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1.
城市土壤是城市生态系统中最重要的组成部分之一,发挥着重要的生态系统服务功能。在全球快速城市化的背景下,城市土壤受到人类活动的强烈干扰,土壤物理、化学性质发生改变,土壤退化与污染日益加重。城市土壤退化导致土壤动物生态特征与行为模式发生变化,城市景观格局与土地利用类型的变化强烈影响了土壤动物的栖息地,为土壤动物的生存与生物多样性带来潜在威胁;另一方面,城市化过程改变了土壤微生物群落组成与功能特征。城市化直接影响了城市土壤维持植物生长、土壤自然消减能力以及碳储存功能等重要的生态系统服务功能。针对城市化过程对土壤生态环境产生的一系列影响,需要采用科学的管理方式,改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤环境质量,保护和恢复土壤生物多样性,从而增强城市土壤的生态系统服务功能。 相似文献
2.
土壤微生物在岩溶生态系统中扮演着重要角色,其通过参与营养物质循环对生态系统的功能提升产生深远影响。该文重点梳理了植被恢复、地质背景、土壤性质以及土壤动物对土壤微生物群落的影响,阐明了岩溶植被-土壤-微生物之间的关系。此外,该文还指出了当前研究中亟待解决的关键问题,即岩溶土壤团聚体层面微生物分布规律、凋落物对土壤微生物功能的影响、土壤动物与微生物之间的耦合关系、土壤微生物在碳氮循环中的作用、土壤微生物资源的开发与利用。通过以上问题的研究,将为深入理解岩溶微生物地球化学循环过程和制定有效的生态恢复策略以及土壤管理措施提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
地下生态过程是生态系统结构、功能和过程研究中最不确定的因素。由于技术和方法的限制,作为\"黑箱\"的地下生态系统已经成为限制生态学发展的瓶颈,也是未来生态学发展的主要方向。环境DNA技术,是指从土壤等环境样品中直接提取DNA片段,然后通过DNA测序技术来定性或定量化目标生物,以确定目标生物在生态系统中的分布及功能特征。环境DNA技术已成功用于地下生态过程的研究。目前,环境DNA技术在土壤微生物多样性及其功能方面的研究相对成熟,克服了土壤微生物研究中不能培养的问题,可以有效地分析土壤微生物的群落组成、多样性及空间分布,尤其是宏基因组学技术的发展,使得微生物生态功能方面的研究成为可能;而且,环境DNA技术已经在土壤动物生态学的研究中得到了初步应用,可快速分析土壤动物的多样性及其分布特征,更有效地鉴定出未知的或稀少的物种,鉴定土壤动物类群的幅度较宽;部分研究者通过提取分析土壤中DNA片段信息对生态系统植物多样性及植物分类进行了研究,其结果比传统的植物分类及物种多样性测定更精确,改变了以往对植物群落物种多样性模式的理解。同时,环境DNA技术克服传统根系研究方法中需要洗根、分根、只能测定单物种根系的局限,降低根系研究中细根区分的误差,并探索性地用于细根生物量的研究。主要综述了基于环境DNA技术的分子生物学方法在土壤微生物多样性及功能、土壤动物多样性、地下植物多样性及根系生态等地下生态过程研究中的应用进展。环境DNA技术对于以土壤微生物、土壤动物及地下植物根系为主体的地下生态学过程的研究具有革命性意义,并展现出良好的应用前景。可以预期,分子生物学技术与传统的生态学研究相结合将成为未来地下生态学研究的一个发展趋势。 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT. Rumen Contents obtained from 28 domesticated cattle ( Bos taurus L.) slaughtered at abatoirs near Izmir, Turkey were surveyed for ciliate protozoa. Protozoa are known to make an appreciable contribution to ruminal fiber digestion in many different geographical areas; however, little if any Information is available on their occurrence in Turkish cattle. As a result of our survey, 13 genera including 52 species were identified. Nine of the species were further divided into 36 forma. The average ciliate density in our cattle (52.44 X 104 /ml) was higher than that of Turkish domestic sheep and other domestic cattle reported previously from different geographical areas. Entodinium basoglui, Entodinium williamsi f. williamsi, E. williamsi f. turcicum, E. dalli f. rudidorsospinatum, Entodinium imai, Entodinium oektemae, Eudiplodinium dehorityi, Epidinium graini, Ophryoscolex purkynjei f. bifidobicinctus , and Ophryoscolex purkynjei f. bifidoquadricinctus have previously been reported from Turkey and appear to be endemic. All of the remaining species represent a new host record for domestic Turkish cattle. This study also reports for the second time the presence of Entodinium constrictum in herbivorous mammals, and is the first record of its occurrence in domesticated cattle. 相似文献
5.
林火燃烧会导致土壤温度升高,改变理化性质和酶活性,进而对土壤微生物群落产生显著影响。深入研究不同火烈度下油松林土壤微生物群落的组成,对于理解林火对森林土壤微生物活性的影响机理至关重要。以山西省沁源县过火后4年的油松林为研究对象,在不同火烈度(低、中、高烈度)和未过火林地设置固定样地,采集不同土层(0-10 cm和10-20 cm)的土壤样品,测定土壤理化性质和酶活性等,以及土壤微生物的组成,计算相对丰度和线性判别分析效应大小阐释不同火烈度下引起微生物群落组间差异的主要贡献类群,利用曼特尔检验和冗余分析从土壤环境因子角度探究林火对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)不同火烈度显著影响土壤理化性质和酶活性,其中0-20 cm土层中的pH值与容重随火烈度增加而增加,0-10 cm中的有机碳、全氮、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶均随火烈度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,脲酶随火烈度增加而下降。(2)细菌群落在门水平上以变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门为主,真菌群落在纲水平上以伞菌纲、散囊菌纲、粪壳菌纲为主。与对照组相比,火后放线菌门的相对丰度增加,而变形菌门和酸杆菌门则降低。伞菌纲的相对丰度随火烈度增加呈现先升高后下降,且在高烈度条件下,散囊菌纲和粪壳菌纲等占主导地位。(3)土壤有机碳是影响土壤微生物群落组成的重要因子。土壤有机碳和pH值是显著影响细菌优势门的因子,容重和有机碳是显著影响真菌优势纲的因子。综上,火后土壤真菌群落较细菌群落更加敏感,土壤微生物群落均受有机碳驱动影响。 相似文献
6.
Pauline Longeard;Mathieu Santonja;Fréderic Morandini;Marc Gibernau;Sugahendni Nadarajah;Pauline Belliard;Nathalie Feignier;Antonella Massaiu;Marie-Cécile Andrei-Ruiz;Lila Ferrat; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(9):e70141
Wildfire pressure involves today to implement silvicultural practices that provide a good compromise between reducing fire risk and maintaining ecological functioning. Thinning reduces tree density and low branches, but results in the deposition of a considerable biomass of woody debris on the ground (up to 4800 g m2 in this study). They can be eliminated by prescribed burning, but this raises questions about the fire intensity that can be generated and the impact on soil fauna. We undertook the monitoring of a thinning and prescribed burning operation, separated and combined, in November 2020, in a Pinus laricio stand prone to fire risk, located in Bavella, Corsica. Fuel load was determined, and temperature measurements in the soil were performed using K-type thermocouples. Soil arthropod populations were monitored using pitfall traps, in particular Collembola, Acari, Aranae, and Coleoptera. The combination of thinning and burning resulted in a fire intensity of 75.8 versus 8.4 kW m−1 for burning alone. Maximum temperature rise measured at −2 cm below the surface was less than 5°C for both treatments. The combination of thinning and burning did not result in higher fire intensity at ground level than burning alone, and the soil showed high insulation capacity. Most of the woody debris that burned was small-diameter, and large-diameter debris remained unconsumed. This burning, performed during a period of low biological activity, had no effect on soil arthropods, and the presence of large debris may have provided refuge areas. Collembola group was the faster to recover, and were followed by cohorts of predators in summer, especially Acari. Our results suggest that a combination of burning and thinning in autumn may be beneficial for fire prevention. However, the decomposition of woody debris in relation to fire risk, and the occurrence of pests after these treatments need to be monitored. 相似文献
7.
Luciana R. Podgaiski Camila da Silva Goldas Claire P. R. Ferrando Fernanda S. Silveira Fernando Joner Gerhard E. Overbeck Milton de Souza Mendonça Jr Valério D. Pillar 《Austral ecology》2014,39(6):686-695
Disturbances are primary forces creating spatial heterogeneity in ecosystems, and inducing changes on biological communities, abiotic characteristics and ecological processes. Here we focus on the effects of fire disturbance in the decomposition process at subtropical Campos grasslands in South Brazil, where burns are traditionally used to reduce shrub encroachment, and improve forage quality. We experimentally investigated how burns and the changes they produce in grassland habitat conditions affect soil fauna detritivory and surface leaf‐litter decaying patterns over one year. Previously to fire, we found significant correlation of litter decay with plant evenness and detritivory rates in non‐disturbed grasslands. One month after fire grassland patches presented reduced soil fauna densities and surface feeding activity possible because of the mortality caused directly by heating, and/or due to harsh microenvironmental filters to fauna colonization and permanency (e.g. decreased humidity). At 6–7 months after fire however these features did not differ any more from the paired unburned plots. On the other hand, canopy openness accelerated the decaying of leaf‐litter in burned patches by allowing increased action of abiotic factors as solar radiation potentially triggering photodegradation. These effects seemed to last less than one year. Overall, our results bring insights regarding drivers of soil ecological processes at local scales in subtropical grasslands, and suggest that detritivory and litter decay processes are sensitive to fire, but resilient following grassland recovering. 相似文献
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9.
土壤微生物多样性影响因素及研究方法的现状与展望 总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37
土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分, 在土壤有机物质分解和养分释放、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用。随着人们对生物多样性重要性认识的不断深入及研究方法的不断改进, 土壤微生物多样性, 尤其是功能多样性的研究工作逐渐受到生态学家的重视。本文从土壤微生物多样性的影响因素以及研究方法等方面阐述了目前国内外土壤微生物多样性的研究现状, 并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
10.
20 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 3月 ,对上海虹桥机场草地土壤动物和草丛动物群落的组成、数量和季节性变化特征进行了初步的研究。土壤动物有节肢动物门、软体动物门、环节动物门等 12个目或类。其中蜱螨目和弹尾目为常年土壤动物群落的优势类群 ,各占年总捕量的 19.75 %和 2 3.14 % ;蚯蚓、多足纲、等足目、膜翅目、鞘翅目为常见类群 ,5类全年占总捕量的 4 8.96 %。草丛动物有 15目或类。其中鞘翅目、直翅目、半翅目、同翅目、膜翅目、双翅目以及蜘蛛目为草丛动物群落的优势类群 ,占全年总捕量的89.6 3%。草丛动物类群数和个体数总体表现为 :7月 >9月 >5月 >4月 >12月 >3月。土壤动物和草丛动物的分布与生境密切相关。所捕的 2 2类草地动物中 ,可直接被鸟类捕食的有近 2 0类 ,主要为生活于草地常见类群中 ,因此 ,草地的生境以及草地动物的分布是吸引鸟类到机场栖息和摄食的主要原因。降低草高、减少结实的植物、控制土壤动物的密度是减少机场区鸟类数量的有效方法和途径。 相似文献
11.
羊草草原土壤动物特征的研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
对东北羊草草原土壤动物特征的研究表明i,土壤动物共有4门6纲14目。其水平分布规律是杂类草群落>羊草群落>拂子茅群落>榆树疏林>碱茅群落>碱蓬群落。土壤动物的数量和生物量的季节变化趋势相似,最大值均出现在8月份。随着土层的加深其数量逐渐减少,0-10cm上层中土壤动物数量约占总数的50%以上。 相似文献
12.
Rafaela Alves Santos dos Peron Daniela Tomazelli Elston Kraft Tiago Celso Baldissera Dilmar Baretta Cassiano Eduardo Pinto Dennis Goss-Souza Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho Osmar Klauberg-Filho 《The Annals of applied biology》2023,183(1):53-66
The conversion of natural grasslands to cultivated pastures can have a significant impact on the composition and structure of soil macro- and mesofauna groups, compromising the resilience of these organisms and the ecosystem services they provide. We studied the responses of these groups to increasing levels of soil disturbance across a gradient of four land management practices: Natural grassland (NG), Improved-natural grassland (IG), Perennial-cultivated pasture (PP), and Annual-cultivated pasture (AP). The NG area had a higher abundance of macrofauna, greater dominance of certain groups, particularly Isoptera, and a lower abundance of mesofauna. On the other hand, the IG area had a higher abundance and diversity of macro- and mesofauna, with a lower dominance of specific groups. The PP area had a higher abundance of Coleoptera, Oligochaeta, and Hemiptera, whereas the AP area, despite soil disturbance, showed a higher abundance of mesofauna, particularly mites, Collembola, and Enchytraeidae, but lower diversity. Different grassland management practices have significantly altered the composition and structure of macro- and mesofauna groups, resulting in high dissimilarity between communities. We recommend IG as a more productive and sustainable alternative to the total replacement of natural vegetation (NG) with intensified converted pastures (PP and AP), as it maintains soil fauna diversity and ecosystem services. 相似文献
13.
How do earthworms affect microfloral and faunal community diversity? 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
George G. Brown 《Plant and Soil》1995,170(1):209-231
Much of the work regarding earthworm effects on other organisms has focused on the functional significance of microbial-earthworm interactions, and little is known on the effects of earthworms on microfloral and faunal diversity. Earthworms can affect soil microflora and fauna populations directly and indirectly by three main mechanisms: (1) comminution, burrowing and casting; (2) grazing; (3) dispersal. These activities change the soil's physico-chemical and biological status and may cause drastic shifts in the density, diversity, structure and activity of microbial and faunal communities within the drilosphere. Certain organisms and species may be enhanced, reduced or not be affected at all depending on their ability to adapt to the particular conditions of different earthworm drilospheres. A large host of factors (including CaCO3, enzymes, mucus and antimicrobial substances) influence the ability of preferentially or randomly ingested organisms to survive (or not) passage through the earthworm gut, and their resultant capacity to recover and proliferate (or not) in earthworm casts. Small organisms, particularly microflora and microfauna, with limited ability to move within the soil, may benefit from the (comparatively) long ranging movements of earthworms. Microflora and smaller fauna appear to be particularly sensitive to earthworm activities, and priming effects enhancing nutrient release, particularly in casts, are common. Larger fauna such as microarthropods, enchytraeids and Isopods may be enhanced under some conditions (e.g., in earthworm middens), but in other cases earthworm activity may lead to a decrease in their populations due to competition for food (microbes and organic materials), and spatial and temporal changes in food abundance. Nevertheless, considering the presently available data, the beneficial interactions of earthworms and microflora and fauna appear to far outweigh the potential negative effects. However, much is still unknown regarding the interactions of earthworms of different ecological categories on the diversity and function of microfloral and faunal communities, and much more interdisciplinary research is needed to assess the potential role of earthworms in regulating the diversity of microflora and fauna in soil systems and the potentially beneficial or harmful effects this regulation may have on ecosystem function and plant growth in different ecosystems. 相似文献
14.
机场鸟类是机场安全的重大隐患,减少机场附近鸟类数量是机场安全至关重要的一环.2007年4~12月,对南充高坪机场3种生境土壤动物和草丛动物群落组成、数量和季节性变化特征进行了初步的研究.调查共获得土壤动物25类,其中蜱螨目、原尾目、线虫纲为土壤动物群落优势类群,占年总捕获量的71.88%;常见类群有弹尾目、线蚓科、腹足纲、膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、蚯蚓、蜘蛛目,直翅目9类,占总捕获量的22.84%.地表草丛动物21类,其中半翅目、蜘蛛目、双翅目、腹足纲为地表草丛动物的优势类群,占年捕获量的65.7%;常见类群有直翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目、革翅目、弹尾目7类,占总捕获量的31.2%.将土壤动物群落、草丛动物群落与肉食性鸟类进行相关分析,结果显示土壤动物群落变化与肉食性鸟类群落之间有一定关系;草丛动物数量与肉食性数量鸟类呈现一定正相关性,机场肉食性鸟类数量与直翅目数量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.910,P=0.032).结合机场区域鸟类食性观察、分析,直翅目、腹足纲动物是机场肉食性鸟类数量的主要捕食对象,通过定期割草、消除腐草和杂物、喷洒农药控制地表草丛动物是减少机场区域肉食性鸟类数量的有效方法和途径. 相似文献
15.
Available evidence suggests that research in terrestrial restoration ecology has been dominated by the engineering and botanical sciences. Because restoration science is a relatively young discipline in ecology, the theoretical framework for this discipline is under development and new theoretical offerings appear regularly in the literature. In reviewing this literature, we observed an absence of in‐depth discussion of how soils, and in particular the ecology of soils, can be integrated into the developing theory of restoration science. These observations prompted us to assess the current role of soil ecological knowledge in restoration research and restoration practice. Although soils are universally regarded as critical to restoration success, and much research has included manipulations of soil variables, we found that better integration of soil ecological principles could still contribute much to the practice of ecosystem restoration. Here we offer four potential points of departure for increased dialog between restoration ecologists and soil ecologists. We hope to encourage the view that soil is a complex, heterogeneous, and vital entity and that adoption of this point of view can positively affect restoration efforts worldwide. 相似文献
16.
作为专性侵染细菌和古菌的一类病毒,噬菌体因其极高的丰度与遗传多样性成为地球生态系统的关键调控者,在物质循环、能量流动及生态服务功能中发挥了重要作用。在土壤微生态系统中,噬菌体更被视为微生物组中的“暗物质”,通过精准调控微生物群落结构与功能,维持着土壤-植物系统的生态平衡与健康稳态。近年来,噬菌体相关研究在土壤领域日益增长,但比例依然较低,其主要原因是研究人员对噬菌体微生态研究方法不熟悉、相关技术体系尚未完善以及土壤环境的特殊性。为此,本文从4个方面系统整合了土壤噬菌体研究的关键技术体系:(1) 基于切向流技术的土壤噬菌体富集策略;(2) 整合双层琼脂平板法、荧光显微计数和流式细胞仪的精准定量检测方法;(3) 基于宏基因组、宏病毒组的多组学联合分析技术;(4) 融合机器学习算法与生态进化理论的噬菌体-宿主互作解析框架。在此基础上,提出未来应关注噬菌体资源库构建、RNA噬菌体的挖掘、未知基因功能的解析以及多组学数据的深度整合与互作验证等方面的研究,为土壤噬菌体群落结构解析、功能挖掘及宿主互作机制研究提供系统性的方法与技术支撑。 相似文献
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玉米-大豆间作和施氮对红壤地中小型土壤动物群落特征的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过2年田间定位试验(2013—2014),利用干漏斗法收集土壤中小型动物,探讨不同种植模式(玉米单作、玉米大豆间作、大豆单作)和施氮(0、150 kg·hm-2)对红壤土壤动物数量和群落结构的影响.结果表明: 两年取样共捕获土壤中小型动物8349只,分属3门10纲29目,优势类群为蜱螨目和弹尾目.2013年间作和施氮均提高了玉米拔节期土壤动物的平均密度.2014年土壤动物类群数较2013年有明显的增加,施氮条件下的土壤动物平均密度较不施氮有所增加.两年多因素方差分析结果表明,种植模式和生育期对土壤动物平均密度、类群数和多样性指数都无显著影响.但在2014年,施氮显著影响了土壤动物类群数、Simpson指数和密度-类群指数;种植模式与玉米生育期的交互作用显著影响了土壤动物平均密度和类群数,同时对密度-类群和丰富度指数也有显著影响;施氮和生育期的交互作用显著影响了Simpson指数、密度-类群指数和Shannon指数.从两年的土壤动物群落去趋势分析结果来看,红壤地土壤动物群落在种植模式和施氮水平之间均没有明显的差异,群落组成的变化与玉米生育期相关.合理施氮条件下的玉米-大豆间作模式有利于提高红壤地土壤中小型动物平均密度和类群数,保持较好的多样性. 相似文献
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The optimal duration and conditions for storage of soils collected for nematode community analyses are unknown. To study this issue, three types of soils with different geographical origins from the subarctic to cool-temperate Japan were kept at three temperature levels (5, 10, and 20(°)C) for up to 8 wk following collection. During the storage period, nematode population density was measured, and community structure was assessed by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). No significant changes in the population density or diversity of nematodes (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index) were observed during storage compared to initial states, except that density in an andosol collected from Tsukuba, Central Japan decreased significantly after 28 d of storage at 5(°)C. However, a regression analysis showed a declining trend in nematode density in the latter half of the storage period when soils were stored at 5 or 20(°)C, depending on the geographic origin of the soil. These results indicate that soils can be stored for 14 d at 5-20(°)C, with 10(°)C as optimal. This is the first study to experimentally determine the optimal preservation conditions for nematode assemblages in soils that are to be analyzed using PCR-DGGE. 相似文献
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【背景】生物多样性是生物安全的重要内容之一,其包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个方面。环境污染、农药污染、重金属污染、海水倒灌、人类活动等诸多因素导致了物种多样性的降低。保护生物多样性是黄河三角洲大规模开发建设必须考虑的关键问题之一。【方法】用Tullgren干漏法分离、采集山东省黄河三角洲地区东营盐生植物园的土壤动物标本,对其多样性进行研究。【结果】蜱螨目是该地区的主要优势类群,占捕获土壤动物总数量的78.95%;另一优势类群为弹尾目,占捕获土壤动物总数量的14.03%;膜翅目和鞘翅目是常见类群,分别占捕获土壤动物总数量的3.57%和1.43%;其他均为稀有类群。在调查的10块样地中,优势类群弹尾目个体数量变化明显,在不同样地问的分布数量存在明显差异。东营盐生植物园土壤动物多样性与均匀度变化规律一致。【结论与意义】蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和鞘翅目构成了东营盐生植物园土壤动物的主体,对该区土壤动物群落多样性特征起着决定性作用。该区稀有类群多,但稀有物种数量较少,如不采取有效措施,该区的稀有物种随时有灭绝的危险。同时,盐胁迫作用的增强,能够影响土壤动物的数量与分布。因此,我们应在关注盐碱地改造进程的同时,更加关注该区土壤动物多样性的变化。 相似文献
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