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Grazing by heterotrophic nanoflagellates on bacteria and phytoplankton was studied in a laboratory experiment, using a natural pelagic community originating from the Tvärminne sea area off the southern coast of Finland. Water was prescreened to remove larger grazers. Four experimental treatments were used: light and dark, with and without added nutrients. The growth of the large heterotrophic flagellates was stimulated by increased production of < 3 m phytoplankton. Clearance rates for heterotrophic nanoflagellates were estimated and were found to be within the range of previously reported values.  相似文献   

3.
Daily integrals of photosynthesis by a cyanobacterial bloom in the Baltic Sea, during the summer of 1993, were calculated from the vertical distributions of light, temperature and the organisms in the water column and from photosynthesis/irradiance curves of picoplanktonic and diazotrophic cyanobacteria isolated from the community. The distribution of chlorophyll a in size-classes <20?µm and >20?µm was monitored over 9 days that included a deep mixing event followed by calm. Picocyanobacteria formed 70% of the cyanobacterial biomass and contributed 56% of the total primary production. Of the filamentous diazotrophs that formed the other 30%, Aphanizomenon contributed 28% and a Nodularia-containing fraction 16% of the primary production. For the whole population there was little change in standardized photosynthetic O2 production, which remained at about 31?mmol?m?2 before and after the mixing event. There were differences, however, between the classes of cyanobacteria: in picocyanobacteria primary production hardly changed, while in Aphanizomenon it increased by 2.6 and in Nodularia it fell below zero. Total phytoplankton photosynthesis was strongly dependent on total daily insolation with the compensation point at a photon insolation of 22.7?mol?m?2?d?1. Similar analyses of N2 fixation showed much less dependence on depth distribution of light and biomass: Aphanizomenon fixed about twice as much N2 as Nodularia their; their fixation exceeded their own N demand by about 12%. Together, these species contributed 49% of the total N demand of the phytoplankton population. Computer models based on the measured light attenuation and photosynthetic coefficients indicate that growth of the cyanobacterial population could occur only in the summer months when the critical depth of the cyanobacteria exceeds the depth of mixing.  相似文献   

4.
Nitrogen fixation was investigated by means of the acetylene reduction method during the development of a water bloom of Nodularia in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea west of the island of Hiddensee and in backwaters showing different degrees of eutrophication. Depending on plankton density, the values found varied greatly. The maximum of nitrogen fixation values found in extremely dense water blooms under special conditions (Baltic Sea, 2250 μg N2/l · h; Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden, 374 μg N2/l · h) are up to 103 times higher than from other parts of the Baltic Sea or from inland waters. The average nitrogenase activity determined for coastal water populations of the Baltic Sea is 2.15 pg N2/heterocyst · h and that of the inmost backwaters 0.77 pg N2/heterocyst · h. The relationship between N2-fixation and nutrient content in water is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
黄小芳  陈蕾  张燕英  凌娟  龙丽娟  张偲  董俊德 《生态学报》2014,34(20):5875-5886
对三亚湾鹿回头与西沙石岛的常见鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)的固氮酶nif H基因多样性进行了分析,并对其共附生固氮微生物多样性进行了比较。利用Taq I和HaeⅢ两种限制性内切酶分别对三亚湾珊瑚的粘液(SYN)、组织(SYZ)和西沙珊瑚组织(XSZ)的阳性克隆子进行聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析,得到了23,25和13个OTUs,文库的覆盖率分别为90.3%,87.5%和94.1%,多样性指数Shannon-Wiener指数(H)分别为2.28,3.02和2.08,Evenness指数(E)分别为0.5,0.65和0.56。研究结果表明:1)3个文库重要组成部分都是绿菌门(Chlorobia)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)α-亚门、γ-亚门、δ-亚门细菌;2)3个文库绝大部分OTUs的最相似序列来自珊瑚礁、海绵、水体、沉积物等环境中的不可培养细菌,反映鹿角杯形珊瑚组织和粘液可能蕴含着丰富的尚未被培养的固氮菌资源;3)发现了两大重要的类群——分别与绿菌门和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)细菌序列最相似的类群,它们通过为珊瑚共生体提供有机氮源参与到珊瑚白化的调节或恢复过程中,在珊瑚共生体营养物质的循环中充当重要角色;4)从多样性指数分析可以看出,SYZ的固氮微生物多样性高于SYN,SYZ的固氮微生物多样性高于XSZ,反映了鹿角杯形珊瑚生活的地理位置不同,固氮菌共附生的生态位不同(如珊瑚粘液、组织等不同部位),都将导致珊瑚共附生固氮菌多样性的差异。  相似文献   

6.
The comb jelly Mertensia ovum, widely distributed in Arctic regions, has recently been discovered in the northern Baltic Sea. We show that M. ovum also exists in the central Baltic but that the population consists solely of small-sized larvae (less than 1.6 mm). Despite the absence of adults, eggs were abundant. Experiments revealed that the larvae were reproductively active. Egg production and anticipated mortality rates suggest a self-sustaining population. This is the first account of a ctenophore population entirely recruiting through larval reproduction (paedogenesis). We hypothesize that early reproduction is favoured over growth to compensate for high predation pressure.  相似文献   

7.
Feeding ecology of central Baltic Sea herring and sprat   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
A unique dataset of stomach contents sampled between 1977 and 1999 in the central Baltic Sea was used to perform a comprehensive study of the feeding ecology of Central Baltic herring Clupea harengus and sprat Sprattus sprattus . Both fish species were mainly preying upon calanoid copepods with Pseudocalanus sp. dominating the diet of herring, whereas sprat generally preferred Temora longicornis . Sprat preyed upon older copepodite stages, indicating size‐selective particulate feeding, whereas herring additionally fed on smaller copepodite stages, indicating occasional low food supply inducing filter‐feeding. Additional food sources other than copepods were mysids in winter and autumn for medium to large herring, as well as cladocerans for sprat in spring and summer, determined by the seasonal occurrence of these plankton species. Seasonally the highest feeding activity of both fishes species occurred in spring and summer, the main reproductive periods of calanoid copepods. The most important food item for both predators in spring was Pseudocalanus sp. In summer sprat switched to T. longicornis and Acartia spp. Since the late 1970s, the total stomach fullness decreased and the fraction of empty stomachs increased. In parallel the amount of Pseudocalanus sp. in the diets of both fish species decreased. Further, a considerable dietary overlap between both species in spring indicated considerable competition for food resources, especially due to an enlarged sprat stock. The results of this study support the hypothesis that growth reductions observed in Baltic herring and sprat are due to combination of a change in food availability and an increase in density‐dependent competition.  相似文献   

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Oxic–anoxic interfaces harbor significant numbers and activity of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, known to oxidize reduced sulfur or nitrogen species. However, measurements of in situ distribution of bulk carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation rates and active autotrophic microorganisms have challenged the common concept that aerobic and denitrifying sulfur oxidizers are the predominant autotrophs in pelagic oxic–anoxic interfaces. Here, we provide a comparative investigation of nutrient, sulfur, and manganese chemistry, microbial biomass distribution, as well as CO2 fixation at the pelagic redoxcline of the eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea. Opposing gradients of oxygen, nitrate, and sulfide approached the detection limits at the chemocline at 204 m water depth. No overlap of oxygen or nitrate with sulfide was observed, whereas particulate manganese was detected down to 220 m. More than 70% of the bulk dark CO2 assimilation, totaling 9.3 mmol C m−2 day−1, was found in the absence of oxygen, nitrite, and nitrate and could not be stimulated by their addition. Maximum fixation rates of up to 1.1 μmol C L−1 day−1 were surprisingly susceptible to altered redox potential or sulfide concentration. These results suggest that novel redox-sensitive pathways of microbial sulfide oxidation could account for a significant fraction of chemolithoautotrophic growth beneath pelagic chemoclines. A mechanism of coupled activity of sulfur-oxidizing and sulfur-reducing microorganisms is proposed.  相似文献   

10.
Physical and chemical conditions, particulate matter and N-uptake were characterized at two sampling sites at the eastern German coast of the Baltic Sea (Pomeranian Bay) over the annual period of 1997 (February–November). The inshore sampling sites (5 m water depth) differed with respect to the potential influences of river run-off and salt water exchange (mean values of salinity: 7.05 and 8.72 PSU), respectively. The mean org-Cdiss/org-Cpart-ratios (4.9 and 12.6) fell in the same order of magnitude (1.0–12.6) as values of neighboring inshore waters, and increasing values reflect an enhancement of the trophic level. Beside differences of nitrogen concentrations (dissolved inorganic nitrogen: 1.8–23.8 and 0.9–9.9 mol l–1), particulate nitrogen (4.30–41.01 and 2.69–9.08 mol l–1) and absolute uptake of N-nutrients (mean sum of NH4 +, urea, NO3 uptake rates: 0.141 and 0.087 mol l–1 h–1), specific uptake of 15N-labelled nutrients (NH4 +, urea, NO3 ) as well as the relationships between the measured variables characterize distinguishable inshore systems. The high variability at the shallow sampling sites prevents, however a simple resolution of the seasonal courses. Light dose could be identified as a potential key in order to describe long-term variations of N-uptake at the station with higher organic matter concentration (station KW), but phytoplankton development is better reflected in the seasonal course of N-uptake at the other station. Specific nitrogen uptake rates (NH4 +: 0.0009–0.0353 h–1, urea: 0.0001–0.0137 h–1, NO3 : 0.000004–0.0009 h–1) and relative nitrogen preferences indicate extraordinary importance of reduced nitrogenous nutrients (NH4 +, urea) at both stations throughout the year.  相似文献   

11.
This study aimed to (1) assess the present depth distribution of Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea and evaluate differences between districts and (2) assess long-term and recent changes in depth distribution and evaluate reasons for such changes. This was done through compilation and analysis of existing data (3356 obs.). Depth limits were shallowest in the Kattegat, the Danish Belts and the Øresund (∼1.5 m on average), located at the entrance of the Baltic Sea and markedly deeper in the central and inner parts of the Baltic (up to ∼4.5 m on average). This increase in depth limits to some extent matched the decline in salinity and may in part be explained by reduced competition when species diversity decreases successively along the Baltic salinity gradient. In the central and inner Baltic Sea, Secchi depths explained part of the variation (16%) in depth limits and the majority (85%) of the variation in maximum attainable depth limits whereas at the entrance of the Baltic Secchi depths explained a negligible part of the variation (∼1%). In most districts, depth limits moved upwards during the 20th century. In many cases this happened during or shortly after the 1960s/1970s, and was most likely due to eutrophication.  相似文献   

12.
This study focused on effects from Monoporeia affinis reworking and ventilation activities on benthic fluxes and mineralization processes during a simulated bloom event. The importance of M. affinis density for benthic solute (O2, ΣNO2 + NO3, NH4+ and HPO42−) fluxes and sediment reactivity (mobilization of NH4+ and HPO42−) following additions of organic material to the sediment surface was experimentally investigated using sediment-water and closed sediment (jar) incubations. Three different densities of M. affinis were used to resemble a low, medium and high density situation (1300, 2500 and 6400 ind. m− 2, respectively) of a natural amphipod community. The degradation of phytodetritus (Tetraselmis sp., 5 g C m− 2) added to the sediment surface was followed over a period of 20 days. Benthic solute fluxes of O2, ΣNO2 + NO3 and NH4+ were generally progressively stimulated with increasing number of M. affinis, while no such correlation was found for HPO42−. Solute fluxes were initially enhanced 1 to 2 days after the addition of phytodetritius, caused by mineralization of the most labile organic material and a food-stimulated irrigation by the amphipods. There was no effect from the activity of M. affinis on total denitrification (Dtot = Dn + Dw) or denitrification utilizing nitrate from coupled nitrification/denitrification (Dn) for any of the densities examined. Denitrification utilizing overlying water nitrate (Dw) was only about 10% of Dtot. Dw was significantly enhanced for the highest M. affinis density investigated. The reactivity of the sediment decreased progressively with increasing density of M. affinis and with time of the experiment. However, enhanced ammonium production at least 6 days after the organic addition indicated excretion of N-containing organic compounds by M. affinis. In conclusion, large spatial and temporal variations in density of M. affinis may be of significant importance for benthic solute fluxes and overall mineralization of organic material in Baltic Sea sediments.  相似文献   

13.
Burkholderia phymatum is a soil bacterium able to develop a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with species of the legume genus Mimosa, and is frequently found associated specifically with Mimosa pudica. The type strain of the species, STM 815T, was isolated from a root nodule in French Guiana in 2000. The strain is an aerobic, motile, non-spore forming, Gram-negative rod, and is a highly competitive strain for nodulation compared to other Mimosa symbionts, as it also nodulates a broad range of other legume genera and species. The 8,676,562 bp genome is composed of two chromosomes (3,479,187 and 2,697,374 bp), a megaplasmid (1,904,893 bp) and a plasmid hosting the symbiotic functions (595,108 bp).  相似文献   

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We studied the vertical structure of the phytoplankton community in two toxic cyanobacterial blooms in the offshore Baltic Sea. In 1994, vertically separated potentially toxic, diazotrophic and mixotrophic species (belonging to Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae) dominated. In 1997, picocyanobacteria, mainly in colonies, made up 40–50% of the total phytoplankton carbon biomass in the top 20 m both day and night. Colony-forming species of picocyanobacteria seem to be occasionally important and hitherto underestimated in the Baltic Sea.We found species-specific depth distribution patterns. Nodularia spumigena and Anabaena spp. were observed mainly above 10 m depth, while Aphanizomenon sp. was mostly found deeper, especially at night. Dinophysis norvegica was only abundant near the seasonal pycnocline and showed very limited diurnal migration. Other flagellates, including small Cryptophyceae and 10 identified Chrysochromulina species, occurred down to 40 m depth. Their vertical migration may help to retrieve nutrients from below the summer pycnocline.We conclude that considerable differences in dominating functional groups may occur between years/bloom stages, and that the vertical distribution pattern of many species is recurring at similar environmental conditions, suggesting species-specific niche-separation.  相似文献   

16.
岩溶洞穴是喀斯特地貌的重要组成部分,由于其长期黑暗、寡营养等极端条件,使其成为研究陆地深部生物圈的天然实验室。尽管近年来对洞穴微生物多样性的研究不断深入,但对洞穴中固氮微生物的认识却相对薄弱。【目的】查明洞穴中固氮微生物群落的特征以及与生物、非生物因子之间的关系。【方法】本文以湖北和尚洞为例,通过对固氮菌功能基因nifH进行高通量测序和多元统计分析,系统研究了洞穴内外3种生境(洞穴上覆土壤、洞内松散沉积物以及风化岩壁)固氮微生物群落的空间分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】结果表明和尚洞不同生境间固氮菌群落α多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),以洞穴上覆土壤α多样性最高,洞穴内沉积物α多样性最低。K+、NO2-和NO3-是驱动和尚洞固氮微生物群落组成的重要因子。和尚洞内固氮菌群落组成和分布具有生境特异性,除慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)在3种生境中相对丰度均较高外,上覆土壤以地杆菌属(Geobacter)占主导,洞穴沉积物以固氮菌属(Azotobacter)占主导,而风化岩壁中地杆菌属(Geobacter)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)以及需盐红螺菌属(...  相似文献   

17.
The oxic-anoxic interface of the water column of the Gotland Basin (central Baltic Sea) is characterised by defined biogeochemical gradients and is hypothesised to be a zone of pronounced denitrification. Our aim was to analyse the composition and distribution of pelagic denitrifying microorganisms in relation to the physico-chemical gradients in the water column. PCR-amplified nirS genes--coding for dissimilatory nitrite reductase--were analysed as functional markers by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and cloning. The overall nirS diversity was low, with the lowest levels found at the oxic-anoxic interface. Only a few terminal restriction fragments dominated the denitrifier communities throughout the water column, and these could be assigned to several new Baltic Sea clusters that were revealed by phylogenetic analysis. The novel clusters were separated in two groups corresponding to the oxygen concentrations within specific layers of the water column. Gradients of prevalent biogeochemical parameters (H(2)S, NH(4) (+), NO(3) (-) and O(2)) largely determined the composition of the nirS-type denitrifier communities within the water column of the Gotland Basin.  相似文献   

18.
The development of a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial bloom was followed during July–August 1990 in a stratified basin in the central Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Hydrography, dissolved inorganic, particulate and total nutrients, chlorophyll a, alkaline phosphatase activity, 32PO4-uptake and phytoplankton species were measured. The study period was characterized by wind-induced mixing events, followed by marked nutrient pulses and plankton community responses. Phosphate uptake was highest throughout the study period in the size fraction dominated by bacteria and picocyanobacteria (< 2 µm) and the proportion of uptake in the size fraction 2–10 µm remained low (2–6%). Higher phosphate turnover times were observed in a community showing signs of enhanced heterotrophic activity. The bloom of filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was promoted by a nutrient pulse with an inorganic nutrient ratio (DIN:DIP) of 15. The results show that the quality, frequency and magnitude of the physically forced nutrient pulses have an important role in determining the relative share of the different modes of phosphorus utilization and hence in determining the cyanobacterial bloom intensity and species composition in the Baltic Sea.  相似文献   

19.
Three water bloom samples were collected in August 1986 from the southern Baltic Sea. Acute toxicity of the samples was determined by mouse bioassay and the toxins were further studied by HPLC. The bloom samples contained equal amounts of cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and were hepatotoxic. Two hepatotoxic Nodularia spumigena strains were isolated from the samples. The isolates produce a toxic peak indistinguishable from the bloom material in the HPLC analysis. The toxicity of the fractions was verified by mouse bioassay. Thus the toxicity of the bloom samples was in all likelihood caused by Nodularia spumigena.  相似文献   

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