英德野生茶树叶片表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解英德野生茶树的叶片表型性状的遗传多样性及进化特点,对英德89份野生茶树资源的表型性状的变异系数、遗传多样性指数、表型分化系数进行分析。结果表明,89份资源的18项叶片性状的变异系数为12.90%～43.11%,平均27.86%;平均遗传多样性指数为1.12,表型分化系数为17.07%～45.51%,平均33.40%。聚类分析结果表明,当欧氏距离为21.5时,所有材料可分为4大类,分类结果与地域分布有一定相关性。巢氏方差分析表明,在不同种群间和种群内,数量性状均有极显著差异。相关性分析表明,叶长与叶宽、叶面积、叶脉对数、叶长宽比、叶形呈极显著相关;叶形与叶长宽比、叶脉对数之间呈极显著相关;叶基与叶宽之间呈极显著相关;叶长宽比与叶尖、着生状态呈极显著负相关。因此,英德野生茶树资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,茶树种质资源类型原始型、进化型以及中间类型并存,但以中间类型和进化型为主。     

早实核桃叶片性状遗传规律研究

为了探索核桃叶片性状的遗传规律,为杂交后代性状早期选择提供依据,以2个正反交组合374个杂交单株7年生实生树为试材,测定了各正反交单株的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶形指数和比叶重等。结果表明:各性状的变异系数均在6%以上,比叶重的变异系数最高,在15%以上;叶形指数的遗传传递力在4个杂交组合中均大于100%;叶宽和叶形指数较其他3个性状的广义遗传力高,均在79%以上;叶面积的次数分布呈连续性变异,不同杂交组合正反交后代叶面积大小的分布主要集中在55~60 cm2,小叶型、中间型和大叶型植株在杂交后代群体中所占比率分别为13%~15%、74%~80%和10%以下;在绿岭、辽宁1号的正反交组合中,叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶形指数和比叶重分别为12.52 cm、6.72 cm、55.27 cm2、1.88、53.18 g/m2和12.86 cm、6.71 cm、56.43 cm2、1.91、59.09 g/m2,反交后代的叶面积和比叶重2个性状均极显著大于正交后代;在绿岭、绿早的正反交组合中,各性状的值分别为12.63 cm、6.73 cm、57.25 cm2、1.94、63.54 g/m2和12.58 cm、6.80 cm、57.59 cm2、1.88、62.28 g/m2,正反交的叶长、叶宽、叶面积和比叶重性状均没有显著差异,正交后代的叶形指数显著大于反交后代。     

麻羊三项质量性状的遗传规律

麻羊是我国一种体型较大,肉、乳、皮兼用的优良山羊品种。主要分布于成都平原西部及邻近的山区,又称成都麻羊。过去多数资料报道,无论公羊、母羊均有角,背部有“十字架”纹(即背线有条黑色毛带,在鬐甲部黑毛向臂部延伸     

麻羊三项质量性状的遗传规律

麻羊是我国一种体型较大,肉、乳、皮兼用的优良山羊品种。主要分布于成都平原西部及邻近的山区,又称成都麻羊。过去多数资料报道,无论公羊、母羊均有角,背部有“十字架”纹（即背线有条黑色毛带,在髻甲部黑毛向臂部延伸直到蹄,形成一黑色“十字架”）。但也有资料指出,部份麻羊无角,有铃（肉垂）,无“十字架”纹（背线有黑色毛带,但臂部无黑毛）     

南亚热带不同演替阶段森林优势树种叶片构建成本与机械抗性的协同关系

为探究不同演替阶段森林优势种叶片资源获取策略的差异以及叶片构建成本与机械抗性的关系,对我国南亚热带不同演替阶段森林14优势种的叶片构建成本、机械抗性、角质层厚度和比叶重等结构性状进行测定。结果表明,与演替早期相比,演替晚期优势种具有更高的单位面积叶片构建成本、叶片撕裂力以及穿透力,但其叶片最大光合速率较低;同时,单位面积叶片构建成本与机械抗性呈显著正相关关系,而叶片角质层厚度、比叶重等结构性状也与叶片构建成本、机械抗性均呈显著正相关。因此,从叶片能量投资策略上反映了南亚热带森林演替进程中叶片构建成本与机械抗性的协同关系。     

宁乡猪数量性状遗传规律的研究

数量性状遗传参数有其相对稳定的一面;但可因样本含量不同及估测方法不同而有很大差异。表型参数也可受环境条件、样本含量等因素影响而有变化。本文根据扩大了的样本含量和改进了的方法;对宁乡猪生长发育性状的遗传规律进行了研究。     

混交比例对桉树-乡土树种混交林优势树种叶片资源获取性状的影响

桉树-乡土树种混交林在提高林分生产力和生态系统功能等方面具有较大潜力。该研究以南亚热带4种桉树-乡土树种混交林(桉树与乡土树种混交比例分别为5:5、6:4、7:3、8:2)和桉树纯林为研究对象,研究了3种优势乡土树种华润楠(Machilus chinensis)、阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)和速生树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)的叶片生理、结构和化学性状在不同比例混交林中的差异。结果表明,4优势造林树种的叶片性状存在明显的种间差异,其中灰木莲的比叶面积(SLA)、光合磷利用效率(PPUE)、单位质量叶片最大光合速率(A_mass)和蒸腾速率(T_mass)以及叶片养分含量最高,说明灰木莲采取资源获取型的生态策略;尾叶桉的SLA、A_mass、T_mass及叶片养分含量最低,但具有最高的PPUE,说明尾叶桉兼顾了资源获取型和保守型的物种特征。灰木莲与尾叶桉在SLA、A_mass、T_mass     

宁乡猪数量性状遗传规律的研究 Ⅱ.肥育与胴体性状

肥育与胴体性状的遗传规律,国外报道较多,国内近几年对福州黑猪、枫泾猪等也有报道。作者根据近几年资料,对宁乡猪肥育与胴体性状的遗传规律作出初步估测。 材料与方法 (一)研究材料 参数估测数据取自宁乡猪群体继代选育1977—1982年肥育试验资料,其间肥育猪饲养     

水稻主要经济性状遗传规律的初步研究

我国群众性的水稻杂交育种和杂种优势利用科学实验积累了丰富的经验。为了进一步提高杂交育种的效果和更好地开展水稻杂优利用。我们于1975—1977年开展了本项试验研究。 本试验选取了矮脚南特、矮仔占、低脚乌尖等具“矮因”的水稻品种作为亲本,与其他亲本进行了多对组合杂交,并在矮脚南特×杜子籼、矮仔占×脱脱普、2150×小傢伙     

DNA指纹图带与鸡的蛋重性状的遗传相关分析

用蛋重大的和蛋重小的北京白鸡做亲本交配获得F1代个体,再用F1代个体交配得125只F2代个体。以人源小卫星DNA33.6做探针以上述125只鸡进行D NA指纹分析,发现其中有两条指纹图带与蛋重性状有关,经简单线型相关分析表明,这两条图带(D6.2和D6.3)的出现频率与蛋重的相关系数分别为-0.80和-0.81。Abstract:Beijing White Chickens laying larger eggs and those laying smaller eggs were used as parental individuals for mating to produce the F1 progeny and then the F1 progeny individuals were mated to produce 125 individuals of the F2 progeny.Two bands associated with the egg weight trait were identified by DNA fingerprints of the 125 individuals generated with human minisatellite probe 33.6.The simple linear correlation analysis showed that the coefficients of correlation between frequencies of the two bands(D6.2 and D6.3)and egg weights are –0.8 and –0.81.     

Loquat fruit size is increased through the thinning effect of naphthaleneacetic acid

The thinning effect of naphthaleneaceticacid was examined in loquat trees (Eriobotryajaponica Lindl.). The effect depended on theconcentration applied and on the treatment date. Themost effective treatment found to thin fruit andincrease the average fruit size was the application of20 mg l^–1 of naphthaleneacetic acid 10–15 daysafter anthesis. Treatment reduced the fruit resistanceto puncturing and improved total soluble solidsconcentration and coloration and, consequently,harvest time was markedly advanced.     

低温对枇杷苗叶片与根尖的生理状况及超微结构的影响

为探讨枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)苗对低温伤害的响应,采用人工降温的方法,研究了‘解放钟’实生枇杷苗在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞与根细胞超微结构的变化,同时测定叶片褐变率、根系活力和细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)。结果表明,轻度低温(0℃)胁迫12h,根系活力下降26.09%,叶片褐变率仅升高17.15%,根系PMP值持续升高而叶片呈下降趋势。电镜下观察,根细胞和叶肉细胞均有明显线粒体增加现象。0℃胁迫36 h根细胞发生胞间结冰,液泡消失、线粒体膨大变形、双层膜消失、嵴消失、细胞壁结构损伤,而叶肉细胞仅表现叶绿体破坏、淀粉粒变小,线粒体完整。重度低温(–3℃、–5℃)胁迫下,根细胞和叶肉细胞均发生细胞内结冰,且低温对根细胞的破坏程度明显高于叶肉细胞,根细胞比叶细胞发生细胞结冰的时间更早,受害更严重。这表明根细胞比叶肉细胞对低温更敏感,因此,在低温来临前对枇杷地下部采取保温措施,对缓解地上部低温伤害具有积极作用。     

桉树及其杂交种叶片形态的遗传变异特征

为了解桉树重要性状在杂交种亲本、子代间的遗传变异规律,以尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)为母本、粗皮桉(E. pellita)和细叶桉(E. tereticornis)为父本、8个全同胞杂交子代为材料,对亲本和子代的叶片形态性状进行了分析。结果表明,亲缘关系近的尾叶桉和粗皮桉的叶片性状大多无显著差异;但他们与亲缘关系远的细叶桉间的差异显著;尾粗桉与父母本间的性状无显著差异或仅与母本差异显著,属偏父本型;尾细桉与双亲间的多数性状都差异显著,且多偏向于母本。在树种内的家系间或个体间,叶片数量性状差异显著,而质量性状仅叶面革质厚度、叶面朝向差异显著;杂交种家系部分性状有超亲现象,且尾细桉家系超亲频率显著高于尾粗桉。叶长、叶长宽比、形状因子、叶色、叶面革质是区别叶片形态特征的决定性状。     

Crossing-experiments between Japanese populations of three hydrozoans symbiotic with bivalves

Crossing-experiments were made between 3 nominal species of hydrozoan medusae whose polyps are symbiotic with bivalves. Samples were collected from 17 populations at 15 Japanese localities. Eutima japonica and Eucheilota intermedia readily hybridized but crosses of either with Eugymnanthea inquilina japonica were almost always unsuccessful. Inference is drawn of close kinship between the first 2 species, and of only distant relationship between either of these and the last.     

The differential effect of Eriobotrya japonica hydrophilic leaf extract on cytokines production and modulation

Stimulating or modulating the release of cytokines by immunomodulators or immunostimulating agents is an attractive mode for treating several diseases such as viral infections. For instance, patients with viral infections may be in need of increasing or inducing T helper 1 (Th1) or proinflammatory cytokines, which ultimately activate T cytotoxic and Natural killer lymphocytes to kill virally infected cells. Of these agents, we found that Eriobotrya japonica hydrophilic leaf extract (EJHE) can induce and modulate cytokines in dose-dependent manner. Twenty-four hour exposure of increasing concentrations of EJHE increased significantly (p < 0.001) the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, from PHA+LPS-stimulated whole blood. However, the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α plateaued at high EJHE concentrations (10–100 μg/ml). No significant changes in the production of IL-10 were seen. In addition, EJHE at 1 and 10 μg/ml reversed significantly (p < 0.01) the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the IL-12 p70, IFN-γ and TNF-α production from PHAS+LPS stimulated whole blood. Without PHA and LPS, EJHE was found to induce significantly (p < 0.001) IFN-γ, IL-12 p70, TNF-α, and IL-10 from whole blood culture in concentration dependent manner. The maximum induction of IFN-γ, IL-12 p70, and TNF-α by EJHE was at 1 and 10 μg/ml. On the other hand, IL-10 induction kept increasing even at the highest concentration used (100 μg/ml) of EJHE. Furthermore, intra-peritoneal injection of EJHE into mice increased significantly serum cytokines level mainly at 10 and 100 μg/ml. Two-hour post i.p. injection, EJHE increased serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 to 750, 1000, and 250 pg/ml, respectively. However, 24 h post i.p. injection, the levels of TNF-α, and IL-10 were similar to basal levels but IFN-γ levels were 200 pg/ml. These results indicate that EJHE induces proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines in concentration dependent manner and the effect of this induction should be studied further in viral models to check the efficacy of such cytokine induction.     

In silico discovery of acylated flavonol monorhamnosides from Eriobotrya japonica as natural, small-molecular weight inhibitors of XIAP BIR3

Targeting the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins repeat (BIR) 3 of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (XIAP) represents an innovative strategy for the design of chemosensitizers. Acylated flavonol monorhamnosides (AFMR) from Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) were virtually predicted as ligands of the XIAP BIR3 domain by using a previously generated pharmacophore model. From the methanol leaf extract of E. japonica an enriched mixture of AFMR was obtained showing chemosensitizing potential in combination with etoposide in XIAP-overexpressing Jurkat cells. The HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenated technique facilitated the structure elucidation of three known and two new natural AFMR. The main constituent and virtual hit, kaempferol-3-O-??-l-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnoside (3) was isolated from the enriched fraction. Applying a fluorescence polarization based binding assay, 3 was identified as XIAP BIR3 ligand with a dose-dependent affinity (IC₅₀ 10.4 ??M). Further, 3 induced apoptosis in XIAP-overexpressing Jurkat cells and activated caspase-9 in combination with etoposide. Docking experiments revealed a major impact of the coumaric acid and sugar moieties of 3 on XIAP BIR3 binding, which was experimentally confirmed. To conclude, this study elucidates 3 as natural, small-molecular weight XIAP BIR3 inhibitor using a combination of in silico and HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenated techniques.     

Expression of the<Emphasis Type="Italic"> lacZ</Emphasis> reporter gene in sporophytes of the seaweed<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Laminaria japonica</Emphasis> (Phaeophyceae) by gametophyte-targeted transformation

The seaweed Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae) has a two-generation life cycle consisting of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Female and/or male gametophytes were transformed using particle bombardment and the histological LacZ assay was performed on sporophytes generated by either parthenogenesis or inbreeding. Female gametophyte-targeted transformation resulted in similar lower efficiencies in both parthenogenetic and zygotic sporophytes, and only a chimeric expression pattern was observed. Male gametophyte-targeted transformation led to a higher efficiency, with 3.5% of the zygotic sporophytes stained completely blue (all-blue), implying the integration of lacZ at the one-cell stage. Polymerase chain reaction analysis using primers specific for a lacZ-vector juncture fragment and subsequent blotting indicated the presence of the introduced gene in the sporophytes. The method reported here has a potential for seaweed transformation using spore-based bombardment followed by the developmental process.Abbreviations DPR Detected positive rate - ER Expression rateCommunicated by F. Sato     

3种无脊椎动物对近江牡蛎Crassostrea ariakensis和熊本牡蛎C. sikamea的捕食研究

捕食是影响牡蛎种群建立和牡蛎礁发育的重要生物因子之一。通过室内受控实验测定了日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）、脉红螺（Rapana venosa）和黄口荔枝螺（Thais luteostoma）对4组规格（W1：壳高10-20mm;W2：壳高20-30mm;W3：壳高30-40mm;W4：壳高>40mm）近江牡蛎（Crassostrea ariakensis）和熊本牡蛎（C.sikamea）的捕食偏好性和捕食效率。双因子方差分析结果表明,日本蟳对2种牡蛎的捕食效率没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,但牡蛎规格大小显著影响着日本蟳的捕食效率（P<0.05）,即日本蟳对W1组近江牡蛎的捕食效率显著高于W2和W4组（P<0.05）,W3组的被捕食效率介于中间（P>0.05）;日本蟳对W1组熊本牡蛎的捕食效率显著高于W2和W3组（P<0.05）,W4组的被捕食效率与其他处理组均没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。牡蛎种类（P=0.590）和规格大小（P=0.357）对脉红螺的捕食效率均无显著性影响,不同规格的两种牡蛎均呈现较低的被捕食效率。黄口荔枝螺对2种牡蛎的捕食效率无显著性差异（P=0.917）,但牡蛎规格大小显著影响其捕食效率（P=0.035）,即对W1组熊本牡蛎捕食效率显著高于其他3个规格组（P<0.05）,但其对不同规格近江牡蛎的捕食效率没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。2种牡蛎的壳厚与其壳高之间均存在极显著的正相关关系（P<0.001）。研究结果表明,3种无脊椎动物捕食者对近江牡蛎和熊本牡蛎并未表现出差异性的捕食偏好,但对不同规格牡蛎的捕食效率具有种间差异。