高温强太阳光照条件下蓝藻水华形成的实验研究

富营养化和藻类水华尤其是蓝藻水华在全世界范围内的湖泊中都有发生,但富营养化和水面藻类水华出现之间没有等同关系.目前人们对水华形成机制还不是很了解,对水华的具体形成过程也不是很清楚,因此若能通过一定的途径使没有形成水面水华的富营养水体出现水面水华就对水华形成机制的研究很有意义.实验选用高温季节里,于2007年8月28日将室外塑料蓝桶中培育的浮游植物丰富的天然水体-其中含有类颤藻鱼腥藻但其并不占据优势,引入到无色透明玻璃瓶中.实验初始水体的chl-a、TN和TP依次为 615.20mg·^-3、9.144mg·L^-1和0.453mg·L^-1.2007年8月29日对各处理进行营养盐的梯度添加,添加的营养盐为KNO₃和KH₂PO₄.共有4个营养盐添加梯度,添加的N/P(质量比)为7:1,其中添加的N的梯度为(mg·L-1):0,0.5,1.0和2.0.实验过程中测定了水温、光合有效辐射、氮磷营养盐、叶绿素a和浮游植物种类的数量变化.结果表明实验过程中各处理的营养盐和chl-a含量均比开始时有下降,同时各处理中水面出现了类颤藻鱼腥藻水华,且类颤藻鱼腥藻的数量随处理中营养盐添加量的增多而升高.这说明了含有少量鱼腥藻的高chl-a含量的天然水体在高温季节引入到透明玻璃容器中后能形成水表面鱼腥藻水华,玻璃容器中的高温强光照条件和营养盐的添加能促进鱼腥藻在竞争中取得优势.本实验利用小玻璃容器,排除了鱼类、风浪、底泥等多个因素的影响,集中关注营养盐添加和高温强光照因子,成功重现了蓝藻表面水华的发生.营养盐添加水平与浮游植物种间竞争并导致水体表面水华发生之间的关系在此实验中得到很好的体现.虽然本实验不能揭示蓝藻水华形成的具体机制,但为蓝藻水华形成机制研究提供了便捷的途径而很有意义.     

Feeding by Phototrophic Red-Tide Dinoflagellates on the Ubiquitous Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum

ABSTRACT We investigated feeding by phototrophic red‐tide dinoflagellates on the ubiquitous diatom Skeletonema costatum to explore whether dinoflagellates are able to feed on S. costatum, inside the protoplasm of target dinoflagellate cells observed under compound microscope, confocal microscope, epifluorescence microscope, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) after adding living and fluorescently labeled S. costatum (FLSc). To explore effects of dinoflagellate predator size on ingestion rates of S. costatum, we measured ingestion rates of seven dinoflagellates at a single prey concentration. In addition, we measured ingestion rates of the common phototrophic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum micans and Gonyaulax polygramma on S. costatum as a function of prey concentration. We calculated grazing coefficients by combining field data on abundances of P. micans and G. polygramma on co‐occurring S. costatum with laboratory data on ingestion rates obtained in the present study. All phototrophic dinoflagellate predators tested (i.e. Akashiwo sanguinea, Amphidinium carterae, Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium tamarense, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, G. polygramma, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gymnodinium impudicum, Heterocapsa rotundata, Heterocapsa triquetra, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Prorocentrum donghaiense, P. micans, Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum triestinum, and Scrippsiella trochoidea) were able to ingest S. costatum. When mean prey concentrations were 170–260 ng C/ml (i.e. 6,500–10,000 cells/ml), the ingestion rates of G. polygramma, H. rotundata, H. triquetra, L. polyedrum, P. donghaiense, P. micans, and P. triestinum on S. costatum (0.007–0.081 ng C/dinoflagellate/d [0.2–3.0 cells/dinoflagellate/d]) were positively correlated with predator size. With increasing mean prey concentration of ca 1–3,440 ng C/ml (40–132,200 cells/ml), the ingestion rates of P. micans and G. polygramma on S. costatum continuously increased. At the given prey concentrations, the maximum ingestion rates of P. micans and G. polygramma on S. costatum (0.344–0.345 ng C/grazer/d; 13 cells/grazer/d) were almost the same. The maximum clearance rates of P. micans and G. polygramma on S. costatum were 0.165 and 0.020 μl/grazer/h, respectively. The calculated grazing coefficients of P. micans and G. polygramma on co‐occurring S. costatum were up to 0.100 and 0.222 h, respectively (i.e. up to 10% and 20% of S. costatum populations were removed by P. micans and G. polygramma populations in 1 h, respectively). Our results suggest that P. micans and G. polygramma sometimes have a considerable grazing impact on populations of S. costatum.     

ALGICIDAL BACTERIA ACTIVE AGAINST GYMNODINIUM BREVE (DINOPHYCEAE). I. BACTERIAL ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KILLING ACTIVITY1,3

Interactions between bacteria and species of harmful and/or toxic algae are potentially important factors affecting both the population dynamics and the toxicity of these algae. Recent reports of bacteria lethal to certain harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, coupled with a rapidly evolving interest in attempting to minimize the adverse effects of HABs through various prevention, control, and mitigation strategies, have focused attention on defining the role of algicidal bacteria in bloom termination. The aim of the present study was to determine whether algicidal bacteria active against Gymnodinium breve Davis, a dinoflagellate responsible for frequent and protracted red tides in the Gulf of Mexico, are present in the waters of the west Florida shelf. To date, we have isolated two bacterial strains from this region lethal to G. breve and have begun to characterize the algicidal activity of one of these strains, 41-DBG2. This bacterium, a yellow-pigmented, gram-negative rod, was isolated from waters containing no detectable G. breve cells, suggesting that such bacteria are part of the ambient microbial community and are not restricted to areas of high G. breve abundance. Strain 41-DBG2 produced a dissolved algicidal compound(s) that was released into the growth medium, and the algicide was effective against the four Gulf of Mexico G. breve isolates tested as well as a closely related HAB species that also occurs in this region, Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda. Nonetheless, data showing that a nontoxic isolate of Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka from Florida Bay was not affected indicate that the algicidal activity of this bacterium does exhibit a degree of taxonomic specificity. Our efforts are currently being directed at resolving several critical issues, including the identity of the algicide(s), the mechanisms regulating its production and ability to discriminate between target algal species, and how the growth rate of 41-DBG2 is affected by the presence of G. breve cells. We have also proposed a conceptual model for interactions between algicidal bacteria and their target species to serve as a testable framework for ensuing field studies.     

Competing phytoplankton undermines allelopathy of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate

Biotic interactions in the plankton can be both complex and dynamic. Competition among phytoplankton is often chemically mediated, but no studies have considered whether allelopathic compounds are modified by biotic interactions. Here, we show that compounds exuded during Karenia brevis blooms were allelopathic to the cosmopolitan diatom Skeletonema costatum, but that bloom allelopathy varied dramatically among collections and years. We investigated several possible causes of this variability and found that neither bloom density nor concentrations of water-borne brevetoxins correlated with allelopathic potency. However, when we directly tested whether the presence of competing phytoplankton influenced bloom allelopathy, we found that S. costatum reduced the growth-inhibiting effects of bloom exudates, suggesting that S. costatum has a mechanism for undermining K. brevis allelopathy. Additional laboratory experiments indicated that inducible changes to K. brevis allelopathy were restricted to two diatoms among five sensitive phytoplankton species, whereas five other species were constitutively resistant to K. brevis allelopathy. Our results suggest that competitors differ in their responses to phytoplankton allelopathy, with S. costatum exhibiting a previously undescribed method of resistance that may influence community structure and alter bloom dynamics.     

有害藻华预警预测技术研究进展

近年来有害藻华频繁发生且危害严重,对有害藻华预警预测技术的研究可为有害藻华的预警预报、生态学防治及防灾减灾提供借鉴.本文从有害藻华的运动预测预警、指标临界值预警、数据驱动模型和生态数学模型4个方面介绍了国内外有害藻华的预警技术研究进展,分析了各类预警技术的优劣,并提出了基于细胞特征预测蓝藻生长速率以及基于藻类群落特征预警蓝藻水华的新思路.