利手、优势足及扣手的遗传方式初探

采用Slater区分单基因和多基因遗传的计算模式及Smith无偏分析方法对21个家系资料的分析表明：利手、优势足、扣手特征均为常染色体单基因显性遗传,R型为显性性状。虽然环境因素对这类特征的表现也有一定的影响,但遗传因素仍起主要作用。 Abstract:The data of 21 families were analyzed by the method of Slater's calculating model to differentiate between single-gene and multi-gene heredity and by the method of non-deviation analysis.The results showed that the hereditary mode of handedness or preferential foot or hand-clasping is the dominant heredity of single gene of autosome,and the right type of all of them is the dominant character.In a way,although environmental factors affected the phenotypes of these characters,hereditary factors were also the decisive ones.     

基于线粒体COI基因分析钩手水母的群体遗传结构

钩手水母(Gonionemus vertens)为大西洋和太平洋广布种, 是我国习见的有毒水母种类之一。本文对采自黄渤海海域4个地理群体的104个钩手水母线粒体COI基因序列进行扩增, 并结合GenBank上其他182个钩手水母同源序列进行序列变异分析。在286个基因序列中共检测出52个多态位点, 定义了14种单倍型。总群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.743 ± 0.012和1.046% ± 0.097%, 与其他几种大型水母相比, 钩手水母总群体的遗传多样性处于较高水平。AMOVA结果显示, 60.17%的分子变异源于群组间, 13.37%的分子变异源于群体内, 26.46%的分子变异源于组内群体间, 群组间、群体内和组内群体间的遗传分化均极显著。F_st值统计检验表明, 中国厦门群体与乐亭、东营、烟台、大连群体间存在显著的遗传分化, 大连与东营、烟台群体间也存在显著的遗传分化。系统分析结果显示, 钩手水母群体间存在2个明显的单倍型谱系分支。不同的钩手水母地理群体间具有复杂的遗传模式, 钩手水母复杂的生活史、扩散能力、地理隔离和海流分布可能是影响钩手水母遗传结构的重要因素。     

中国四省八市县精神分裂症遗传流行病学调查报告

从四省八市县抽查的142407人(其中男72528人,女69879人)的群体中,作了遗传流行病学调查,共查出现症精神分裂症病人男184例,女209例,其中能查到三代以上的完整家系共346个,对该组家系经多基因遗传模式和单基因模式分析、检验、得出精神分裂症的遗传可能是属多种单基因遗传模式,其中76％基本符合隐性遗传、2％为显性遗传、8.1％为不规则显性、8.3％为不规则显性和隐性两可,4.3％属于不同病种的混合或变异,因而认为精神分裂症是一组异质性疾病。     

油菜单显性核不育及其不育基因的RAPD标记

以陕西省杂交油菜研究中心选育的单显性核不育油菜分离群体为材料,对单显性核不育油菜的育性特征、花器形态进行了多代跟踪调查;对其遗传规律进行了探讨,确定该不育性状受一对显性核基因控制;利用集群分离法(BSA)对该油菜单显性核不育基因进行了RAPD分析。在所选用的300个随机引物中,获得引物S243(5’CTATGCCGAC 3’)在可育集团与不育集团问扩增出多态性产物S-2431500。通过对该分离群体及其姐妹系分离群体进行单株验证,均获得相同的扩增结果,表明S-2431500与单显性核不育基因相连锁。     

中国四省八市县精神分裂症遗传流行病学调查报告

从四省八市县抽查的142407人（其中男72528人,女69879人）的群体中,作了遗传流行病学调查,共查出现症精神分裂症病人男184例,女209例,其中能查到三代以上的完整家系共346个,对该租家系经多基因遗传模式和单基因模式分析、检验、得出精神分裂症的遗传可能是多种单基因遗传模式,其中76%基本符合隐性遗传、2%为显性遗传、8.1%未不规则显性、8.3%为不规则显性和隐性两可,4.3%属于不同病种的混合或变异,因而认为精神分裂症是一组异质性疾病。     

中国四省八市县精神分裂症遗传流行病学调查报告1)

从四省八市县抽查的142407人（其中男72528人，女69879人）的群体中，作了遗传流行病学调查，共查出现症精神分裂症病人男184例，女209例，其中能查到三代以上的完整家系共346个，对该租家系经多基因遗传模式和单基因模式分析、检验、得出精神分裂症的遗传可能是多种单基因遗传模式，其中76%基本符合隐性遗传、2%为显性遗传、8.1%未不规则显性、8.3%为不规则显性和隐性两可，4.3%属于不同病种的混合或变异，因而认为精神分裂症是一组异质性疾病。     

钩手畸型家系的遗传学调查

我们在菊花岛进行遗传病普查时,发现一 例钩手畸型的汉族家系,其临床表现有斗种。 系谱分析表明,钩手畸型为常染色体显性遗传。 此病国内未见报道,现将遗传学调查结果报告 如下．     

三种舌运动类型遗传方式的研究 Studies of Hereditary Mode on Three Tongue Moving Types

采用Penrose先证者同胞法和分离分析方法对72个家系资料的分析表明：卷舌、尖舌均为常染色体单基因显性遗传,阳性为显性性状;翻舌为常染色体单基因隐性遗传,阳性为隐性性状。虽然环境因素对这类特征的表现也有一定的影响,但遗传因素仍起主要作用。 Abstract:The data of 72 families were analyzed by the method of proband′s sib and the method of segregation analysis.The results showed that the hereditary mode of rolling tongue or pointed tongue is the dominant heredity of single gene of autosome,and the positive type of them is the dominant character;Twisting tongue is the recessive heredity of single gene of autosome,while the positive type is the recessive character.Present study suggested,although environmental might affect these characters,hereditary factors seemed to be dominant.     

人体一些单基因性状遗传分析

人体一些单基因性状遗传分析葛如陵,王育秀（山东滨州医学院２５６６０３）（山东北镇中学２５６６１８）单基因性状是指受一对等位基因控制的性状。单基因性状的遗传方式可分为：常染色体显性遗传（ＡＤ）、常染色体隐性遗传（ＡＲ）和伴性遗传（ＳＬ）３大类。伴性遗传...     

水稻光温敏核不育系的育性遗传分析

运用混合遗传模型对水稻光温敏核不育系1290S与1990杂交的F_1、F_2、B_1、B_2和P_1、P_2多世代群体进行联合分析,结果表明:光温敏核不育性遗传符合E-1模型,为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性多基因遗传模型．两对主基因的加性效应均为-0．059,而两对主基因的显性效应分别为0．153和-0．263,多基因的显性效应更大,为-0．404．其中上位性效应比较明显,以显性．显性互作最大,达0．435．B_1、B_2和F_2群体中主基因遗传率分别为56．03%,44．44%,83．0 7%,多基因遗传率分别为42．24%,33．33%,15．23%,表明1290S的不育性主要由两对主基因 多基因相互配合控制遗传的,环境虽有一定影响,但影响较小．     

玉米耐铝性的遗传分析

以两个耐铝性不同的玉米自交系及它们的杂交和回交世代为材料,采用营养液培养方法,对玉米的耐铝性进行了遗传分析。结果表明,根系相对生物量具有较高的的遗传变异,其广义遗传率高达78.6%。但其狭义遗传率仅为15.4%,说明其遗传方式以显性效应为主。相反,地上部相对生物量具有相对较高的狭义遗传率（43.1%）,其遗传方式以加性效应为主。在0.1m mol/L Al3+ 胁迫条件下,根系总的和活跃的吸收比表面遗传率较低,说明此根系活力性状受环境影响较大。Abstract: The heredity of Al-tolerance was studied in different Al-tolerance of two inbred lines of maize and their F1, F2, B1 and B2 generations by the means of nutritional cultivation. The results indicated that the relative biomass(Al/CK) of root had high hereditary variance, the broad-sense heredity reached 78.6 %, but narrow-sense heredity only had 15.4 %. Its hereditary pattern mainly was dominant effects. On contrast, the relative biomass of shoot had high narrow-sense heredity (43.1%), it means that the hereditary pattern of relative biomass of shoot mainly was additive effects. On the hereditary ground of 0.1 mmol/L Al3+, the broad-sense heredity of total absorbing surface to volume ratio and active absorbing surface to volume ratio were 17.9 % and 36.4 %, and narrow-sense heredity of them were 10.0 % and 18.4 %. It means that the characters of root activity were obviously affected by environment.     

Quantifying Characters: Polygenist Anthropologists and the Hardening of Heredity

Scholars studying the history of heredity suggest that during the 19th-century biologists and anthropologists viewed characteristics as a collection of blended qualities passed on from the parents. Many argued that those characteristics could be very much affected by environmental circumstances, which scholars call the inheritance of acquired characteristics or “soft” heredity. According to these accounts, Gregor Mendel reconceived heredity – seeing distinct hereditary units that remain unchanged by the environment. This resulted in particular traits that breed true in succeeding generations, or “hard” heredity. The author argues that polygenist anthropology (an argument that humanity consisted of many species) and anthropometry in general should be seen as a hardening of heredity. Using a debate between Philadelphia anthropologist and physician, Samuel G. Morton, and Charleston naturalist and reverend, John Bachman, as a springboard, the author contends that polygenist anthropologists hardened heredity by conceiving of durable traits that might reappear even after a race has been eliminated. Polygenists saw anthropometry (the measurement of humans) as one method of quantifying hereditary qualities. These statistical ranges were ostensibly characteristics that bred true and that defined racial groups. Further, Morton’s interest in hybridity and racial mixing demonstrates that the polygenists focused as much on the transmission and recognition of “amalgamations” of characters as they did on racial categories themselves. The author suggests that seeing race science as the study of heritable, statistical characteristics rather than broad categories helps explain why “race” is such a persistent cultural phenomenon.     

The evolution of information storage and heredity

Many important transitions in evolution are associated with novel ways of storing and transmitting information. The storage of information in DNA sequence, and its transmission through DNA replication, is a fundamental hereditary system in all extant organisms, but it is not the only way of storing and transmitting information, and has itself replaced, and evolved from, other systems. A system that transmits information can have limited heredity or indefinite heredity. With limited heredity, the number of different possible types is commensurate with, or below, that of the individuals. With indefinite heredity, the number of possible types greatly exceeds the number of individuals in any realistic system. Recent findings suggest that the emergence and subsequent evolution of very different hereditary systems, from autocatalytic chemical cycles to natural language, accompanied the major evolutionary transitions in the history of life.     

Theodor and Marcella Boveri: chromosomes and cytoplasm in heredity and development

The chromosome theory of heredity, developed in 1902-1904, became one of the foundation stones of twentieth-century genetics. It is usually referred to as the Sutton-Boveri theory after Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri. However, the contributions of Theodor Boveri and his co-worker, Marcella O'Grady Boveri (also his wife), to the understanding of heredity and development go beyond the localization of the Mendelian hereditary factors onto the chromosomes. They investigated the interaction of cytoplasm and chromosomes, and demonstrated its relevance in heredity and development.     

The frame of non-canonical theory of heredity: from genes to epigenes

Particular theory of heredity that exceeds the limits of mendelian genetics is suggested. The model based on five sufficiently obvious assumptions (accepted as axioms) As consequence of these axioms the strict statements concerningfunctional heredity memory were formulated in mathematical terms. Molecular-genetic realization of the memory cells appears as new class of heredity units--epigenes. In the epigenes part f hereditary information is contained, encoded and transmitted beyond the primary structure of DNA molecules of genome. Epigenes capable to conserve sequences of genes functional states in the course of ontogenesis and provide transmission of information contained in this states throw consequent generations. It was shown that epigenes differ from genes at least by encoding method of heredity information. There are three functional-equivalent classes of really existing epigenes mechanisms: dynamic, modificational and transpositional; and there is one hypothetical class--invertional. It was shown that a lot of experimental data concerning epigenetic mechanism of heredity is in accord with theoretical conclusions concerning epigenes existence. Moreover, we constructed an artificial epigenes by genetic engineering methods. The existence of epigenes means that obtaining complete genome sequence, its physical and genetic maps, as well as distinguishing the rules of genes function encoding by its primary structure do not provide complete decoding of hereditary information. The role of epigenes in ontogenesis and phylogenesis was examined. It was shown that even elementary epigenetic systems could determine key ontogenesis events. Epigenetic system could serve as the basis of non-darwinian evolutionary strategies by means of "memorization of rather unsuccessfully steps of evolution" and conservation of alternative variants of ontogenesis. Teleonomic hypothesis on functional heredity memory was formulated. This theory provides explanation of phenomena of acquired features inheritance and molecular mechanisms of stress-induced evolution.     

欧报春（Primula vulgaris）不同花色与色素关系及花色遗传初步分析

为了掌握欧报春各花色遗传规律服务于良种生产,通过对欧报春各色花进行色素吸收光谱和薄层层析分析,进行不同花色杂交研究,分析了欧报春各色花所含色素类型及各花色遗传规律。结果显示欧报春群体含多种花色素,单株也可含有多种花色素,形成多变的粉色、红色及蓝色花。黄色深浅主要由类胡萝卜素含量决定。白色对粉色及黄色为隐性遗传,黄色、粉色为显性遗传并有数量遗传特征,黄色与粉色独立遗传。蓝色为多基因控制的隐性遗传,并具有数量遗传特征。     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,本文从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

BRAIN DAMAGE IN THE INFANT—GENETIC ASPECTS

With better control of environmental agents in malformation and brain damage in infants, increasing attention is being given to genetic factors as causes of brain damage. An example of such a hereditary condition is Tay-Sachs disease, which leads to degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, resulting in mental deterioration, blindness and early death. Genetic factors are readily traceable in this condition. But in many other cases of brain damage, it is more difficult to decide whether a hereditary cause exists, whether an unfavorable environment was responsible, or whether factors in the heredity and environment acted together.The recognition of the importance of genetic factors in brain damage to the infant as well as in other congenital malformations is a first step in the direction of prevention. Our position at this time may be compared to that of medical science when Pasteur and Koch demonstrated the importance of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases; it took decades for those diseases to be truly effectively combated and it may take a long time to learn how to keep a potentially dangerous genotype in the embryo from becoming manifest.