Fruit-coat and seed fats of Rhopalostylis, Elaeocarpus and Nestegis species

The fruit-coat fats of Rhopalostylis sapida, R. baueri (Palmae), Elaeocarpus dentatus (Elaeocarpaceae) and Nestegis cunninghamii (Oleaceae) and the seed fats of E. dentatus and N. cunninghamii contain as their major fatty acids palmitic 11–35%, oleic 13–68%, and linoleic 16–31%. The seed fat of E. dentatus contains 10% hexadecenoic acid and the fruit-coat fat of N. cunninghamii 13% linolenic acid.     

Effects of global change factors on fatty acids and mycosporine‐like amino acid production in Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta)

Under natural conditions, Chroothece richteriana synthesizes a fairly high proportion of fatty acids. However, nothing is known about how environmental changes affect their production, or about the production of protective compounds, when colonies develop under full sunshine with high levels of UV radiation. In this study, wild colonies of C. richteriana were subjected to increasing temperature, conductivity, ammonium concentrations and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and UV radiations to assess the potential changes in lipid composition and mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) concentration. The PERMANOVA analysis detected no differences for the whole fatty acid profile among treatments, but the percentages of α‐linolenic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at the lowest assayed temperature. The percentages of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids increased with lowering temperature. γ‐linolenic and arachidonic acids decreased with increasing conductivity, and a high arachidonic acid concentration was related with increased conductivity. The samples exposed to UVB radiation showed higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids, at the expense of saturated fatty acids. MAAs accumulation increased but not significantly at the lowest conductivity, and also with the highest PAR and UVR exposure, while ammonium and temperature had no effect. The observed changes are probably related with adaptations of both membrane fluidity to low temperature, and metabolism to protect cells against UV radiation damage. The results suggest the potential to change lipid composition and MAAs concentration in response to environmental stressful conditions due to climate change, and highlight the interest of the species in future research about the biotechnological production of both compound types.     

Microbial production of conjugated γ‐linolenic acid from γ‐linolenic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a

Aims: Optimal production conditions of conjugated γ‐linolenic acid (CGLA) from γ‐linolenic acid using washed cells of Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a as catalysts were investigated. Methods and Results: Washed cells of Lact. plantarum AKU 1009a exhibiting a high level of CGLA productivity were obtained by cultivation in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0·03% (w/v) α‐linolenic acid as an inducer. Under the optimal reaction conditions with 13 mg ml^?1γ‐linolenic acid as a substrate in 5 ‐ml reaction volume, the washed cells [32% (wet cells, w/v) corresponding to 46 mg ml^?1 dry cells] as the catalysts produced 8·8 mg CGLA per millilitre reaction mixture (68% molar yield) in 27 h. The produced CGLA was a mixture of two isomers, i.e., cis‐6,cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecatrienoic acid (CGLA1, 40% of total CGLA) and cis‐6,trans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecatrienoic acid (CGLA2, 60% of total CGLA), and accounted for 66% of total fatty acid obtained. The CGLA produced was obtained as free fatty acids adsorbed mostly on the surface of the cells of Lact. plantarum AKU1009a. Conclusion: The practical process of CGLA production from γ‐linolenic acid using washed cells of Lact. plantarum AKU 1009a was successfully established. Significance and Impact of the Study: We presented the first example of microbial production of CGLA. CGLA produced by the process is valuable for evaluating their physiological and nutritional effects, and chemical characteristics.     

Comparison of fatty acid composition in total lipid of diapause and non-diapause larvae of Cydia pomonella （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from the whole body of Cydia pomonella L. larvae were determined by gas chromatography. The six most abundant fatty acids in both non-diapause and diapause larvae of codling moth were oleic （35%-39%）, palmitic （23%-33%）, linoleic （16%-30%）, palmitoleic （5%-10%）, stearic （1.5%-3.0%） and linolenic acids （1.0%-2.5%）. This represents a typical complement of Lepidopteran fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of total lipid of C. pomonella larvae was related to diapause. In similarity to most other reports, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in diapause initiation state. The total lipid of diapause larvae contained more linoleic acid （25.8% vs. 16.1%） and less palmitic acid （24.7% vs. 33.4%）, than that of non-diapause larvae. The weight percentage of linoleic acid （C 18：2） increased from 16% to 26% from early-August through early-September during transition to diapause, while palmitic acid （C16：0） decreased from 33% to 25% at the same time. These changes resulted in an increase in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids （UFA/SFA） from 1.72 in non-diapause larvae to 2.63 in diapause larvae.     

Production of 8,11‐dihydroxy and 8‐hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing 8,11‐linoleate diol synthase from Penicillium chrysogenum

Hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids can be used as antimicrobial surfactants. 8,11‐Linoleate diol synthase (8,11‐LDS) catalyzes the conversion of unsaturated fatty acid to 8‐hydroperoxy unsaturated fatty acid, and it is subsequently isomerized to 8,11‐dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid by the enzyme. The optimal reaction conditions of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Penicillium chrysogenum 8,11‐LDS for the production of 8,11‐dihydroxy‐9,12(Z,Z)‐octadecadienoic acid (8,11‐DiHODE), 8,11‐dihydroxy‐9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid (8,11‐DiHOTrE), 8‐hydroxy‐9(Z)‐hexadecenoic acid (8‐HHME), and 8‐hydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (8‐HOME) were pH 7.0, 25°C, 10 g/L linoleic acid, and 20 g/L cells; pH 6.0, 25°C, 6 g/L α‐linolenic acid, and 60 g/L cells; pH 7.0, 25°C, 8 g/L palmitoleic acid, and 25 g/L cells; and pH 8.5, 30°C, 6 g/L oleic acid, and 25 g/L cells, respectively. Under these optimized conditions, the recombinant cells produced 6.0 g/L 8,11‐DiHODE for 60 min, with a conversion of 60% (w/w) and a productivity of 6.0 g/L/h; 4.3 g/L 8,11‐DiHOTrE for 60 min, with a conversion of 72% (w/w) and a productivity of 4.3 g/L/h; 4.3 g/L 8‐HHME acid for 60 min, with a conversion of 54% (w/w) and a productivity of 4.3 g/L/h; and 0.9 g/L 8‐HOME for 30 min, with a conversion of 15% (w/w) and a productivity of 1.8 g/L/h. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the biotechnological production of 8,11‐DiHODE, 8,11‐DiHOTrE, 8‐HHME, and 8‐HOME. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:390–396, 2017     

Variation in the Fatty‐Acid Content in Seeds of Various Black,Red, and White Currant Varieties

Currant seeds, a by‐product of juice production, are recognized as a valuable source of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. We have evaluated 28 currant varieties for their oil content and fatty‐acid composition. The oil content in the seeds ranged from 18.2–27.7%, and no statistical difference between varieties of different fruit color were recorded. Furthermore, the estimated oil yields in the field production ranged from 26.4–212.4 kg/ha. The GC and GC/MS chemical profiles of the seed oils extracted from all examined varieties were common for currants. Linoleic acid (LA) was the major component, with contents ranging from 32.7–46.9% of total fatty acids, followed by α‐linolenic acid (ALA; 2.9–32.0 %), oleic acid (OA; 9.8–19.9%), γ‐linolenic acid (GLA; 3.3–18.5%), palmitic acid (PA; 4.4–8.1%), stearidonic acid (SDA; 2.2–4.7%), and stearic acid (SA; 1.2–2.4%). Quantitative differences in the fatty‐acid profiles between varieties of different fruit color were observed. Blackcurrant varieties showed significantly higher contents of LA, GLA, and PA than red and white currant varieties, whereas significantly higher amounts of ALA and OL were detected in the red and white varieties. Cluster analysis based on the chemical oil profiles joined the blackcurrants in one group, while most of the red and white cultivars joined in a second group at the same linkage distance.     

Oviposition deterrents from the egg masses of the adzuki bean borer, Ostrinia scapulalis and Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis

Bioassays using gravid females of the adzuki bean borer, Ostrinia scapulalis (Walker), and the Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), showed that the presence of an egg mass of a conspecific deters oviposition. Volatile chemicals emanating from the egg mass were responsible for the deterrence, and these deterrents could be extracted from the egg mass with hexane. When fractionated using a Sep‐Pak® Plus NH₂ cartridge, the deterrents were eluted with a 98 : 2 mixture of diethyl ether and acetic acid (polar lipid fraction). The polar lipid fraction contained free fatty acids with 14–20 carbons, and palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid were predominant. A blend of all identified fatty acids, a blend of six major fatty acids (palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids), a blend of the two Z‐9‐alkenoic acids (palmitoleic and oleic acids), palmitoleic acid alone, and oleic acid alone showed deterrence against O. scapulalis which was comparable to that provoked by the full egg extract. The dose‐dependency of the deterrent effects of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid was verified in O. scapulalis. The binary blend of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid was also confirmed to deter oviposition in O. furnacalis.     

灵芝孢子油脂肪酸组分的分析

采用气相色谱与质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,从超临界CO2萃取孢子油中鉴定出18种脂肪酸成分,包括6种不饱和脂肪酸、7种饱和脂肪酸、2种环链脂肪酸,以及己酸、辛酸、壬酸等短链脂肪酸。GC定量分析结果表明:灵芝孢子油中检出9种已知脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸总量为73.6%;其中,主体成分油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)等含量分别为57.5%、13.4%、19.6%;此外,不饱和脂肪酸十六碳烯酸(C16∶1)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)等不饱和脂肪酸含量为2.2%、0.5%。     

Lipid composition,fatty acid profiles,and lipid‐soluble antioxidants of eggs of the Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri)

The major lipid classes, their fatty acid profiles, and the amounts of the lipid‐soluble components, vitamin E, vitamin A, and carotenoids, were determined for egg yolks of the Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) with the aim of identifying any features that may potentially impair the adaptation of this endangered species to deteriorations in habitat. Total lipid formed 16% (wt/wt) of the fresh yolk and consisted of (wt/wt) 74.4% triacylglycerol, 18.1% phospholipid, 3.0% cholesteryl ester, and 3.4% free cholesterol. Despite a diet based on green plants, contributing α‐linolenic acid as the main polyunsaturate, this fatty acid formed only 3.8% of the total mass of fatty acid of the total lipid. The main acyl component of the yolk lipids was the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, which formed 45.6% of the total. The most striking feature of the yolk composition was the almost complete lack of two nutrients, docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin A, which are essential for the developing embryo. Although it is feasible that the embryo synthesizes docosahexaenoic acid from yolk‐derived α‐linolenic acid and also converts yolk‐derived β‐carotene to vitamin A, the yolk is poorly endowed with both these precursors. The stringencies displayed by the yolk composition in this species may limit the flexibility to adapt to changes in the availability of food items when the habitat is threatened. Zoo Biol 20:75–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Serum fatty acid analysis and digestibility study in the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) fed a captive diet supplemented with α‐linolenic acid

Mammals that hibernate must rely on endogenous lipid reserves to survive over winter. This study was conducted to compare the difference in serum fatty acid composition, dietary intake, and apparent digestibility in the Vancouver Island marmot (N = 6) fed the Metro Zoo lagomorph diet supplemented with α‐linolenic acid [C(18:3) n‐3 (α‐LA)]. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 Latin square with three 17‐day collection periods. The test diets contained 12.16, 14.85, and 17.05% α‐LA as a percentage of fatty acids in the diet supplied through the addition of flaxseed oil (～53% α‐LA). Across treatments, dry matter intake (g/d), dry matter digestibility, apparent fat digestibility, and apparent neutral detergent fiber digestibility did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum α‐LA concentration between the three levels of α‐LA supplementation. However, this supplementation did elevate serum α‐LA, eicosapentaenoic acid [C20:5 (n‐3)], and docosahexaenoic acid [C22:6 (n‐3)] levels compared with feeding the basal zoo lagomorph diet (P < 0.05). Thus, supplementation of the basal zoo lagomorph diet with α‐LA elevated the serum levels of essential fatty acids in the Vancouver Island marmot. Zoo Biol 20:251–259, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Analysis of the porcine APOA2 gene expression in liver,polymorphism identification and association with fatty acid composition traits

APOA2 is a protein implicated in triglyceride, fatty acid and glucose metabolism. In pigs, the APOA2 gene is located on pig chromosome 4 (SSC4) in a QTL region affecting fatty acid composition, fatness and growth traits. In this study, we evaluated APOA2 as a candidate gene for meat quality traits in an Iberian × Landrace backcross population. The APOA2:c.131T>A polymorphism, located in exon 3 of APOA2 and determining a missense mutation, was associated with the percentage of hexadecenoic acid [C16:1(n–9)], linoleic acid [C18:2(n–6)], α‐linolenic acid [C18:3(n–3)], dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic acid [C20:3(n–6)] and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in backfat. Furthermore, this SNP was associated with the global mRNA expression levels of APOA2 in liver and was used as a marker to determine allelic expression imbalance by pyrosequencing. We determined an overexpression of the T allele in heterozygous samples with a mean ratio of 2.8 (T/A), observing a high variability in the allelic expression among individuals. This result suggests that complex regulatory mechanisms, beyond a single polymorphism (e.g. epigenetic effects or multiple cis‐acting polymorphisms), may be regulating APOA2 gene expression.     

ALLELOCHEMICALS OF BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The alga Botryococcus braunii Kützing (Chlorophyceae) present in Liyu Lake (Huanlien County, Taiwan) has toxic effects on a variety of aquatic organisms. Blooms of this alga, which typically occur in autumn, are associated with fish deaths in this lake. Experiments using 15 phytoplankton and 5 zooplankton isolated from Liyu Lake indicate that these plankton exhibit various susceptibilities to B. braunii. A close correlation between the degree of susceptibility tested in the laboratory and the absence of certain phytoplankton during B. braunii blooms in the lake was observed, suggesting allelopathic effects. Isolation, identification, and verification with authentic compounds indicated that allelochemicals were a mixture of free fatty acids, including α‐linolenic, oleic, linolic, and palmitic acids. Compared with other phytoplankton isolates, B. braunii produced significantly higher amounts of free fatty acids, particularly of oleic and α‐linolenic acids. The role of these fatty acids in favoring dominance of B. braunii in the natural environment was elucidated.     

Analysis of fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. by microwave‐assisted extraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Introduction – Aconitum szechenyianum Gay. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with the detumescent and styptic effects and antitumor activity. There have been only a few researches on its chemical components, but no detailed report has appeared on its fatty acids. Objective – To develop a simple and effective method for the extraction of fatty acids from A. zechenyianum Gay. and then to investigate the fatty acid components. Methodology – Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was optimized with response surface methodology, and the fatty acid compositions of extract were determined by GC–MS with previous derivatisation to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The results were compared with that obtained by classical Soxhlet extraction (SE). Results – Compared with SE, MAE showed significantly higher fatty acid yields, shorter extraction time, and lower energy and solvent consumption. The major fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. are linoleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids occupy 66.4% of the total fatty acids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationship of changes in the fatty acid compositions and fruit softening in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

Fatty acid compositions of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) mesocarp tissues from ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’ and its firm-fleshed mutant ‘Shuangjiuhong’ were examined by gas chromatography during the developmental stages from 20 days before to 20 days after fruit ripening. Fruits were harvested at 4-day intervals from July to September. The predominant fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids with 27.66–48.93 %, 23.59–31.65 %, and 12.08–28.35 % in ‘Shuangjiuhong’, and 32.64–42.79 %, 23.53–28.95 %, 16.14–39.15 % in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) remained relatively constant throughout the ripeness period. On the contrast, from 15 days before ripening, notable decline in oleic acid and increase of linoleic and linolenic acids were observed in both cultivars. In addition, from 10 days before ripening, much lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids and higher proportion of linoleic acid were observed in ‘Shuangjiuhong’ than those found in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’. And notably higher SFA level, lower levels of UFA and IUFA in the firm-fleshed peach were investigated during those stages. Correlation analysis showed that oleic acid and SFA had very significantly positive, whereas linolenic acid, UFA and IUFA had significantly negative correlation with fruit firmness. These results above suggest that lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids, UFA and IUFA, and higher linoleic acid and SFA content represent fruits with firmer flesh and help to retain the fruit texture.     

Radiolabelled proteomics to determine differential functioning of Accumulibacter during the anaerobic and aerobic phases of a bioreactor operating for enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Proteins synthesized by the mixed microbial community of two sequencing batch reactors run for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) during aerobic and anaerobic reactor phases were compared, using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics and radiolabelling. Both sludges were dominated by polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms belonging to Candidatis Accumulibacter and the majority of proteins identified matched closest to these bacteria. Enzymes from the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway were identified, suggesting this is the major glycolytic pathway for these Accumulibacter populations. Enhanced aerobic synthesis of glyoxylate cycle enzymes suggests this cycle is important during the aerobic phase of EBPR. In one sludge, several TCA cycle enzymes showed enhanced aerobic synthesis, suggesting this cycle is unimportant anaerobically. The second sludge showed enhanced synthesis of TCA cycle enzymes under anaerobic conditions, suggesting full or partial TCA cycle operation anaerobically. A phylogenetic analysis of Accumulibacter polyphosphate kinase genes from each sludge demonstrated different Accumulibacter populations dominated the two sludges. Thus, TCA cycle activity differences may be due to Accumulibacter strain differences. The major fatty acids present in Accumulibacter‐dominated sludge include palmitic, hexadecenoic and cis‐vaccenic acid and fatty acid content increased by approximately 20% during the anaerobic phase. We hypothesize that this is associated with increased anaerobic phospholipid membrane biosynthesis, to accommodate intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoate granules.     

Identification of Predominant Phytochemical Compounds and Cytotoxic Activity of Wild Olive Leaves (Olea europaea L. ssp. sylvestris) Harvested in South Portugal

This study has been aimed at providing a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of selected phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, oleuropein, fatty acids profile, and volatile oil compounds, present in wild olive leaves harvested in Portugal, as well as at determining their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential against human melanoma HTB‐140 and WM793, prostate cancer DU‐145 and PC‐3, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 cell lines, as well as normal human skin fibroblasts BJ and prostate epithelial cells PNT2. Gallic, protocatechuic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, vanillic acids, apigenin 7‐O‐glucoside, luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside, and rutin were identified in olive leaves. The amount of oleuropein was equal to 22.64 g/kg dry weight. (E)‐Anethole (32.35%), fenchone (11.89%), and (Z)‐3‐nonen‐1‐ol (8%) were found to be the main constituents of the oil volatile fraction, whereas palmitic, oleic, and alpha‐linolenic acid were determined to be dominating fatty acids. Olive leaves methanol extract was observed to exerted a significant, selective cytotoxic effect on DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell lines. Except the essential oil composition, evaluated wild olive leaves, with regard to their quantitative and qualitative composition, do not substantially differ from the leaves of other cultivars grown for industrial purposes and they reveal considerable antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Thus, the wild species may prove to be suitable for use in traditional medicine as cancer chemoprevention.     

Lipoxygenase-mediated cleavage of fatty acids to carbonyl fragments in tomato fruits

Homogenates of tomato fruits catalysed the enzymic conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids (but not oleic acid) to C₆ aldehydes in low (3–5%) molar yield. Hexanal was formed from linoleic acid; cis-3-hexenal and smaller amounts of trans-2-hexenal were formed from linolenic acid. With the fatty acids as substrates, the major products were fatty acid hydroperoxides (50–80% yield) and the ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxides as isolated from an incubation with linoleic acid was at least 95:5 in favour of the 9-hydroperoxide isomer. When the 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid were used as substrates with tomato homogenates, the 13-hydroperoxide was readily cleaved to hexanal in high molar yield (60%) but the 9-hydroperoxide isomer was not converted to cleavage products. Properties of the hydroperoxide cleavage system are described. The results indicate that the C₆ aldehydes are formed from C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids in a sequential enzyme system involving lipoxygenase (which preferentially oxygenates at the 9-position) followed by a hydroperoxide cleavage system which is, however, specific for the 13-hydroperoxy isomers.     

Seasonal variation in triacylglyceride fatty acids of dwarf mistletoes

Fatty acids in the triacylglyceride fraction of three species of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium, Viscaceae) showed considerable seasonal variation in proportions of saturated acids and some differences in chain length for those fatty acids. Early summer aerial shoot tissue contained 34–49% saturated fatty acids, while the same species in late October had only 8–15% saturated fatty acids. Fatty acids with a chain length of C₂₀ or greater comprised 18–25% of the total in late June but only 1.5–6.4% in the autumn. Three other species analysed in only one season showed similar saturated fatty acids, and chain length patterns were also parallel to the seasonally varying species analysed in the same season. The ratio of linolenic to oleic acid remained constant with season but linolenic acid increased from less than 1% in June to 7–8% in October samples.     

Implications of modifying membrane fatty acid composition on membrane oxidation,integrity, and storage viability of freeze‐dried probiotic,Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of altering the fatty acid profile of the lipid membrane on storage survival of freeze‐dried probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus La‐5, as well as study the membrane integrity and lipid oxidation. The fatty acid composition of the lipid membrane of L. acidophilus La‐5 was significantly different upon growth in MRS (containing Tween 80, an oleic acid source), or in MRS with Tween 20 (containing C12:0 and C14:0), linoleic, or linolenic acid supplemented. Bacteria grown in MRS showed the highest storage survival rates. No indications of loss of membrane integrity could be found, and membrane integrity could therefore not be connected with loss of viability. Survival of bacteria grown with linoleic or linolenic acid was more negatively affected by the presence of oxygen, than bacteria grown in MRS or with Tween 20 supplemented. A small, but significant, loss of linolenic acid during storage could be identified, and an increase of volatile secondary oxidation products during storage was found for bacteria grown in MRS, or with linoleic, or linolenic acid supplemented, but not for bacteria grown with Tween 20. Overall, the results indicate that lipid oxidation and loss of membrane integrity are not the only or most important detrimental reactions which can occur during storage. By altering the fatty acid composition, it was also found that properties of oleic acid gave rise to more robust bacteria than more saturated or unsaturated fatty acids did. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:799–807, 2015     

Comparative Study of Fatty Acids Profile in Eleven Wild Mushrooms of Boletacea and Russulaceae Families

Eleven species of wild mushrooms which belong to Boletaceae and Russulaceae families were examined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis for the presence of fatty acids. As far as we know, the fatty acid profiles of B. purpureus and B. rhodoxanthus were described for the first time. Twenty‐six fatty acids were determined. Linoleic (19.5 – 72%), oleic (0.11 – 64%), palmitic (5.9 – 22%) and stearic acids (0.81 – 57%) were present in the highest contents. In all samples, unsaturated fatty acids dominate. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was used to display the correlation between the fatty acids and their relationships with the mushroom species. Based on the fatty acids profile in the samples, the mushrooms can be divided into two families: Boletaceae and Russulaceae families, using cluster analysis.