Sucres insaturés fluorés

Treatment of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-ribo- and xylo-hexofuranos-3-uloses with (difluoromethylene)triphenylphosphorane and (chlorofluoromethylene)-triphenylphosphorane gave unsaturated, ramified halogeno sugars in good yield. Treatment of the chlorofluoromethylene derivatives with lithium aluminum hydride gave stereospecifically the corresponding fluoromethylene derivatives with inversion of configuration at the double bond. The configuration was determined by ¹h- and ¹⁹F-n.m.r. spectrometry.     

Dérivés Monotritylés du D-xylose

Monotritylation of O-acetyl derivatives of D-xylopyranose and D-xylofuranose with trityl chloride in acetonitrile-pyridine gave the tri-O-acetyl derivatives of 1-,2-, 3-, and 5-O-trityl-D-xylofuranose and of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-O-trityl-D-xylopyranose which were required for the identification of the various monotrityl derivatives obtained in the tritylation at 50° of D-xylose with trityl chloride in pyridine or hexamethylphosphoric triamide-silver acetate.     

Activité cytokinine de dérivés acylés,alkylés,acyl-alkylés de l'adénine et d'isost`eres azotés de la γ,γ-diméthylallyladénine

The cytokinin activities of various 6-acylaminopurines, 6-alkylaminopurines, 6-acylamino-9-benzyl-purines as well as a series of isosteric-nitrogen derivatives of N⁶-(γ, γ-dimethylallyl)adenine (I⁶Ade) have been tested using the tobacco pith and the pea bud bioassays. The interactions between active, slightly active and inactive compounds have been studied with the last assay. Acylation decreases the biological activity; e.g., N⁶-benzoyl and N⁶-furoyladenines are less active than Na⁶-benzyladenine and kinetin. Substitution at the 9-position reduces (tobacco-pith assay) or suppresses (pea-bud assay) the phytohormonal activity of otherwise active 6-acylaminopurines. In isosteric derivatives, maximum activity occurs when the side chain has the same length as in 1⁶Ade. After the analysis of interactions between more or less active compounds, it is suggested that the differences in cytokinin activity could be related to unequal affinities for a hypothetical receptor site.     

Marqueurs du tractus génital et activités glycosidasiques séminales

Seminal liquefaction corresponds to a proteolysis of glycoproteins and could also result in a lysis of linked glycans involving glycosidases. It is well known that α-1-4 glucosidase is a real epipidymal marker. The aim of this study is to point out new markers among the glycosidases and especially β-D-mannosidase, α-L-fucosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. There is no correlation between the three enzymatic activities and the sperm count. Moreover in case of azoospermia enzymatic activities were always present. The variations observed are both quantitative (β-MAN activity is significantly decreased) and qualitative (modifications of the relative proportions of the different enzymatic forms) according to the etiology of azoospermia.     

Techniques d'échanges compensés

Résumé Les échanges compensés ou counter-trade (CT) rendent possible des échanges autrement inexistants par exemple dans le cas de pays ne possédant pas l'aptitude d'organiser par leurs propres forces des actions de marketing international. Ils ont une fonction sécurisante en assurant la régulation d'échanges internationaux. Ils approfondissent une division du travail sur le plan micro-économique. Enfin ils permettent le dépassement du bilatéralisme par des techniques de troc monétisé. Les quatre plus importantes formes de CT sont: (1) le troc monétisé; (2) la compensation où un seul contrat lie le vendeur occidental à l'acheteur du Sud en même temps vendeur de biens compensés; (3) les contre-achats où deux contrats juridiquement séparés permettent l'intervention de l'assurance-crédit en faveur de l'exportateur; et enfin (4) la pré-compensation où l'achat de biens compensés précède la vente de biens d'exportation. Cette opération fait souvent appel à l'escrow-account.

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Summary Counter-trade (CT) makes trade possible where and when prevailing conditions are such that the purchase and sale of goods and/or services is not possible. It regulates the international trade. It gives certain countries the opportunity to base themselves on the experience of Western companies to open up new channels for trade. It helps the further elaboration of the international labour division in the micro-economic field. Finally it permits the overstepping of bilateralism through monetarized barter techniques. The four basic CT techiques are: (1) the monetarized barter; (2) the compensation that implies only one contract between the Western seller and the purchaser simultaneously selling compensated goods; (3) the counter-purchases that imply two juridically separated contracts so as to comply with the requirements of the insurance-credit institutions; and (4) the linked deals often using the escrow-account, where people buy first in order to sell later.

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Resumen El sistema de counter-trade permite el comercio donde y cuando las condiciones existentes son tales que la compra y venta de bienes y servicios no es posible. Este sistema regular el comercio internacional, da a ciertos países la oportunidad de basarse en la experiencia de compañias occidentales para la apertura de nuevos canales de mercado, permite una mayor división del trabajo internacional en el campo microeconómico y finalmente permite evitar el bilateralismo a través de técnicas de trueque monetarizado. Las cuatro técnicas bàsicas del sistema de counter-trade son: (1) el trueque monetarizado (2) la compensación que implica un único contrato entre el vendedor occidental y el comprador vendiendo de forma simultanea bienes compensados (3) las contra-ventas que implican dos contratos juridicamente independientes para cumplir ìsi con los requisitos de las compañías de seguros y de las entidades de crédito y (4) el uso de una cuenta especial escrow account para los contratos vinculados entre si, en la que se puede comprar primero para vender despúes.

     

Chromosomes et hétérochromosomes de ténébrionidés

Sans résumé Avec 81 figures dans le texte     

Les Crustacés récoltés par dˈOrbigny en Amérique du Sud et déposés au Muséum national dˈhistoire naturelle,Paris

The important collection of Crustacea assembled by dˈOrbigny during his voyage of exploration in South America (1826–1834) was studied by Henri Milne Edwards and Hippolyte Lucas (1842–1844) in their contribution to the natural history of the Voyage en Amérique méridionale. In the present paper, this material, mainly crabs, deposited in the dry collection of the ‘Muséum national dˈhistoire naturelle’, Paris, is reviewed. The authors of the described taxa and their dates of publication are specified, lectotypes are designated, and a list of the currently valid taxa is provided.     

Résumés des communications orales et affichées

XVIème Congres de la Societe d’Andrologie de Langue Francaise Issy-Les-Moulineaux 9-11 Décembre 1999

Résumés des communications orales et affichées