here that might explain why these species were so successful in colonising new areas. Specific emphasis is laid on
the role of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in the invasion potential. This particular defence system is involved
specifically in plant–plant, plant–microbe and plant–insect interactions. Most research has been done on the mechanisms underlying
invasion success of Alliaria petiolata and Brassica spp., followed by Bunias orientalis and Lepidium draba. Some examples are also given for plants that are not necessarily considered as invasives, but which were well investigated
with respect to their interference potential with their biotic environment. For each species, most likely a combination of
different plant characteristics enhanced the competitive abilities and led to diverse invasive phenotypes. 相似文献
12.
Siamak Rahmanpour David Backhouse Heather M. Nonhebel 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(15):1860-1865
Oilseed rape stem rot disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious yield losses worldwide. Glucosinolates as specific secondary metabolites of Brassicaceae are produced in various parts of the host plants. Their enzymatic hydrolysis releases chemical components, particularly isothiocyanates, with fungitoxic activity and volatile characteristics. To investigate the effect of volatiles derived from Brassica tissues, the pathogen was exposed to hydrolysis products of Brassica shoot parts as sources of glucosinolates including oilseed rape varieties and two species, black and white mustard. The results showed significant differences in inhibition of S. sclerotiorum growth between varieties and species. All tissues of black mustard inhibited completely the exposed colonies of the pathogen and oilseed rape varieties Dunkeld, Oscar and Rainbow had significant inhibitory effect on the fungus. The genotypes demonstrated significant differences for the production of toxic volatiles, indicating that GSL contents in Brassica species and even cultivars have different potentials for toxic products. 相似文献
13.
Chase A. Klingaman Matthew J. Wagner Justin R. Brown John B. Klecker Ethan H. Pauley Colin J. NoldnerJared R. Mays 《Analytical biochemistry》2017
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites abundant in Brassica vegetables that are substrates for the enzyme myrosinase, a thioglucoside hydrolase. Enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of glucosinolates forms several organic products, including isothiocyanates (ITCs) that have been explored for their beneficial effects in humans. Myrosinase has been shown to be tolerant of non-natural glucosinolates, such as 2,2-diphenylethyl glucosinolate, and can facilitate their conversion to non-natural ITCs, some of which are leads for drug development. An HPLC-based method capable of analyzing this transformation for non-natural systems has been described. This current study describes (1) the Michaelis–Menten characterization of 2,2-diphenyethyl glucosinolate and (2) a parallel evaluation of this analogue and the natural analogue glucotropaeolin to evaluate effects of pH and temperature on rates of hydrolysis and product(s) formed. Methods described in this study provide the ability to simultaneously and independently analyze the kinetics of multiple reaction components. An unintended outcome of this work was the development of a modified Lambert W(x) which includes a parameter to account for the thermal denaturation of enzyme. The results of this study demonstrate that the action of Sinapis alba myrosinase on natural and non-natural glucosinolates is consistent under the explored range of experimental conditions and in relation to previous accounts. 相似文献
14.
硫苷是十字花科植物的一种次生代谢产物,其合成途径受细胞色素P450的CYP79家族蛋白的调控,该实验采用同源克隆技术在甘蓝型油菜中克隆到了CYP79B1基因,命名为BnCYP79B1(GenBank登录号为JX535391.1)。BnCYP79B1基因cDNA全长1 625bp,编码一个含有541个氨基酸、理论等电点为8.88。序列对比结果显示,BnCYP79B1与花椰菜CYP79B1在DNA序列上的相似性为98.83%,推测蛋白氨基酸序列的相似性为99.26%。通过不同时期不同部位BnCYP79B1基因表达量的分析,发现BnCYP79B1基因在高秆高硫苷品系的根中表达量较高,而对矮秆高硫苷品系则是叶中表达量较高。在BnCYP79B1表达总量上,高秆品系较矮秆品系高,高硫苷品系较低硫苷品系高。 相似文献
15.
Summary Considerable progress has been accomplished in the cellular and molecular biology of Brassica species in the past few years. Plant regeneration has been increasingly optimized via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis
using various explants; with tissue culture improvements focusing on factors such as age of the explant, genotype, and media
additives. The production of haploids and doubled haploids using microspores has accelerated the production of homozygous
lines in the Brassica species. Somatic cell fusion has facilitated the development of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids in the sexually incompatible
species of Brassica. Crop improvement using somaclonal variation has also been achieved. The use of molecular markers in marker-assisted selection
and breeding, transformation technology for the introduction of desirable traits, and a comparative analysis of these as well
as their future prospects are important parts of the current research that is reviewed. 相似文献
16.
R. A. Cole 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1994,71(1):23-31
Feeding behaviour of the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae, was monitored electronically on two resistantBrassica species,B. fruticulosa andB. spinescens, and compared with a susceptible controlB. oleracea var.capitata cv. Offenham Compacta. Aphids, monitored for 10 h on the under side of leaves, performed recognizable feeding behaviour on
all species. Electrical Penetration Graphs (EPGs) of aphids on resistant and susceptible plants showed no difference in behaviour
for aphids on resistantBrassica species compared to susceptible until stylets penetrated the phloem sieve elements when a large reduction in the duration
of passive phloem uptake (E2 pattern) onB. fruticulosa was indicated. Although feeding behaviour on 6 week-old plants ofB. spinescens was similar to the susceptible controls, behaviour on 10 week-old plants was similar to that recorded forB. fruticulosa. The mechanism of resistance is thought to be located in the sieve element as the normal sieve element salivation (E1) signal was either quickly terminated by withdrawal of the stylets from the sieve element or continued as a disrupted E2 pattern. Analysis of secondary plant compounds in the threeBrassica species only identified significant differences in the glucosinolate profile. No reproducible differences were detected in
the concentration of phenolics or anthocyanins. The major glucosinolate component ofB. fruticulosa andB. spinescens was gluconapin rather than glucobrassicin and glucoiberin as found in the susceptible host plant. However, both pure glucosinolates
and glucosinolate extracts from all three species did not reduce aphid survival on chemically-defined artificial diets. These
results suggest that the mechanism of resistance may be a mechanical blocking of the sieve element or stylets rather than
a difference in the secondary plant chemistry of glucosinolates and phenolics. 相似文献
17.
Zheng Liu Joe Hammerlindl Wilf Keller Peter B. E. McVetty Fouad Daayf Carlos F. Quiros Genyi Li 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2011,27(4):467-478
Methylthioalkylmalate (MAM) synthases and their associated genes that have been extensively investigated in Arabidopsis control the side-chain elongation of methionine during the synthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates. A Brassica homolog of the Arabidopsis
MAM genes was used in this study to analyze the role of MAM genes in B. napus through RNA interference (RNAi). The silencing of the MAM gene family in B. napus canola and B. napus rapeseed resulted in the reduction of aliphatic glucosinolates and total glucosinolate content. The results indicated that
RNAi has potential for reducing glucosinolate content and improving meal quality in B. napus canola and rapeseed cultivars. Interestingly, MAM gene silencing in B. napus significantly induced the production of 2-propenyl glucosinolate, a 3-carbon side-chain glucosinolate commonly found in B. juncea mustard. Most transgenic plants displayed induction of 2-propenyl glucosinolate; however, the absolute content of this glucosinolate
in transgenic B. napus canola was relatively low (less than 1.00 μmol g−1 seed). In the high glucosinolate content progenies derived from the crosses of B. napus rapeseed and transgenic B. napus canola, MAM gene silencing strongly induced the production of 2-propenyl glucosinolate to high levels (up to 4.45 μmol g−1 seed). 相似文献
18.
Glucosinolates and biofumigation: fate of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The bioactive hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, particularly the isothiocyanates, can be used to control soil pests and
weeds by incorporating glucosinolate-containing plant material in soil—a practice known as biofumigation. The fate of glucosinolates
and their hydrolysis products in soil determines both the efficacy and environmental impact of biofumigation. Knowledge of
the processes by which these compounds are sorbed, degraded or otherwise lost from the soil is fundamental to developing effective,
but environmentally benign biofumigation strategies. Effective biofumigation relies on maximum hydrolysis of the glucosinolate
in the plant tissue to generate high isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil after incorporation. This is favoured by maximum
cell disruption, by addition of water, and a high soil temperature. Residual glucosinolates are very weakly sorbed, readily
leached and are microbially degraded and mineralised in soil. In contrast, isothiocyanates are strongly sorbed by the organic
matter in soil, react strongly with nucleophilic groups present in soil, and are prone to volatilization losses in addition
to microbial degradation and mineralisation. These loss processes are influenced by soil type, water content and temperature.
Using appropriate incorporation strategies, sufficiently high isothiocyanate concentrations (>100 nmol g−1) can be achieved in soil using biofumigation for effective suppression of susceptible pests. The relatively rapid sorption
and degradation of the isothiocyanates in the period of days after incorporation minimizes the risks of persistence in the
environment or leaching. Biofumigation is therefore a promising technique which can be further developed to form part of IPM
(Integrated Pest Management) strategies to reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides with minimal unintended impacts on the
environment. 相似文献
19.
R. Baur A. N. E. Birch R. J. Hopkins D. W. Griffiths M. S. J. Simmonds E. Städler 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1996,78(1):61-75
In Brassica crops differences in susceptibility to root fly attack can be largely attributed to antixenotic resistance. Plants of four genotypes (two swedes and two kales) with widely differing resistance in field trials, were compared in laboratory choice assays for their susceptibility to oviposition by the root flies Delia radicum (L.) and D. floralis (Fallen) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae). For both species the preference among the genotypes corresponded to the susceptibility of the genotypes in the field. The preference ranking in response to surrogate leaves treated with methanolic surface extracts of the four genotypes was identical to the preference among potted plants, demonstrating that chemical factors on the leaf surface mediate host preference for oviposition in these species.For both species of fly, glucosinolates are major oviposition stimulants and for D. radicum an additional, nonglucosinolate oviposition stimulant, presently called CIF, is known. We describe a procedure for chromatographic separation of glucosinolates from CIF in leaf surface extracts. In oviposition-choice assays with D. radicum, the CIF-fractions of the two swede genotypes applied to surrogate leaves received a 1.8 and 4.6 times higher proportion of eggs than the respective glucosinolate-fractions, confirming the major importance of CIF as an oviposition stimulant. The genotype of swede that was preferred by both fly species in tests with plants and methanolic leaf surface extracts, also stimulated oviposition more in tests with the glucosinolate-fractions or the CIF-fractions derived from the surface extracts, respectively. Thus, glucosinolates and CIF together account for the observed preference among the genotypes and may also be responsible for their susceptibility under field conditions. In the two kale genotypes the preference for plants or surface extracts differed from the preference among the corresponding glucosinolate- and CIF-fractions, indicating that additional, as yet unknown chemical factors may also be involved.For both groups of stimulants tarsal chemoreceptors allow electrophysiological monitoring of glucosinolate- and CIF-activity in fractionated surface extracts. For D. radicum the chemosensory activity of both glucosinolate- and CIF-fractions corresponded to the respective behavioural activity in the oviposition preference tests, suggesting that preference for oviposition among genotypes can be predicted from the electrophysiological activity of their fractions. The chemosensory response of D. floralis, in particular to the CIF-fractions, was less pronounced than the response of D. radicum, indicating interspecific differences in the perception of the major oviposition stimulants. We discuss the potential application of electrophysiological techniques in support of other screening methods used in breeding for root fly resistance in Brassica crops. 相似文献
20.
Majse Nafisi Ida E. Sønderby Bjarne G. Hansen Fernando Geu-Flores Hussam H. Nour-Eldin Morten H.H. Nørholm Niels B. Jensen Jing Li Barbara A. Halkier 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2006,5(2-3):331-346
Characteristic of cruciferous plants is the synthesis of nitrogen- and sulfur-rich compounds, such as glucosinolates and indole alkaloids. The intact glucosinolates have limited biological activity, but give rise to an array of bio-active breakdown products when hydrolysed by endogenous β-thioglucosidases (myrosinases) upon tissue disruption. Both glucosinolates and indole alkaloids constitute an important part of the defence of plants against herbivores and pathogens, with the difference that a basal level of glucosinolates is ever-present in the plant whereas indole alkaloids are true phytoalexins that are de novo synthesised upon pathogen attack. With the completion of the genome sequence of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a crucifer, many genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates and indole alkaloids have been identified and cytochromes P450 are key players in these pathways. In the present review, we will focus on the cytochromes P450 in the biosynthesis of both groups of compounds. Their functional roles and regulation will be discussed. 相似文献