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SUMMARY: On exposing a strain of Bacterium coli 28.D.10 in a surface film at atmospheric temperature to atmospheres of different moisture contents, it was found that for relative humidities between 100 and 66% the numbers of survivors decreased with decreasing humidity. There was also some evidence of a slight increase in survivors for a decrease in relative humidity from 43 to 0%.
The percentage of survivors of Bact. coli after exposure to quaternary ammonium disinfectants also decreased with relative humidity between 100 and 66% but no significant differences were found for changes in relative humidity below 66%. The numbers of survivors of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus were the same after storage at a relative humidity of 43% as at 100%; drying did not appear to affect the sensitivity of Staph. aureus to quaternary ammonium compounds. Tests of the effect of storage time in a saturated atmosphere gave results which were not entirely consistent, but where differences were observed, there was a lower percentage of survivors for freshly inoculated films than for films which had been stored for 3 hr, presumably because a fresh film was more easily removed to the disinfectant.
When either Bact. coli or Staph. aureus was exposed to a disinfectant, the percentage of survivors was higher when the organisms were in a surface film than when they were inoculated directly into the disinfectant. Agitation during exposure reduced the numbers of survivors from a surface film. Neither the glass nor the metal coming in contact with the disinfectants affected the level of survivors.
Under the conditions of testing, sodium hypochlorite was a more effective disinfectant than the quaternary ammonium compounds used.  相似文献   

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棉田棉铃虫卵抽样技术比较   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
本文对棉田棉铃虫卵抽样技术从两方面进行了比较,一系估值抽样方面:文中应用了简单随机抽样、阶层抽样、阶层抽样序贯估值与零频率抽样四种方法,并以估值的可靠性、代表性误差与抽样时间消耗三个指标进行了综合比较,结果认为以阶层抽样最佳.另一系风险决策抽样:本文应用了未着卵株的序贯抽样、阶层抽样、零频率抽样三种方法进行了综合比较,结果认为序贯抽样最佳,但若与零频率抽样相结合就既可迅速地作出风险决策又可获得虫口密度的信息.  相似文献   

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SUMMARY

Growth of the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus from four southern African impoundments was estimated by back-calculating age from vertebrae and spines. Length frequency analysis supported the growth estimates derived from vertebrae but not those from spines.- Spines under-estimated the age of fish from all four dams; this discrepancy increased with age. Ring formation occurred in the winter months (April to July) and not at the time of spawning (November to February) or low water levels (August to December).

A critical review of ageing studies shows a lack of consistency in the choice of formula used for back-calculation. The correct choice of formula for age and growth estimates derived from back-calculation must be based upon detailed analysis of fish size versus body part size. Unquestioning acceptance of the Lee equation with its “correction factor” should he avoided.  相似文献   

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THE INFLUENCE OF MASTITIS MILK AND LATE LACTATION MILK ON THE RESULTS OF THE PRESCRIBED RESAZURIN AND METHYLENE BLUE TESTS  相似文献   

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Shelf-stable milk, also known as ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk is the most common form of milk in many parts of the world. This study compared the differences in flavor and texture of 37 commercially available UHT and sterilized milk samples including whole, 2% reduced-fat and low-fat milk obtained from markets in seven countries: France ( n =  2), Italy ( n =  11), Japan ( n =  1), Korea ( n =  2), Peru ( n =  3), Thailand ( n =  13) and the U.S.A. ( n =  5). Five highly trained panelists used flavor and texture profiling to describe the sensory properties of each milk sample. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Higher levels of processed, chalky, brown and cooked flavor notes generally corresponded to lower levels of fresh dairy flavor characteristics. In general, samples did not vary consistently within a country. Fat content did not correlate with dairy fat flavor or with viscosity. This research suggests that companies' manufacturing processes for UHT milk may have more impact than country or fat content in determining sensory properties of UHT milk.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS


Sensory properties of UHT milk from different countries developed in this study could be used by the dairy industry to understand the similarities and differences of UHT milk characteristics from different regions and to modify UHT milk characteristics to meet consumers' criteria or expectation. The study suggests that manufacturers who want to improve quality of UHT milk by modify flavor and texture properties should focus on improvements to the manufacturing processes.  相似文献   

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E. Eliassen 《Ibis》1963,105(2):234-237
The physiology of birds in flight is discussed in relation to (a) energy metabolism; (b) heat regulation, including the importance of the ventral part of the wing and its temperature, measured in a bird gliding in a specially constructed wind tunnel; and (c) cardio-vascular responses, measured in flying birds by telemetric methods.  相似文献   

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Tables of means, over assessors, are often used to summarize the results of sensory profile experiments. These tables are sometimes further summarized by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to give plots of the samples in the principal sensory dimensions. An alternative procedure is to use Generalized Procrutes Analysis (GPA) on the assessor data to allow for differences in usage of the vocabulary and in the proportion of the scale used. It is shown that these methods give different configurations in the principal sensory dimensions when applied to the data from a study of cheeses (Muir et al. 1995). Using a Jackknife method to calculate the variability of the samples in the principal sensory dimensions, the results from the GPA method are shown to have a higher dimensionality than from the PCA method. Jackknife estimates of variability are used to calculate confidence ellipses to attach to the sensory space maps.  相似文献   

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Computer methods developed by the authors for analysis of fraction labelled mitoses curves (FLM curves) have been compared. Four test examples were used in the study; the first example was the synthesis of a FLM curve with fixed parameters and the others involved fitting actual data. Experimental FLM curves showing various degrees of damping were used in the curve fitting tests. In each test example the comparison was based on the assumptions of exponential growth, a growth fraction of unity and no cell loss. In three of the test examples good agreement between the methods was observed but in one example some important discrepancies arose in the analysis of a heavily damped FLM curve.  相似文献   

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Two panels consisting of 12 and of 14 members, respectively,evaluated solutions of ethyl caprylate at different concentrationsto establish flavor detection thresholds. The resulting frequenciesof success at each concentration level were analyzed by a probitmethod and Drake's procedure (1975). These two methods in turnwere compared with extreme-value analysis. Agreement among thethree methods was good. The lowest threshold observed was 0.00069ppm and the highest, 26.9 ppm. An extreme-value plot is presentedfor 59 determinations obtained in prior studies and the 26 valuesof this study. The limitations and advantages of each methodof calculation are discussed as are precautions relative tothe way the extreme-value data should be accumulated or arrayedfor analysis. *Station Statistician, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station.  相似文献   

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不同消化方法对测定生物样品中硒含量的比较研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
本文比较了干法消化、普通湿法消化、高压消化、微波消化对测定富含有机硒的生物样品中硒含量的影响.结果显示,高压及微波消化等密闭消化体系具有显著的优点,适合生物样品中富含有机硒的硒含量的测定.  相似文献   

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