香樟叶化学成分的研究

采用硅胶色谱柱层析、聚酰胺色谱柱层析、制备薄层色谱及其它分离手段从香樟叶(Cinnamomum camphora Leaves)70%乙醇提取中分离得到9个化合物,根据化合物理化性质和波谱数据分别鉴定为:邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(1)、l-细辛脂素(2)、(8R,8'R)-3,3',4,4'-四甲氧基-9-氧代-8-8',9-O-9'-木脂素(3)、槲皮素-3-Ο-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、山奈酚-3-O-β-芸香糖苷(5)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(6)、槲皮素3-Ο-α-L-鼠李糖苷(7)、芦丁(8)、异鼠李素-3-O-β-芸香糖苷(9)。其中化合物1,2,6和9为首次从该种植物叶中分离得到。     

杜仲皮中木脂素类化学成分及其对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞保护作用研究

研究杜仲皮中的木脂素类化学成分,并评价其对高糖诱导的人肾小球系膜细胞的保护作用。将杜仲树皮粉碎后,纯化水提取,采用HPD-100大孔吸附树脂、硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离,根据理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构,从杜仲皮水提物中分离鉴定了6个木脂素类化合物,包括caruilignan D(1)、(-)-表松脂素(2)、(+)-松脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、(-)-松脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、(+)-中脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)和(+)-中脂素4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6),化合物1为首次从杜仲中分离得到。在高糖诱导异常增殖的肾小球系膜细胞模型中,采用MTT法检测木脂素类化合物干预后的细胞活力。化合物5能剂量依赖性地抑制细胞增殖,对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞具有保护活性。     

地枇杷的化学成分及抗氧化活性研究CSCD

本文对土家族民间药材地枇杷进行化学成分及抗氧化活性研究。运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、大孔树脂柱色谱结合半制备高效液相色谱等手段对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,利用核磁共振波谱、质谱等方法对化合物进行结构鉴定,分离得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为高山金莲花素(1)、(+)-儿茶素(2)、异紫花前胡苷(3)、补骨脂素(4)、佛手柑内酯(5)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、异落叶松脂素-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、ssioriside(9)、华中冬青素(10)、异落叶松脂素(11)、(7R,8S)-3,5′-二甲氧基-4′,7-环氧-8,3′-新木脂烷-5,9,9′-三醇(12)、6,7-二甲氧基-4-羟基-1-萘甲酸(13)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯(14)、bluemenol A(15)、3,3′,4,4′-四羟基联苯(16)、绿原酸乙酯(17)。化合物1~4、6~17为首次从该植物中分离得到。使用DPPH自由基清除率、总抗氧化能力、超氧阴离子清除能力三个指标来测定17个化合物的抗氧化活性。结果显示木脂素类化合物9、10,多酚类化合物13、14、16具有良好的DPPH自由基清除能力及总抗氧化能力,表现出的抗氧化活性与同浓度抗坏血酸活性相当。     

大叶桃花心木树皮化学成分研究

为了解大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla)树皮的化学成分,采用硅胶、凝胶、制备液相等手段分离、纯化,从其树皮提取物中分离得到9个化合物。根据理化性质及波谱数据,鉴定化合物结构分别为香草酸(1)、东莨菪素(2)、大黄素甲醚(3)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、(+)-儿茶素(5)、5′-甲氧基异落叶松脂素-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(6)、南烛木树脂酚-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、豆甾醇(8)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)。除化合物5外,其余化合物为首次从该植物中分离。细胞毒活性试验表明化合物均无显著的细胞毒活性。     

碎米花杜鹃根的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等手段从碎米花杜鹃Rhododendron spiciferum根中分离得到15个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据分别鉴定为(-)-南烛木树脂酚(1)、(+)-环合橄榄树脂素(2)、(-)-南烛木树脂酚-9-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷(3)、(-)-南烛木树脂酚-9-O-β-D-木吡喃糖苷(4)、3,5,7-三羟基色原酮-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(5)、3,5,7-三羟基色原酮-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖苷(6)、柚皮素(7)、圣草酚(8)、紫杉叶素(9)、儿茶素(10)、紫杉叶素-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖苷(11)、黄杞苷(12)、紫杉叶素-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷(13)、蒲公英赛醇(14)、蒲公英赛醇乙酸酯(15)。其中化合物1~6、8、9、13~15为首次从该植物中分得。     

马槟榔果实的化学成分研究（英文）

采用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20等分离方法,对马槟榔Capparis masaikai果实的化学成分进行分离纯化,依据理化性质及波谱数据分析进行结构鉴定,从中分离鉴定了10个单体化合物,分别为:杜仲树脂酚(1)、erythro-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4'-sinapyl ether(2)、hedyotol C(3)、hedyotisol A(4)、hedyotisol B(5)、ozoroalide(6)、5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxyergosta-22-ene-7-one(7)、松柏醛(8)、3-羟基-5-(对羟基苯基)戊酸(9)、β-hydroxypropiovanillone(10)。分离得到的化合物结构类型包括木脂素、大环内酯、甾醇及酚类。化合物1~10为首次从该植物中分离,其中1~7为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

海芒果叶中三萜类成分的研究

采用多种柱色谱等分离纯化手段对海芒果叶中的三萜类成分进行分离,得到7个化合物,通过理化性质和波谱方法鉴定化合物为熊果醇(1),(23Z)-9,19-cycloart-25-ene-3β,24-diol(2),大戟醇(3),乌苏酸(4),2α-羟基乌苏酸(5),乙酰乌苏酸(6),α-香树脂醇(7)。化合物1～6均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

草鞋木的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephades LH-20、RP-18等色谱技术,对草鞋木(Macaranga henryi)枝条中的化学成分进行了研究,共分离得到8个化合物,通过NMR、MS等波谱学技术将其结构分别鉴定为:12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(1),trigowiin A(2),daturadiol(3),山楂酸甲酯(4),3β-羟基豆甾-5-烯-7-酮(5),3β-羟基豆甾-5,22-二烯-7-酮(6),豆甾-3,5-二烯-7-酮(7),丁香脂素(8)。化合物5为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

头序瓜馥木化学成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及制备型高效液相等色谱方法对番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物头序瓜馥木Fissistigma retusum枝叶中的化学成分进行了系统研究,从其枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了12个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质及其波谱学数据将它们分别鉴定为:原儿茶酸乙酯(1)、(S)-甲氧基-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟苯基)乙二醇(2)、2-顺式-4-反式-脱落酸(3)、山萘酚-3-O-а-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4)、柚皮素(5)、香树素(6)、圣草酚(7)、(2R,3S)-5,7,3'-三甲氧基表儿茶素(8)、5,6,8-三甲氧基-7-羟基二氢黄酮(9)、丁香脂素(10)、epiyangambin(11)、seartemin(12)。其中化合物1和2为2个酚酸类化合物,3和4为2个萜类化合物,5~9为5个黄酮类化合物,化合物10~12为3个木脂素类化合物,化合物1~12为首次从番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物中分离得到。     

血满草化学成分研究

从傣药血满草(Sambucus adnata Wall)干燥全草的甲醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物,通过分析核磁共振波谱数据及理化性质分别鉴定为7个五环三萜:熊果酸(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、α-香树脂醇(3)、13β-羟基-11-烯-熊果酸(4)、28-羟基-α-香树脂醇(5)、2α,23-二羟基-熊果酸(6)、2α,3α,23-三羟基-熊果酸(7),1个木脂素:4-O-甲基雪松素(8)和1个甾醇苷:β-胡萝卜苷(9)。其中化合物4～9为首次从血满草中分离得到。     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

scabrous Modifies Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Extends the Range of Lateral Signalling during Development of the Spaced Bristle Pattern in Drosophila

The role of scabrous (sca) in the evenly spaced bristle pattern of Drosophila is explored. Loss-of-function of sca results in development of an excess of bristles. Segregation of alternately spaced bristle precursors and epidermal cells from a group of equipotential cells relies on lateral inhibition mediated by Notch and Delta (Dl). In this process, presumptive bristle precursors inhibit the neural fate of neighbouring cells, causing them to adopt the epidermal fate. We show that Dl, a membrane-bound ligand for Notch, can inhibit adjacent cells, in direct contact with the precursor, in the absence of Sca. In contrast, inhibition of cells not adjacent to the precursor requires, in addition, Sca, a secreted molecule with a fibrinogen-related domain. Over-expression of Sca in a wild-type background, leads to increased spacing between bristles, suggesting that the range of signalling has been increased. scabrous acts nonautonomously, and we present evidence that, during bristle precursor segregation, Sca is required to maintain the normal adhesive properties of epithelial cells. The possible effects of such changes on the range of signalling are discussed. We also show that the sensory organ precursors extend numerous fine cytoplasmic extensions bearing Dl molecules, and speculate on a possible role for these structures during signalling.     

中国异极衣科地衣二新记录种

该文综合运用形态学、解剖学和化学等方法对山东大型地衣进行分类研究,发现了两个中国新记录种,即德氏蜂窝衣(Heppia despreauxii)和多孢小极衣(Lichinella myriospora)。德氏蜂窝衣隶属于蜂窝衣属(Heppia),生于光线充足且裸露的土壤上,主要识别特征为下皮层缺失、子实层IKI+蓝色;多孢小极衣隶属于小极衣属(Lichinella),生于干燥的钙质岩石上,主要识别特征为其子实层IKI+酒红色变为蓝色。该文对这两个中国新记录种进行了详细描述,与近似物种进行了对比讨论,并且提供了其地衣体、子囊盘及其解剖特征图片。同时,该文还补充报道了白棋盘蜂窝衣(Heppia solorinoides)的有性繁殖结构特征和数据。蜂窝衣属和小极衣属均为山东新记录属。以上研究结果为中国异极衣科(Lichinaceae)地衣研究提供基础资料。     

中国兰科二新记录种

兰科植物资源调查是掌握地区兰科本底资料的基础,对研究兰科植物的地理分布和资源多样性具有重要意义。该文报道了分别产自中国西藏自治区墨脱县和巴宜区的石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum Thou.)中国分布新记录种——尼泊尔大苞兰(B.raskotii J.J.Verm.,Schuit.&de Vogel)和曲唇兰属[Panisea(Lindl.)Steud.]中国分布新记录种——林芝曲唇兰(P.panchaseensis Subedi)。此二新记录种均生长在海拔约2000 m的常绿阔叶林中的树干或岩壁上。此外,还提供了二新记录种的形态特征描述和彩色图片等信息,并附有国产曲唇兰属的分种检索表。该研究结果扩充了我国兰科植物的记录,为我国兰科植物多样性和保护研究提供了新资料。     

藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsis horridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1 min+3%H2O25 min,最适浸种时间为24 h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12 h/黑暗12 h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2) GA_3100～600 mg·L~(-1)和NAA 5～30 mg·L~(-1)可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3) 6-BA 5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15 mg·L~(-1)则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500 mg·L~(-1)浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67 d、11.67 d。     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

Essential amino acids of starch synthase IIa differentiate amylopectin structure and starch quality between <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">indica</Emphasis> rice varieties

Four amino acids were variable between the ‘active’ indica-type and ‘inactive’ japonica-type soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) of rice plants; Glu-88 and Gly-604 in SSIIa of indica-cultivars IR36 and Kasalath were replaced by Asp-88 and Ser-604, respectively, in both japonica cultivars Nipponbare and Kinmaze SSIIa, whereas Val-737 and Leu-781 in indica SSIIa were replaced by Met-737 in cv. Nipponbare and Phe-781 in cv. Kinmaze SSIIa, respectively. The SSIIa gene fragments shuffling experiments revealed that Val-737 and Leu-781 are essential not only for the optimal SSIIa activity, but also for the capacity to synthesize indica-type amylopectin. Surprisingly, however, a combination of Phe-781 and Gly-604 could restore about 44% of the SSIIa activity provided that Val-737 was conserved. The introduction of the ‘active’ indica-type SSIIa gene enabled the japonica-type cv. Kinmaze to synthesize indica-type amylopectin. The starch in the transformed japonica rice plants exhibited gelatinization-resistant properties that are characteristic of indica-rice starch. Transformed lines expressing different levels of the IR36 SSIIa protein produced a variety of starches with amylopectin chain-length distribution patterns that correlated well with their onset temperatures of gelatinization. The present study confirmed that the SSIIa activity determines the type of amylopectin structure of rice starch to be either the typical indica-type or japonica-type, by playing a specific role in the synthesis of the long B₁ chains by elongating short A and B₁ chains, notwithstanding the presence of functional two additional SSII genes, a single SSI gene, two SSIII genes, and two SSIV genes in rice plants.     

不同光质对白及组培苗生长及光合特性的影响

白及的自然繁殖率极低,组培育苗是其种苗繁殖的主要方式之一。为探索提高白及组培育苗质量及缩短育苗周期的高效人工光环境,该文以紫花白及(Bletilla striata)为试验材料,研究LED光质对白及组培苗的生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:提高红蓝光组合中的蓝光占比,有利于促进白及组培苗的生长和生物量的积累,而白及的球茎大小与红光的占比呈正相关;在红蓝组光合中增加25%的绿光(2R1B1G),可显著提高白及叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进组培苗根系和叶片的生长。综上结果表明,2R1B1G处理下的白及组培苗株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和根系发育均表现出最佳优势,2R1B1G处理的LED光谱可推荐作为白及组培育苗的光质配方。     

荨麻科三新种

该文描述了荨麻科三新种:(1)自中国重庆市发现的荨麻科荨麻属一新种,城口荨麻。此种与异株荨麻有亲缘关系,区别特征为此种的茎被少数刺毛,叶片多为心形,雄、雌花序均不分枝,瘦果在中央稍凹陷。(2)自中国广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3~4枚花被片,其中1~2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。(3)自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。     

茉莉酸甲酯对广藿香JA信号转导途径及倍半萜合成途径关键基因表达的影响

分析外源性茉莉酸甲酯对广藿香JA信号转导途径关键基因JAZ2、MYC2、COI1及倍半萜合成途径关键基因PTS、FPPS、SQLE表达的影响,为深入研究茉莉酸甲酯调控广藿香JA信号转导途径及倍半萜合成途径的分子机制奠定基础。该文分别用0.10和0.25 mmol·L~(-1)的MeJA喷施广藿香叶片,于处理后的0、2、6、12、24、48、72 h摘取叶片,运用实时荧光定量PCR对JAZ2、MYC2、COI1、PTS、FPPS、SQLE基因的表达量进行检测。结果表明:0.10和0.25 mmol·L~(-1)的MeJA对广藿香JA信号转导途径JAZ2、MYC2、COI1及倍半萜合成途径PTS、FPPS、SQLE基因表达均有不同程度的促进作用,其中对JAZ2基因表达影响最显著。0.10mmol·L~(-1)MeJA溶液处理2 h时,JAZ2表达量上调13.52倍; 0.25 mmol·L~(-1)MeJA溶液处理48 h时,JAZ2表达量上调19.09倍。JA信号转导途径关键基因JAZ2与倍半萜合成途径关键基因FPPS存在极显著正相关关系。综上结果表明MeJA溶液可诱导广藿香JAZ2、MYC2、COI1、PTS、FPPS、SQLE基因的表达,且不同浓度MeJA对基因表达有着不一样的影响; JAZ2是JA信号转导途径里响应MeJA诱导的主要基因,其可激活倍半萜合成途径FPPS基因的协同表达,进而影响广藿香醇等倍半萜合成。