野生大叶碎米荠中的异硫氰酸盐成分分析

大叶碎米荠为十字花科碎米荠属多年生草本植物,作为药食同源蔬菜,具有通尿利便、止痛及治败血病等药效。异硫氰酸盐是存在于十字花科植物中的一种具有防癌抗癌作用的有机硫化合物。本研究用二氯甲烷从大叶碎米荠水解液中提取出硫代葡萄糖苷水解产物,经气相-质谱联用分析其组分,鉴定出2种异硫氰酸盐化合物,分别为异硫氰酸烯丙酯和异硫氰酸甲硫基烯丙酯,两者的含量分别为2.32 mg/kg、0.50 mg/kg。该研究为大叶碎米荠作为野菜资源开发利用提供了科学依据。     

恩施碎米荠愈伤组织诱导的研究

碎米荠(Cardamine hirsuta Linn)是十字花科碎米荠属,恩施碎米荠是在我国富硒地区湖北恩施发现的一种富集硒植物,具有很高的科学研究价值。研究以恩施碎米荠的幼叶为外植体,进行愈伤组织诱导的研究,结果表明:诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为:MS+TDZ0.3mg/L+2,4-D 0.6mg/L+30g蔗糖+6.5g琼脂,pH值5.8,诱导率高达63.3%。     

壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine Hupingshanesis)胚和胚乳发育的研究

壶瓶碎米荠（Cardamine Hupingshanesis.）是十字花科中以营养体繁殖的多年生植物,在自然条件下,种子不易萌芽成苗。本文以碎米荠、油菜为对照材料对壶瓶碎米荠的胚胎发育进行了观察。壶瓶碎米荠胚发育经球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚四个时期,属柳叶菜型。胚乳发育属核型发育类型,其胚胎发育过程和成熟胚结构与节状聚积和胚乳吸器,而壶瓶碎米荠和碎米荠无此类结构。通过胚胎发育观察证明,壶瓶碎米荠种胚结构完整,其种子不易萌发成苗可能与其特殊的生理原因有关。     

硒酸钠胁迫对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理指标的影响

以恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗作为实验材料,采用实验大棚基质栽培,以硒酸钠(Na2SO4)作为硒源,设置7个处理组(CK:0 mg/kg;A1:12.5 mg/kg;A2:25 mg/kg;A3:50 mg/kg;A4:100 mg/kg;A5:200 mg/kg;A6:400 mg/kg),模拟了恩施矿区从低硒到高硒胁迫环境对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:低硒A2处理条件下植株生长状况较好,而高硒A6处理条件下植株叶片微卷、叶脉突出,生长受到抑制;随着施硒浓度增加,堇叶碎米荠根、茎、叶中硒含量呈现显著的增加趋势,且最高含量分别达到1 517 mg/kg、5 531 mg/kg、4 340 mg/kg;随着施硒浓度增加,与CK组相比,在A6处理条件下叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了134%,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量降低了128%,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量无显著变化。总体而言,恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗适宜在硒含量25 mg/kg的基质中生长,基质中的硒含量不宜超过400 mg/kg。研究结果为堇叶碎米荠幼苗培养及种植提供了科学数据基础。     

封面植物介绍——裸茎碎米荠

正裸茎碎米荠(Cardamine scaposa Franch.)隶属于十字花科(Brassicaceae)碎米荠属。多年生草本,高4~18cm,花葶状,全株无毛。根状茎纤细,匍匐生长。茎单一直立,无叶。基生叶单一;叶柄长1~12cm;叶近于圆形或肾状圆形,长0.3~2.0cm,宽0.5~3.0cm,基部心形,边缘波状或全缘。无茎生叶。总状花序     

陕西省被子植物分布新资料

报道了陕西省种子植物分布的1新记录属、7新记录种.新记录属为亚麻荠属(十字花科),7个新记录种分别为梵净山菝葜(百合科)、鄂西小檗(小檗科)、堇叶碎米荠、亚麻荠(十字花科)、矮生栒子(蔷薇科)、长梗玄参(玄参科)及云雾忍冬(忍冬科).     

安徽产碎米荠属二新变种

本文发表了安徽产碎米荠属二新变种,即黄山碎米荠Carda-mine chejiangensis T.Y.Chen et R.C.Fang var.huangshanensis D.C.Zhang var.nov.;圆齿白花碎米荠Cardamine leucantha(Tausch)O.E.Schulz var.crenata D.C.Zhang var.nov.。     

人工栽培堇叶碎米荠生物学特征及其营养成分比较

目的:对人工驯化栽培的堇叶碎米荠进行生物学观察和营养成分分析,为蔬菜类新食品原料开发提供科学依据。方法:采用形态分类学和扫描电镜观察,描述和鉴定栽培植物;分析比较、大棚和露地补(富)硒栽培样品的营养成分。结果:栽培植物为堇叶碎米荠(Cardamine violifolia O.E.Schuiz),其花粉粒为橄榄球状,大小为13.48~16.72μm×33.45~36.77μm;干品中水分、还原糖、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量分别为7.10%~7.44%、3.7%~5.55%和8.0%~15.7%,含有较低的粗脂肪(0.82%~1.9%)、较高的蛋白质(17.0%~21.5%),氨基酸总量可达13.38%~14.07%,并含有丰富的钙、磷、铁、镁和锌等人体必需等常量和微量元素;正常补硒栽培硒含量为78.9~129μg/100 g,符合食品安全要求。结论:堇叶碎米荠的食用部位为抽苔期的嫩茎叶,可制成干品粉末后筛分去掉粗纤维可作为补硒的食品新原料。     

封面植物介绍——裸茎碎米荠

正裸茎碎米荠(Cardamine scaposa Franch.)隶属于十字花科(Brassicaceae)碎米荠属。多年生草本,高4~18cm,花葶状,全株无毛。根状茎纤细,匍匐生长。茎单一直立,无叶。基生叶单一;叶柄长1~12cm;叶近于圆形或肾状圆形,长0.3~2.0cm,宽0.5~3.0cm,基部心形,边缘波状或全缘。无茎生叶。总状花序顶生,具2~10朵花。果期花梗直立或上升,长1~4cm,基部的最长。萼片卵圆形或椭圆形,长3~4mm,     

封面植物介绍——裸茎碎米荠

正裸茎碎米荠(Cardamine scaposa Franch.)隶属于十字花科(Brassicaceae)碎米荠属。多年生草本,高4~18cm,花葶状,全株无毛。根状茎纤细,匍匐生长。茎单一直立,无叶。基生叶单一;叶柄长1~12cm;叶近于圆形或肾状圆形,长0.3~2.0cm,宽0.5~3.0cm,基部心形,边缘波状或全缘。无茎生叶。总状花序顶生,具2~10朵花。果期花梗直立或上升,长1~4cm,基部的最长。萼片卵圆形或椭圆形,长3~4mm,     

秦岭产9种野菜中矿质元素含量的比较

野生蔬菜是指自然生长且未经人工栽培的蔬菜,因其富含人体所需的矿质元素、氨基酸及多种维生素而备受人们青睐[1-3],被公认为天然绿色食品.近年来,随生活水平的提高,多样化的饮食结构驱使人们不断对各种食品进行开发,尤其在旅游业的发展带动下,食用野菜已成为一种时尚和保健的需要.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a KCS gene from Cardamine graeca and its heterologous expression in Brassica oilseeds to engineer high nervonic acid oils for potential medical and industrial use

Nervonic acid 24:1 Δ15 ( cis -tetracos-15-enoic acid) is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid and exists in nature as an elongation product of oleic acid. There is an increasing interest in production of high nervonic acid oils for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial applications. Using a polymerase chain reaction approach, we have isolated a gene from Cardamine graeca L., which encodes a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), the first component of the elongation complex involved in synthesis of nervonic acid. Expression of the Cardamine KCS in yeast resulted in biosynthesis of nervonic acid, which is not normally present in yeast cells. We transformed Arabidopsis and Brassica carinata with the Cardamine KCS under the control of the seed-specific promoter, napin. The T₃ generations of transgenic Arabidopsis and B. carinata plants expressing the Cardamine KCS showed that seed-specific expression resulted in relatively large comparative increases in nervonic acid proportions in Arabidopsis seed oil, and 15-fold increase in nervonic acid proportions in B. carinata seed oil. The highest nervonic acid level in transgenic B. carinata lines reached 44%, with only 6% of residual erucic acid. In contrast, similar transgenic expression of the Cardamine KCS in high erucic B. napus resulted in 30% nervonic acid but with 20% residual erucic acid. Experiments using the Lunaria KCS gene gave results similar to the latter. In both cases, the erucic acid content is too high for human or animal consumption. Thus, the Cardamine KCS: B. carinata high nervonic/highly reduced erucic transgenic seed oils will be the most suitable for testing in pharmaceutical/nutraceutical applications to improve human and animal health.     

陕西秦艽药源植物及秦艽药材HPLC的比较研究

目的:系统比较研究秦艽药材与其药原植物间主要化学成分的差异。方法:高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Diamonsil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5um);洗脱条件:乙腈-水溶液梯度洗脱;检测波长:240 nm;柱温:30℃;流速:0.5 mL.min-1。结果:陇县、太白秦艽中龙胆苦苷含量明显高于市售秦艽药材;通过确定7个共有峰建立陕西秦艽HPLC指纹图谱,所测定的29批秦艽药材具有很高的相似度,而秦艽伪品相似度较低。采用HPLC各峰面积及其相对之比进行聚类分析结果显示,采自太白的10个样本和陇县的8个样本分别聚为两支,表明秦艽化学成分含量与其地理分布存在密切关系。结论:本实验建立的指纹图谱可用于秦艽及其药材鉴别和质量控制;聚类分析可以鉴别秦艽产地。     

Changes in carbohydrates, ABA and bark proteins during seasonal cold acclimation and deacclimation in Hydrangea species differing in cold hardiness

Cold injury is frequently seen in the commercially important shrub Hydrangea macrophylla but not in Hydrangea paniculata. Cold acclimation and deacclimation and associated physiological adaptations were investigated from late September 2006 to early May 2007 in stems of field-grown H. macrophylla ssp. macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. cv. Blaumeise and H. paniculata Sieb. cv. Kyushu. Acclimation and deacclimation appeared approximately synchronized in the two species, but they differed significantly in levels of mid-winter cold hardiness, rates of acclimation and deacclimation and physiological traits conferring tolerance to freezing conditions. Accumulation patterns of sucrose and raffinose in stems paralleled fluctuations in cold hardiness in both species, but H. macrophylla additionally accumulated glucose and fructose during winter, indicating species-specific differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Protein profiles differed between H. macrophylla and H. paniculata, but distinct seasonal patterns associated with winter acclimation were observed in both species. In H. paniculata concurrent increases in xylem sap abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations ([ABA](xylem)) and freezing tolerance suggests an involvement of ABA in cold acclimation. In contrast, ABA from the root system was seemingly not involved in cold acclimation in H. macrophylla, suggesting that species-specific differences in cold hardiness may be related to differences in [ABA](xylem). In both species a significant increase in stem freezing tolerance appeared long after growth ceased, suggesting that cold acclimation is more regulated by temperature than by photoperiod.     

Does invasion involve alternation of germination requirements? A comparative study between native and introduced strains of an annual Brassicaceae, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cardamine hirsuta</Emphasis>

Cardamine hirsuta is a European annual weed that has been naturalized in Japan. Although the species is a widespread weed in Europe, its introduction to the Japanese Islands occurred recently. We hypothesized that the introduction of Cardamine hirsuta required adaptation that has delayed its spread in Japan. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in temperature requirements for seed germination between Japanese and European strains of Cardamine hirsuta. We compared temperature requirements for seed germination, because it is known to be a critical determinant of phenology and thus is expected to be important in the success of introduction into different climates. Seeds of six and five strains from Japan and Europe, respectively, were used in seed germination experiments under five different temperature regimes. Japanese strains generally showed stronger initial seed dormancy and were characterized by suppressed germination in higher temperature regimes. European strains showed variable patterns of temperature-dependent seed germination. It turned out that these temperature-dependent dormancies are mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), because dormant seeds germinated under the presence of an inhibitor of ABA synthesis. Seed germination characteristics shared by Japanese strains presumably enhance long transport and autumn germination, while these characteristics are not necessarily common among European strains. The results are supportive for the idea that adaptation has altered germination characteristics of Cardamine hirsuta through the introduction process into Japan.     

A multivariate morphometric study of the Cardamine amara group (Cruciferae) in the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains

MARHOLD, K., 1992. A multivariate morphometric study of the Cardamine amara group (Cruciferae) in the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains. A multivariate morphometric study of the Cardamine amara group based on 55 population samples, collected throughout the Carpathian and Sudeten mountains in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania, is presented. Among the multivariate methods, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, classificatory, canonical and stepwise discriminant analysis were used. The analysis of chromosome numbers from all studied populations showed the same diploid chromosome number: 2n = 16. Together with the results of multivariate morphometric analysis this led to the conclusion that the best way of classifying this group in the area studied was to divide it into two subspecies– Cardamine amara subsp. amara and C. amara subsp. opicii. Tetraploid populations of this group occurring in the Alps require further study.     

Two new taxa in theCardamine pratensis agg. from Bohemia and Moravia (Czechoslovakia)

A new subspecies ofCardamine pratensis L. subsp.major Tom?ovic, and a new hybridCardamine × smejkalii Tom?ovic from theCardamine pratensis complex are described. Both new taxa are defined morphologically, karyologically and by their ecological characteristics.     

Typification of the Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine (Cruciferae)

Lectotypification of the following Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine L. (Cruciferae) is presented Cardamine asarifolia, C. graeca, C. petraea (|M= Cardaminopsis petraea), C. resedgolia (including designation of an epitype), C. trifolia and C. virginica. The lectotypes of the previously typified names of this genus and the protologues of these names are discussed. The probable typotype for the lectotype of C. azcana is identified and the need for the conservation of the type of C. chelidonia is noted.     

Molecular phylogeny of Heritiera Ait on (Sterculiaceae), a tree mangrove: variations in RAPD markers and nuclear DNA content

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are used to estimate interspecific variation among mangrove and non-mangrove Heritiera fomes, H. littoralis and H. macrophylla. All the species have 2n = 38 chromosomes, with minute structural changes distinguishing the karyotype of each species. Significant variation of 4C DNA content occurs at the interspecific level. Interspecific polymorphism ranged from 14.09% between H. fomes and H. littoralis to 52.73% between H. fomes and H. macrophylla. H. macrophylla showed wide polymorphism in the RAPD marker with H. littoralis (51.23%) and H. fomes (52.73%). Two distinct RAPD products obtained from OPA-10 (1000 bp) and OPD-15 (900 bp) found characteristic molecular markers in H. macrophylla , a species from a non-mangrove habitat. H. macrophylla was more distantly related to H. fomes [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.305] than to H. littoralis [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.273]. H. littoralis was of a closer affinity to H. fomes [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.218] than to H. macrophylla.