唐山市初中生性生理及性心理现况调查

通过分层随机整群抽取唐山市3所中学的1665名在校初中学生进行问卷调查．了解初中生性生理和性心理现况,探讨青春期性教育特点。发现初中生的首次遗精／初潮年龄有提前倾向;初中生对异性交往、自慰行为、贞操观的认识趋于开放,且存在性别差异。因此青春期性教育应关注青少年性生理性心理特点。     

大学生性知识和性行为调查分析

目的:了解大学生性知识、性行为情况,以提高大学生性教育的针对性和质量.方法:对600名18-24岁的大学生志愿者进行关于性传播疾病(STD)、性知识和性行为的问卷调查,通过调查结果探讨大学生性教育存在的问题和解决方案.结果:所有大学生对性传播疾病的名称比较熟悉,但对性传播疾病的症状和传播方式了解不多或有误解,性知识水平较低.大部分大学生没有接受过正规的性教育,对未婚同居和婚前性行为持开放态度,性知识主要来源于书籍和网络.大学生们认为性教育很有必要.结论:大学生性和生殖健康知识贫乏,年轻的大学生应当对他们可能遇到的常见的性传播疾病有所了解.大学生性教育应更加侧重于性传播疾病的传播途径及预防.     

亟待发展的中学性健康教育

性教育,在孩子、家长甚至在老师的眼里,都是一个略显敏感的字眼。记得我们这一代人上学的时候,虽然《生物》课本上有相关方面的内容,但老师每每讲到这里,大都避实就虚,甚至避而不谈。那么,在观念不断更新的今天,目前的中学性教育现状到底如何呢?杨素梅是北方交通大学附     

高中生物学教学中情感态度价值观教育的实践研究

新课程标准中有关情感态度价值观方面的培养目标大多属于隐性目标,在教学中不易落实。通过教学实践研究,提出从教学内容渗透、教学过程实践、教学评价反馈等3个环节落实情感态度价值观教育,提出采用学习档案袋的方法进行评价,并设计了具体的评价量表。     

ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知及态度现状调查分析

目的 了解ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知及态度现状,分析其影响因素,为规范ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水的管理、提高护理质量提供理论依据。方法 采用自制的《ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知情况及态度调查问卷》对我院的120名在职护士进行调查,并分析其影响因素(包括性别、护士在ICU的工作年限及是否接受过呼吸机冷凝水危害相关知识培训、是否接受过呼吸机相关性肺炎相关知识培训等)。结果 对ICU护士发放呼吸机冷凝水管理认知情况调查问卷120份,有效回收112份。ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知得分(31.88±5.98)分,得分率79.70%;态度得分(26.50±4.00)分,得分率88.30%。认知条目均分(3.31±0.50)分,态度条目均分(4.41±0.66)分。ICU护士的工作年限、是否接受过呼吸机冷凝水危害呼吸机相关性肺炎相关知识培训认知和态度得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知处于一般、态度赞同水平,ICU护士的工作年限、是否接受过呼吸机冷凝水危害和呼吸机相关性肺炎相关知识培训等是ICU护士对呼吸机冷凝水管理认知及态度的主要影响因素。...     

上海市高中生自杀态度及自杀意念水平研究

目的 了解上海市高中生对自杀态度的取向以及其自杀意念的水平,为提高青少年心理健康提供依据.方法 采用青少年生活事件量表、父母教养方式评价量表及Beck抑郁问卷,对上海市1 695名高中生进行调查,由学生自评后统一回收问卷并进行评分.结果 41.18％的学生轻度抑郁,19.17％的学生中度抑郁,13.75％的学生重度抑郁,不同性别和地区的抑郁程度差异无统计学意义.在自杀意念影响因素中,青少年生活事件总应激量、母亲的惩罚严厉、父亲的过度保护均为危险因素,0R值分别为1.10,1.08,1.12;而家庭的情感温暖,学习成绩好是保护因素,0R值分别为0.94和1.38.结论 应采用综合性措施从个人、学校和家庭三方面共同努力,提高青少年心理健康水平.     

骨科护士术后疼痛知识和态度的调查研究

目的:了解骨科护士的疼痛管理知识和态度现状,为加强疼痛知识和态度培训,最终提高疼痛控制的质量提供依据。方法:以方便抽样的方法,采用护理人员疼痛知识和态度问卷对58名广州市某三级医院的骨科护士进行调查,内容包括一般资料、术后疼痛管理知识和态度,调查数据采用SPSS13.0软件包进行描述性分析。结果:发放问卷58份,回收58份,有效回收率100%。护士的术后疼痛管理知识和态度(满分32分)平均分数14.67±2.60分。将问卷条目按测试目的不同分为4个部分,护士的疼痛评估(满分2分)得分1.43±0.62,一般知识(满分10分)5.76±1.82,药物镇痛(满分16分)7.09±1.92,综合应用(满分4分)0.40±0.65。结论:调查显示护士缺乏疼痛管理相关知识和存有错误的观念,需针对主要影响因素开展全员的培训、教育与考核,建立疼痛护理专业架构及成立疼痛专科护理小组,制定疼痛控制规章制度和实践指南,提高疼痛控制的质量。     

二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状调查及影响因素的Logistic回归分析

摘要 目的：调查二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状,并以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析纯母乳喂养的影响因素。方法：选取2020年5~10月期间在西北妇女儿童医院妇产科住院分娩的600例二胎产妇,自行设计问卷调查其喂养方式和母乳喂养知识掌握情况,采用中文版母乳喂养态度量表评估产妇的母乳喂养态度。根据实际喂养方式将600例二胎产妇分为纯母乳喂养组和非纯母乳喂养组,以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析纯母乳喂养的影响因素。结果：600例二胎产妇中,纯母乳喂养组470例,非纯母乳喂养组130例,纯母乳喂养占比为78.33%;423例二胎产妇母乳喂养知识评分＞20分,母乳喂养知识掌握率为70.50%;253例为积极母乳喂养态度,积极母乳喂养态度的二胎产妇占比42.17%。单因素分析结果显示,纯母乳喂养组新生儿每天吸吮次数＞8次、一胎主要为纯母乳喂养、大专及以上文化程度、家庭平均月收入＞6000元、掌握母乳喂养知识、积极母乳喂养态度的产妇比例高于非纯母乳喂养组（P<0.05）,而剖宫产、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌不足的产妇比例低于非纯母乳喂养组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,剖宫产、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌不足、新生儿每天吸吮次数≤8次、一胎主要为非纯母乳喂养、中专（高中）及以下文化程度、家庭平均月收入≤6000元、未掌握母乳喂养知识、非积极母乳喂养态度均是二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养的不利影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：二胎产妇住院期间纯母乳喂养现状处于中等偏上水平,其影响因素包括分娩方式、乳头凹陷、乳汁分泌情况等,临床应结合相关影响因素针对性干预以提高产妇纯母乳喂养率。     

大学生口腔保健知识态度行为调查与研究

目的:评价大学生口腔保健知识、态度、行为情况,为实施口腔健康指导计划提供基线资料。方法:采用随机抽样的方法,对314名青岛大学新生进行了口腔保健知识、态度、行为的问卷调查;其中男生151名,占总数的48%,女生163名,占总数的52%。结果:大学生对龋病知识的知晓率高,但牙周知识及牙周状况差。大学生认为定时拜访牙医有助于口腔疾病预防,口腔健康与全身健康密切相关,但约一半学生害怕就医或推迟就医。只有55.7%的大学生一天刷牙两次,25.5%的大学生没有接受过专业刷牙指导。在口腔保健知识、态度及行为方面,女生优于男生。结论:大学生缺乏牙周方面基础口腔保健知识,缺少专业的口腔卫生指导。结构合理的口腔健康教育系统亟需实施。     

双歧杆菌粘附机制研究的现状

近年来,人们对病原菌的粘附机制进行了深入研究,但对正常菌,特别是双歧杆菌粘附的研究处于初步阶段。已证实双歧杆菌对肠上皮细胞的粘附是牧民的和可逆的,具有种属特异性,但还不定期其粘附素及其受体的成分及结构,对其粘附的分子机制和由地引致的一系列生物学效应也不完全清楚。由于粘附是双歧杆发挥生理作用的前提,也是评定益生菌制剂效果的主要指标之一,对其粘附机制的研究具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

A No-Holds-Barred Evolution Curriculum for Elementary and Junior High School Students

Understanding the basic mechanism of evolution by natural selection together with examples of how it works in nature is crucial for explaining and teaching the workings of biology and ecology to young students. Dobzhansky said it best in his advice to educators of biology: “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” This premise is true at all levels of biology but especially so in the elementary years where foundations of science knowledge are laid. Elementary students are capable of learning cohesive and connected stories of biological principles and learning them within a no-holds-barred arena wherein concepts and processes usually reserved for high school years are taught with special care, appropriate exercises, and patient explanations. This story must include solid introductions to the fundamental principles of evolution by natural selection that are threaded within and alongside those of basic biology and ecology. This paper attempts to make the case for the inclusion of connected stories of biology in the earliest years of education and to include within that education the unifying theme of all biology and ecology studies—evolution.     

Teaching Evolution Concepts to Early Elementary School Students

State and national standards call for teaching evolution concepts as early as kindergarten, which provides motivation to continue developing science instruction and curriculum for young learners. The importance of addressing students’ folk theories regarding science justifies teaching evolution early in K-12 education. In this project, we developed, implemented, and researched standards-based lessons to teach elements of evolution (speciation and adaption) to kindergarteners and second graders. Our lessons attended to the students’ prior knowledge, and utilized inquiry and modeling to teach and assess their ability to recognize patterns of similarity and differences among organisms. Using their products and comments as evidence, it was apparent the students were able to communicate recognition of patterns and effectively apply their knowledge in near transfer activities, indicating they achieved our learning objectives. This provides support for teaching evolution concepts in the early grades and evidence of the ability for young children to effectively engage in supported inquiry and modeling for learning science.     

Obesity and Aerobic Fitness among Urban Public School Students in Elementary,Middle, and High School

Aims and Objectives

To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk among urban public school students through a collaborative school district and university partnership.

Methods

Children and adolescents in grades K-12 from 24 urban public schools participated in measurements of height, weight, and other health metrics during the 2009–2010 school year. Body mass index (BMI) percentiles and z-scores were computed for 4673 students. President’s Challenge 1-mile endurance run was completed by 1075 students ages 9–19 years. Maximal oxygen consumption (⩒O₂max) was predicted using an age-, sex-, and BMI-specific formula to determine health-related fitness. Resting blood pressure (BP) was assessed in 1467 students. Regression analyses were used to compare BMI z-scores, fitness, and age- and sex-specific BP percentiles across grade levels. Chi-square tests were used to explore the effect of sex and grade-level on health-related outcomes.

Results

Based on BMI, 19.8% were categorized as overweight and 24.4% were obese. Included in the obese category were 454 students (9.7% of sample) classified with severe obesity. Using FITNESSGRAM criteria, 50.2% of students did not achieve the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ); the proportion of students in the Needs Improvement categories increased from elementary to middle school to high school. Male students demonstrated higher fitness than female students, with 61.4% of boys and only 35.4% of girls meeting HFZ standards. Elevated BP was observed among 24% of 1467 students assessed. Systolic and diastolic BP z-scores revealed low correlation with BMI z-scores.

Conclusions

A community-university collaboration identified obesity, severe obesity, overweight, and low aerobic fitness to be common risk factors among urban public school students.     

重庆市市区中小学教师膳食食物摄入与营养知识知晓情况调查

目的:了解重庆市市区中小学教师膳食食物摄入与营养知识知晓情况,为指导该人群合理营养膳食提供依据。方法:以问卷形式对重庆市市区1345名中小学教师的膳食结构及营养知识知晓情况进行调查并对调查结果进行分析。结果:每天喝牛奶的占76%;经常摄入豆制品的占74%;经常摄入鱼类的占52%;每天摄入肉类的占50%;经常摄入蛋类的占78%;每天摄入蔬菜200 g的占55%;经常摄入粗粮的占73%。对自身膳食营养重视的占62%;回答了解或知道中国居民膳食指南占总人数的38%,其中男性占12%,女性占26%;回答了解或知道中国居民膳食宝塔的占37%,其中男性占10%,女性占27%。结论:该人群膳食食物摄入种类较多,食物来源丰富,但营养知识知晓情况较低,对自身健康关注的意识还有待提高。     

乙肝疫苗对中小学生的保护效果

为进一步了解中小学生乙肝病毒的感染率及乙肝疫苗的保护效果,用固相放免方法检测1 134名小学生和358名中学生的HBsAg和抗-HBs。判定:S/N≥2.1;以≥10 mIU/mL为阳性。乙肝疫苗接种率,市区小学生高于郊区学生(χ2=54.58,P<0.01),HBsAg的阳性率呈下降趋势,检测到的1 134名小学生中,抗-HBs阳性率平均在89.2%。HBsAg阳性率随乙肝疫苗接种率的增高而下降,但市区学生(2.65%)与郊区学生(2.76%)差异无显著意义(χ2=1.35,P>0.05)。近期加强接种了重组乙肝疫苗的中学生,抗HBS-抗体阳性率97.7%。随着乙肝疫苗接种率和抗-HBs阳性率的增高,HBsAg阳性率呈下降趋势。在乙肝高发区,尽管推行了乙肝疫苗全程免疫规划,但从长远的免疫策略考虑,有必要制定加强免疫计划。     

Sexual arousal in men: a review and conceptual analysis

Sexual arousal is an emotional/motivational state that can be triggered by internal and external stimuli and that can be inferred from central (including verbal), peripheral (including genital), and behavioral (including action tendencies and motor preparation) responses. This article, while focusing on sexual arousal in men, provides a conceptual analysis of this construct, reviews models of sexual arousal, and discusses the usefulness of perspectives derived from motivation and emotion research in improving our understanding of its determinants and behavioral correlates. In this, it considers the role of genital feedback in men's subjective sexual arousal and the connections between sexual arousal and sexual desire. Future research and definitions may increasingly focus on its central integrative functions (as opposed to its input and output characteristics). Yet, the study of sexual arousal can be expected to continue to benefit from the measurement of its genital, verbal, and behavioral components. Instances of discordance between response components suggest that they are, at least in part, under the control of different mechanisms, and it is proposed that a better understanding of sexual arousal will prove contingent on a better understanding of such mechanisms and the conditions under which they converge and diverge.     

Sexual selection effects on the evolution of senescence

Although the basic theories concerning evolution of senescence have been generally accepted for a half-century, interpretation of this paradigm has been constrained by an over-reliance on mortality as both the cause and the measure of senescence. Consideration of both survival and fecundity as components of reproductive value, and integration of sexual selection theory with senescence theory allows reconciliation of long-standing, as well as recent, discrepancies between data and theory. This approach demonstrates that sexual selection on males in polygynous mating systems can have significant effects on the evolution of senescence that could overshadow the selection effects of mortality rates among such animals.     

生物学教育中的科学过程技能

科学过程技能是科学家进行科学研究所运用的技能。基础教育阶段的生物学课程标准都倡导探究性学习,强调对学生进行科学过程技能的训练。因此,在实际教学中,教师应加强自身的专业化发展,充分利用各种课程资源对学生进行科学过程技能的训练,并通过评价的方式,了解学生的科学过程技能水平,以为教学提供反馈信息,并最终更加有效地落实课程标准中的能力目标。     

Sexual dimorphism and allometry in primate ossa coxae

Five measurements were taken on the ossa coxae of 454 adult primates representing Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. Sex differences in these variables and their relationships to overall body size and sexual dimorphism were tested by means of Student's t-test and regression analysis. The study attempts to clarify the nature of primate pelvic sexual dimorphism, including allometric effects, and more specifically, test the assertion made by Mobb and Wood (1977) that sexual dimorphism in body size in not an important determinant in pelvic sex differences. Variables that contribute to the size of the birth canal tend to be larger in females than males in all taxa studied except two. In these, Hylobates and Alouatta, there were no significant differences between the sexes for any of the five variables. In general, sexual dimorphism in variables contributing to the size of the birth canal was correlated (r ? 0.8) with sexual dimorphism in body size. Furthermore, the coefficients of allometry underlying pelvic sex differences were shown to be moderately correlated (r ? 0.5) with sexual dimorphism in size. The influence of other adaptive factors on primate pelvic sexual dimorphism are also briefly discussed.     

Sexual incentive motivation in male rats requires both androgens and estrogens

In Experiment 1 castrated male rats were implanted with a Silastic capsule containing either E or cholesterol (CHOL) 35 days after castration. They were then tested for sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behaviors every 5th day for 3 weeks. None of the treatments affected sexual incentive motivation. After the last test, all subjects were implanted with DHT-containing Silastic capsules, and tests continued for another 3 weeks. While E + DHT enhanced sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior, DHT alone failed to do so. In Experiment 2 the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (F) was combined with testosterone (T). T restored all behaviors to the level seen in intact rats, and F significantly reduced these effects. In fact, T + F was not different from DHT. T and DHT restored the weight of the prostate and seminal vesicles to levels close to those of intact rats. In Experiment 3 a lower dose of E was employed. Also this dose of E failed to affect sexual incentive motivation while E + DHT restored it to the level of intact animals. Castration enhanced the serum concentrations of LH and FSH. E alone caused a marked reduction, and E + DHT brought both gonadotropins back to the level of intact animals. It was concluded that the doses of E and DHT employed in these experiments were within or close to the physiological range, and that such doses of E completely fail to enhance sexual incentive motivation in castrated animals. DHT has small or no effects. It appears that sexual incentive motivation and copulation require simultaneous stimulation of androgen and estrogen receptors.