河北省花生地方品种农艺性状和品质性状的遗传分化

以43个不同来源的河北省花生地方品种为材料,对其农艺、品质性状的遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明,在考察的5个农艺性状中,分枝数的变异系数最大,为22．86％,其次为百果重、百仁重,分别为19、43％和17．17％,出仁率的变异系数最小。品质性状中不同地方品种间在硬脂酸、山嵛酸、花生烯酸、花生酸等性状上存在较大差异,变异系数分别为41．94％、39．27％、27、88％、22．87％,而在蛋白质含量、舍油量、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸上的差异不大。采用最长距离法对欧氏距离进行聚类,可以将各地方品种划分为3大类群,第1类群为普通型花生地方品种,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ类群分别为多粒型花生和珍珠豆型花生地方品种。本文还对类群间和类群内不同品种群间的性状分化进行了分析。     

甘肃省谷子地方品种营养品质的分析与评价

对甘肃省199份谷子地方品种子粒的营养品质分析结果表明:蛋白质和脂肪的平均含量较高,品种间差异大,变异丰富;不同地区谷子品种的营养品质存在差异,陇东地区谷子蛋白质和脂肪含量较高;不同粒色谷子营养品质也存在差异,青色籽粒的谷子其蛋白质、脂肪和赖氨酸含量较高。     

中国主要花生品种品质性状关联分析

以来自全国的136个花生主要育成品种及育种骨干亲本作为供试群体,测定其蛋白质含量、脂肪及油酸含量等性状。选用64个均匀分布在复合遗传图谱不同遗传连锁群上多态性较好的SSR标记进行多位点扫描。通过标记的基因型值,利用Structure软件对群体进行结构划分并得到结构划分的矫正Q值,采用Tassel 软件中GLM（Q）方法将供试花生品种连续3年的品质性状与SSR标记进行关联分析。结果表明：①依据基因型数据对材料群的结构划分,供试群体最终可被划分为5个亚群,依据群体特点和结构分析可以表明供试的花生材料是适合关联分析的;②通过关联分析,共发掘与2010年、2011年、2012年品质性状显著关联的SSR位点分别有18个、31个、26个;③通过综合分析,能够连续3年重复检测出与品质性状关联的SSR位点4个,共计等位变异位点40个。     

甘肃省谷子地方品种营养品质的分析与评价

对甘肃省199份谷子地方品种子粒的营养品质分析结果表明：蛋白质和脂肪的平均含量较高,品种间差异大,变异丰富;不同地区谷子品种的营养品质存在差异,陇东地区谷子蛋白质和脂肪含量较高;不同粒色谷子营养品质也存在差异,青色籽粒的谷子其蛋白质、脂肪和赖氨酸含量较高。     

中国花生地方品种与育成品种的遗传多样性

以中国花生小核心种质中涉及来源于中国本土的145份地方品种和67份育成品种为材料,应用SSR技术从206对SSR引物中筛选出25对扩增效果好的多态性引物进行检测,并对其进行遗传多样性分析比较.结果表明:(1)地方品种与育成品种各具有特殊带型及各自独特的遗传特性.相似系数和多态性信息量均表明,地方品种的多样性比育成品种丰富,其中:地方品种之间的相似系数为0.57～0.99,平均0.795,多态性信息量0.530 0;育成品种之间的相似系数0.63～0.99,平均0.810,多态性信息量0.463 3.地方品种与育成品种之间的平均相似系数为0.794,变异范围0.56～0.99.(2)对不同生态区来源的分析表明,除黄河流域外其他各生态区地方品种的观测等位基因数和遗传多样性指数(分别为2.740 7～3.518 5和0.816 4～0.879 4)均比育成品种的对应值(分别为1.7012～2.145 6和0.4829～0.802 2)大,并以长江流域生态区地方品种的观测等位基因数和遗传多样性指数最大,分别为3.518 5和0.879 4.(3)聚类分析结果表明,花生核心种质中,中国本土资源分为3个品种群,即地方品种密枝亚种群、地方品种疏枝亚种群和育成品种群,与花生的亚种分类一致.(4)通过遗传多样性分析,鉴定出一批遗传差异较大的材料,其中zhh1398与zhh0041的遗传差异最大,相似系数为0.56,为花生品种的遗传改良及作图群体的构建奠定了基础.     

河南省花生农家品种资源农艺和品质性状分析

综合分析河南省花生农家品种资源的农艺和品质性状,为花生的遗传育种提供理论依据。以128个不同地域来源的河南省农家品种为材料,田间调查株型、分枝型和开花习性等植物学性状,收获考种测定主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、单株产量、百果重和百仁重农艺性状,并测定蛋白质、脂肪、油酸和亚油酸含量。结果表明,农家品种以密枝型为主,农艺性状中百仁重的变异系数最大,为31.1%,其次为单株产量和总分枝数,分别为27.5%和22.2%,变异系数最小的为侧枝长,为12.5%;品质性状方面,河南农家品种资源的脂肪含量较高,脂肪含量55%以上的有10个花生品种。蛋白质含量偏低,最高仅25.3%,油酸含量中等,平均45.4%,最高的52.4%。本研究表明河南省农家品种的农艺性状表现丰富的遗传多样性,品质方面脂肪含量相对较高,合理利用河南省农家品种资源,可为花生品质改良提供优质性状的亲本。     

四川省的小麦地方品种品质分析

以67份四川省的小麦地方品种为试验材料,测定其19个品质指标并进行品质评价,旨在为小麦品质改良提供信息。结果表明,蛋白质和赖氨酸含量偏低,湿面筋含量、沉降值和面筋指数较高。粉质仪参数——形成时间、稳定时间和评价值偏低,面团流变学特性差。但也发现一些优质或专用小麦材料,如蛋白质含量〉14％的1份,湿面筋含量〉40％的10份,沉降值〉40ml的29份,中筋和弱筋小麦分别为7份和5份,德阳天绿场小麦、南部棒槌麦、酉阳光头、安岳红小麦和蓬溪红花光头麦5份材料具有相对较好的综合品质。相关分析表明,蛋白质含量、干湿面筋含量、沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间和评价值两两问简单相关（极）显著,蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量间和沉降值与稳定时间间偏相关显著。蛋白质含量与总淀粉含量间简单相关为极显著负相关。偏相关不显著。总淀粉含量与支链淀粉含量问简单相关和偏相关均极显著,总淀粉含量与直链淀粉含量间简单相关不显著,偏相关极显著,直链淀粉含量与支链淀粉含量间简单相关和偏相关均为极显著负相关。因此,在小麦育种早代进行蛋白质含量、沉降值和直链淀粉含量的选择为好。     

云南黄心甘薯地方品种特性分析

1996～1997年对征集到的24份云南黄心甘薯地方品种资源进行了农艺性状、生长特性、抗逆性、生产力及营养品质的分析、评价,结果表明：蒙自黄心、红鸡窝、普洱黄山芋、紫红皮、甘心红薯、路南红皮、东川白花等一批黄心地方品种生长势强、适应性强、块根产量高、品质优,开发利用潜力较大。     

云南茶树地方品种农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

为发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的茶树品种资源,对51份云南茶树地方品种进行农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析。结果表明,云南茶树地方品种农艺和品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异,农艺性状变异系数平均为25.84%,多样性指数平均为1.94;生化成分变异系数平均为16.53%,多样性指数平均为1.88;茶叶感官审评红茶品质总分达87.5分～94.2分,绿茶品质总分达78.8分～91.5分,茶树品种红、绿茶适制性的多样性指数平均为0.92和0.94;聚类分析将供试材料分为3类：第Ⅰ类品种主要适合制作红茶,第Ⅱ类品种主要适合制作绿茶,第Ⅲ类为生化成分特异性品种。并从中筛选出18份优异品种资源,为今后的生产和育种提供利用。     

不同抗旱性花生品种结荚期叶片生理特性

以12个花生品种为试验材料,在人工控水条件下,于结荚期设置0~80 cm土层相对含水量为70%和50% 2个处理,研究与花生抗旱性相关的叶片生理生化性状及不同品种抗旱的叶片机制.结果表明： 利用产量抗旱系数可将12个花生品种的抗旱性分为强、中、弱3级,抗旱性强的品种有A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生,中度抗旱品种有花育20、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266,抗旱性弱的品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴.A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生的抗旱机制是具有较强的叶片抗氧化保护能力、较高的PSⅡ活性及光合速率(P_n).海花1号的叶片抗氧化保护能力较强,山花9号的PSⅡ活性有显著优势.相关分析表明,叶片P_n、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与花生品种的抗旱系数有显著的相关性,是花生结荚期的重要抗旱性状.SOD活性的抗旱级别需在干旱胁迫下鉴定,其他性状可在正常灌水条件下鉴定.山花11号和79266可分别作为花生强、弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种,山花11号可作为花生叶片优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种.     

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) lectin recognizes α-linked galactose, but not N-acetyl lactosamine in N-linked oligosaccharide terminals

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA) is extensively used as tumour marker as it strongly recognises the cancer specific T antigen (Galβ1→3GalNAc-), but not its sialylated version. However, an additional specificity towards Galβ1→4GlcNAc (LacNAc), which is not tumour specific, had been attributed to PNA. For correct interpretation of lectin histochemical results we examined PNA sugar specificity using naturally occurring or semi-synthetic glycoproteins, matrix-immobilised galactosides and lectin-binding tissue glycoproteins, rather than mono- or disaccharides as ligands. Dot-blots, transfer blots or polystyrene plate coatings of the soluble glycoconjugates were probed with horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates of PNA and other lectins of known specificity. Modifications of PNA-binding glycoproteins, including selective removal of O-linked oligosaccharides and treatment with glycosidases revealed that Galβ1→4GlcNAc (LacNAc) was ineffective while terminal α-linked galactose (TAG) as well as exposed T antigen (Galβ1→3 GalNAc-) was excellent as sugar moiety in glycoproteins for their recognition by PNA. When immobilised, melibiose was superior to lactose in PNA binding. Results were confirmed using TAG-specific human serum anti-α-galactoside antibody.     

Patient-tailored cloning of allergens by phage display: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) profilin, a food allergen derived from a rare mRNA

A peanut cDNA phage surface display library was constructed and screened for the presence of IgE-binding proteins. We used a serum from a peanut-sensitized individual with a low specific IgE level to peanut extract and suffering from mild symptoms after peanut ingestion. A total of 10¹¹ cDNA clones were screened by affinity selection towards serum IgE immobilized to solid-phase supports. After five rounds of selective enrichment, sequence determination of 25 inserts derived from different clones revealed presence of a single cDNA species. The cDNA-encoded gene product, formally termed Ara h 5, shows up to 80% amino acid sequence identity to the well-known plant allergen profilin, a 14 kD protein present only in low amount in peanut extracts. Immunoblot analysis of fifty sera from individuals sensitized to peanut showed that 16% had mounted a detectable IgE response to the newly identified peanut profilin. High-level expression as non-fusion protein in BL21 (DE3) was carried under control of the inducible T7 promoter. Peanut profilin was purified by affinity chromatography on poly-( -proline)-Sepharose and yielded 30 mg l⁻¹ culture of highly pure recombinant allergen. In spite of the high level of up to 80% amino acid identity to other plant profilins, inhibition experiments with recombinant profilins of peanut, cherry, pear, celery and birch revealed marked differences regarding their IgE-binding capacity.     

花生茎叶酚性成分研究

运用大孔树脂对花生茎叶提取液进行富集,不同浓度乙醇洗脱,硅胶、RP-18、Sephadex LH-20等多种材料进一步分离纯化,研究花生茎叶化学成分,并通过理化方法和光谱分析对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果表明:从花生茎叶大孔树脂10%乙醇洗脱部位中分离并鉴定了10个化合物,分别为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(1)、水杨酸(2)、儿茶酚(3)、对羟基苯甲酸(4)、(反)-3,4-二羟基苯丙烯酸(5)、对羟基苯酚(6)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7)、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇(8)、对羟基苯乙醇(9)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(10)。除化合物1、2和4外,其余均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

In vitro regulation of morphogenesis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Callusing, caulogenesis, in vitro flowering and somatic embryogenesis were induced from the base of leaflets derived from mature embryos of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by altering the hormonal composition of the Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium. A combination of 4 mg/l alpha napththaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5 mg/l 6-benylaminopurine (BAP) was optimum for inducing caulogenic buds. The caulogenic buds proliferated in medium with 3 mg/l BAP. Differentiation of these buds to shoots was achieved in MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l each of BAP and kinetin (KN). Shoot buds and flower buds were produced when caulogenic buds were cultured on medium containing 1 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l KN, prior to elongation. Clonally propagated plantlets derived from axillary buds elongated, formed roots and were grown to maturity in soil. Embryogenic mass formation was induced from the leaf base in the presence of 20 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Somatic embryos developed upon reducing 2,4-D to 3 mg/l.     

壳寡糖对旱薄地花生叶片衰老及产量和品质的影响

在旱薄地条件下,以小花生品种‘花育20号’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育22号’(HY22)为实验材料,研究叶面喷施不同浓度壳寡糖[0mg·kg-1(T0)、50mg·kg-1(T1)、100mg·kg-1(T2)、200mg·kg-1(T3)]对叶片衰老、荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明:(1)壳寡糖处理均显著提高了旱薄地花生饱果期叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了MDA含量,并显著提高了2个品种的单株结果数、饱果率和荚果产量。(2)壳寡糖处理降低了HY20的籽仁蛋白质含量却提高了其脂肪含量,但提高了HY22的籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,且T1处理对HY20的油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值提高幅度较大,而T2处理对HY22的O/L值提高幅度较大。研究认为,在生产实际中用50mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育20号’(HY20)、用100mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育22号’(HY22)时,2个品种的籽仁产量、蛋白质和脂肪产量均最高,可达到花生生产的高产优质高效。     

广东花生主要品种对黑腐病菌的抗性水平鉴定

【背景】寄生帚梗柱孢霉是花生黑腐病的病原菌,被我国列为重要的进境植物检疫性有害生物。该病菌2009年已入侵我国广东,造成花生植株基部腐烂而死亡,严重威胁花生生产安全。筛选与种植抗病品种是防控该病害的重要措施。【方法】收集广东推广种植的15个主要花生品种,通过人工接种方法,鉴定这些品种对花生黑腐病菌的抗性水平。【结果】15个供试花生品种中,湛红2号、湛油62等2个品种表现为抗病;湛油75、湛油82、粤油390、粤油410、仲恺花44、仲恺花99、汕油诱1号等7个品种表现为中抗;花育33号、汕油523、汕油辐1号、粤油18、湛油53等5个品种表现为感病;仲恺花332表现为高感。【结论与意义】目前广东生产上推广种植的花生品种多数对黑腐病菌表现为抗病或中抗水平,部分品种表现为感病或高感。该结果可为我省花生品种的推广与布局提供依据。     

花生铝响应类受体蛋白激酶AhPRK4的原核表达分析

花粉类受体蛋白激酶(pollen receptor-like protein kinase,PRK)是一类富含LRR结构域的类受体蛋白激酶,不仅在花粉发育和植物受精中发挥作用,也在胁迫响应中发挥作用。基于对前期花生根尖铝胁迫转录组数据的分析,我们发现了在转录水平响应铝胁迫的花粉类受体蛋白激酶基因AhPRK4,为探究AhPRK4在花生铝胁迫中的功能,该文进一步分析了铝胁迫处理下AhPRK4在花生耐铝品种‘99-1507''和铝敏感品种‘中花2号''(‘ZH2'')根尖中的转录变化,通过序列分析、进化树构建等分析了AhPRK4蛋白的结构特点和亲缘关系,克隆了AhPRK4的胞内域序列(AhPRK4-CD),并通过原核表达和体外磷酸化体系分析了AhPRK4-CD的自磷酸化活性。结果表明:(1)不同铝处理时间及不同铝浓度处理后,AhPRK4的转录水平上调,显著响应铝处理,是铝诱导基因;(2)AhPRK4含有673个氨基酸,属于LRR-III蛋白激酶家族成员,具跨膜域和信号肽,且预测具有磷酸化活性位点;(3)体外诱导表达出约71 kD的可溶性蛋白(GST-AhPRK4-CD),经凝胶亲和层析纯化,得到基于蛋白印迹实验(Western Blot)验证正确的重组蛋白,重组蛋白可发生磷酸化修饰,但无明显的自磷酸化现象。综上认为,AhPRK4是一个铝胁迫应答基因,参与花生铝胁迫早期应答机制,且能发生磷酸化修饰。     

Localization of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) root lectin (PRA II) on root surface and its biological significance

The glucose-specific peanut root lectin, PRA II, is localized on the surface of 7-day-old peanut seedling root and in root cortical parenchymatous cells. The lectin is eluted from intact roots upon washing with buffer containing glucose. Rabbit erythrocytes bind to the root surface and the cortical cells; the binding is inhibited by antibodies raised against PRA II, peanut-specificRhizobium cells and by glucose. Lipopolysaccharides isolated from host-specificRhizobium strain inhibit the haemagglutinating activity of PRA II and are precipitated by the lectin. Our results suggest that PRA II might be involved in recognition ofRhizobium by peanut roots.     

Expression, Purification and Characterization of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Agglutinin (PNA) from Baculovirus Infected Insect Cells

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed lectin, PNA is widely used to identify tumor specific antigen (T-antigen), Gal1-3GalNAc on the eukaryotic cell surface. The functional amino acid coding region of a cDNA clone, pBSH-PN was PCR amplified and cloned downstream of the polyhedrin promoter in the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) based transfer vector pVL1393. Co-transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9) with the transfer vector, pAcPNA and AcRP6 (a recombinant AcNPV having B-gal downstream of the polyhedrin promoter) DNAs produced a recombinant virus, AcPNA which expresses PNA. Infection of suspension culture of Sf9 cells with plaque purified AcPNA produced as much as 9.8 mg PNA per liter (2.0 × 10⁶ cells/ml) of serum-free medium. Intracellularly expressed protein (re-PNA) was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography using ECD-Sepharose. Polyclonal antibodies against natural PNA (n-PNA) cross-reacted with re-PNA. The subunit molecular weight (30kDa), hemagglutination activity, and carbohydrate specificity of re-PNA were found to be identical to that of n-PNA, thus confirming the abundant production of a functionally active protein in the baculovirus expression system.