崩岗灾害地貌及其环境效应

全面论述了崩岗灾害地貌的分布、发育条件及其带来的环境效应,提出崩岗灾害治理的措施．     

小麦磷素利用效率的品种差异

通过土培盆栽试验,研究了小麦不同品种在低磷水平下生物量、磷浓度、磷素干物质生产效率及磷素籽粒生产效率的差异,以筛选磷高效利用小麦品种.结果表明：分蘖期、拔节期、扬花期和成熟期,供试小麦品种单株生物量的变幅分别为0.46～1.09、0.85～2.10、3.00～7.00和3.85～12.88 g,磷浓度变幅分别为2.21～4.26、2.38～4.42、2.44～4.96和1.30～5.09 mg·g^-1.随生育时期的推进,小麦磷素累积量、磷素干物质生产效率对生物量形成的影响程度呈减小趋势.分蘖期（CV=16.3%）、拔节期（CV=15.0%）、扬花期磷素干物质生产效率（CV=13.3%）和成熟期磷素籽粒生产效率（CV=20.5%）的品种差异较大.CD1158-7和省A3宜03-4具有较高的磷素干物质生产效率和磷素籽粒生产效率,而渝02321较低;不同生育时期高效品种磷浓度极显著低于低效品种,而高效品种CD1158-7和省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量分别是低效品种渝02321的1.98和1.78倍.     

华北地区冬小麦灌溉制度及其环境效应研究进展

充分利用有限的灌溉水资源确保冬小麦安全生产是华北地区冬小麦稳产高产面临的严峻挑战,解决这一问题的关键在于如何基于环境效应科学地进行灌溉管理。综述了国内外有关冬小麦的灌溉管理制度,即充分灌溉与非充分灌溉管理制度以及冬小麦关键灌溉期的环境效应,在此基础上提出了华北地区冬小麦科学灌溉拟重点关注的研究任务:(1)冬小麦生长发育需水时间与需水量的控制机制研究;(2)冬小麦干旱发生发展过程与致灾临界气象条件研究;(3)气候变化背景下极端干旱事件的冬小麦脆弱性诊断与适应性管理,以为华北地区冬小麦安全生产措施制定提供依据。     

《国外畜禽生产新技术》介绍

作为主审人,我有幸提前阅读了由张文灿(主编)等十几位在国外工作的博士(有的已经回国)编写的《国外畜禽生产新技术》一书。使我深受感动的是,尽管他们工作繁忙,但仍不忘祖国经济建设的需要,结合自己的专业和特长,介绍了国外畜禽生产新技术,为祖国畜牧业的发展作出重要贡献。     

城市地表灰尘中重金属的来源、暴露特征及其环境效应

地表灰尘是城市环境重金属的“源”、“汇”载体,与环境质量和人类健康有着密切关系.分析了城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究的意义,综述了国内外城市地表灰尘重金属地球化学行为研究进展,包括地表灰尘重金属来源、暴露特征及其影响因素分析、环境效应等方面.提出应加强时间序列及小尺度微观研究;地理因素对地表灰尘中重金属暴露特征、环境效应的影响机理研究.     

畜禽生产性状主效基因定位技术与方法研究进展

鉴定畜禽重要生产性状形成的关键遗传因子,揭示其产生的分子遗传机制,对动物新品种的培育及特色遗传资源的开发利用具有重要意义。高通量分析技术诞生前,标记数量性状位点(quantitative trait loci,QTL)连锁分析和候选基因分析法作为鉴定畜禽生产性状QTL和主效基因主要方法,但由于其技术局限性,性状因果基因鉴定的效率并不高。人类基因组计划(human genome project, HGP)开启了以大数据为特征的生命科学研究的序幕,在HGP完成后的20余年间,快速发展的高通量分析技术使人们研究生物学问题的思路和方法发生了巨大改变。本综述就近年来被广泛用于畜禽重要性状的候选基因定位的方法与技术进行了较全面的综述,以期为同行提供参考。     

长期施肥黄绵土有效磷含量演变及其与磷素平衡和作物产量的关系

土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量的变化过程及其与土壤磷素平衡和作物产量的关系是科学推荐施磷的基础.本文通过设置于黄土高原黄绵土区持续34年(1981—2015)的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对作物磷素携出量、土壤磷素平衡、土壤Olsen-P含量的影响及其演变过程,同时对土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素平衡和作物籽粒产量的相关关系进行了分析.试验采用裂区设计,主处理为施用有机肥(M)和不施用有机肥,副处理为不施化肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配合施用(NP)和氮磷钾肥配合施用(NPK).结果表明: 不同施肥处理和作物类型对磷素携出量和磷素平衡都有显著影响.CK、N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP 和MNPK处理小麦的磷素携出量多年平均值为8.63、10.64、16.22、16.21、16.25、17.83、20.39、20.27 kg·hm^-2,而油菜为4.40、8.38、15.08、15.71、10.52、11.23、17.96、17.66 kg·hm^-2,小麦的携出量略高于油菜.土壤磷素盈亏量与磷素投入量呈显著正相关,土壤磷素盈余为零,种植小麦的最小土壤磷素投入量为10.47 kg·hm^-2,而油菜为6.97 kg·hm^-2.土壤磷素盈亏量显著影响土壤有效磷的变化过程.长期不施磷的CK和N处理,土壤有效磷含量随试验年限延长而逐渐降低,年均分别降低0.16和0.15 mg·kg^-1,而NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP和MNPK处理土壤有效磷含量随试验年限的延续而逐渐增加,年均增幅在0.02～0.33 mg·kg^-1.土壤磷素累积盈亏量与土壤有效磷含量间存在显著的正相关关系,不施用有机肥和施有机肥处理可分别用线性模型y=0.012x+9.33和y=0.009x+11.72显著拟合.不施有机肥处理小麦籽粒产量与土壤有效磷含量呈显著正相关,而施有机肥处理两者间的相关性不明显,两者的小麦籽粒产量和土壤有效磷含量可以用线性分段模型拟合.小麦土壤有效磷农学阈值为14.99 kg·hm^-2,油菜籽粒产量虽随土壤速效磷含量增加呈增加的趋势,但相关性不显著,表明在黄土高原黄绵土区,当土壤有效磷含量高于14.99 mg·kg^-1时,种植小麦应减少磷肥施用量或不施磷肥.     

快速城市化区域城市热岛及其环境效应研究

以广州为中心的珠江三角洲区域城市化十分迅速,城市热岛对城市生态环境影响极大。城市热岛及其环境效应的研究有利于城市合理规划和可持续发展。利用中尺度模式MM5模拟广州地区的城市热岛效应,模式采用四重嵌套网格,最高水平分辨率为1km。研究通过数值模拟结果与自动气象站观测的气温和ETM+热红外波段反演的地温的对比,表明该方案能准确模拟地表的温度状况和城市热岛的环境效应。研究还表明城市干岛与热岛相伴而生,02时和11时广州热岛强度较小,相对湿度较高,20时热岛强度达到最大,城区相对湿度则最低;因城市热岛的存在,改变了原盛行风向,减弱了风速,且湿地、绿地、河流廊道等景观分割了城市热岛和干岛,增加了其破碎度,调节了城市气候。     

围塘清洁养殖模式的构建及其环境效应

采用陆基围隔方法,构建了单养鱼(F)、鱼+藻(FG)、鱼+藻+沙蚕(FGP)以及鱼+沙蚕(FP)4种养殖模式,试验生物包括菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)、双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)和黑鲷(Sparus macrocephlus),分别对不同养殖模式系统中水体及沉积物的氮、磷等进行跟踪监测,分析其环境效应.结果表明:在4个模式中,放养菊花江蓠1.5kg·m-2、双齿围沙蚕22.5 kg·hm-2的密度下,能够对养殖水体及沉积物起到较好的净化效果,并且能够有效提高黑鲷的收获规格及产量;其中菊花江蓠主要体现在对于水体中DIN和DIP的净化,具藻处理中氮、磷含量均较不具藻处理低(P＜0.05),而具藻处理(FG、FGP)和不具藻处理(F、FP)之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).双齿围沙蚕主要体现在对于沉积物POM的修复,具沙蚕处理的氮、磷含量均低于不具沙蚕处理,这在1～2 cm和2～4 cm 2个层段中特别明显,具沙蚕处理沉积物中总氮、总磷要较不具沙蚕处理分别低7%和9%,两者差异显著(P＜0.05).搭配藻类或沙蚕处理的黑鲷养殖产量都显著高于单养黑鲷处理(P＜0.05),其中FGP处理黑鲷产量比F处理高57%.综合考虑,FGP模式具有最佳的环境效益、产量效益及综合效益.     

陆地生态系统磷素循环及其影响因素

 磷是生命系统的重要组成成分,其在生态系统内的迁移转化是生态系统结构和功能的决定性因素之一。近20年来,磷在陆地生态系统内的重要性受到越来越多的关注。该文总结了国内外磷循环研究的成果,从磷的来源、在土壤中的存在形态和固定特性、影响因素的复杂性等方面分析了磷素循环的特点;系统阐述了磷在陆地生态系统各库之间及其内部,主要是植被-土壤亚系统内的迁移转化规律及影响因素。陆地生态系统磷素循环主要是系统内部的生物化学循环,由植物自身的遗传特性和土壤的生物、理化性质共同控制,不同控制因素的相对重要性因生态系统类型、时间和空间尺度而异。文章简述了磷循环研究方法的发展及存在的局限性;另外,分析了干旱、半干旱地区磷循环研究的重要性和意义;干旱区生态系统的脆弱性及其植被、土壤特性决定了其磷素循环有其自身的特点及研究的必要性。最后指出了当前陆地生态系统磷循环研究的发展趋势。     

动物对环境异质性的响应

介绍了描述环境异质性特征的几个基本概念,即斑状度、颗粒和领域等以及动物响应环境异质性的几种表现形式。     

Correlation between the animal community structure and environmental factors in Jialiang and Boduo caves of Guizhou Province, China

1045 samples collected in Boduo cave belong to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 13 orders, 27 families and 45 species or groups. 469 samples collected in Jialiang cave were subordinated to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 9 orders, 24 families and 52 species or groups. According to the analysis of the community diversity, the communities that have the highest values of richness, diversity, maximum diversity, evenness, dominance and community similarity are D (8.3223), D (3.4677), D (3.8286), D (0.9057), C (0.0404) and D-E (0.6611), respectively. According to the analysis of Pearson correlation, the content of organic matter in soil is strongly positively related to species number, species richness, community diversity and maximum community diversity, and is significantly positively related to the evenness. The content of CO2 in air is opposite to the above result and is negatively related to species number, species richness, community diversity, maximum community diversity and evenness. The results indicate that the contents of organic matter and CO2 are the important factors influencing the community structure of cave animals.     

Ethical considerations and animal welfare in ecological field studies

This paper addresses some of the ethical and welfare considerations implicit in the application of general techniques in common use during the course of collecting data in ecological field work. Even if they are not explicitly constructed as manipulative experiments, many field studies involve some degree of intervention during routine monitoring programmes: through disturbance caused merely by the presence of an observer or where specific sampling techniques themselves involve capture, handling and marking. Such interventive techniques may cause discomfort, distress or loss of fitness, even in the extreme may result in incidental mortality — and the ethical scientist should critically evaluate the implications of each methodology before adopting any procedure. The paper reviews by way of example the types of objective information now available for both small and larger mammals in relation to: (i) distress and mortality during capture operations; (ii) mortality or distress caused at the time by marking; (iii) longer-term consequences of handling and marking in terms of subsequent [delayed] mortality or loss of fitness, before considering a formal framework for assessment of costs and benefits of any given field programme.     

湖北省实验动物设施环境控制中存在的问题

目的分析总结湖北省2012年度实验动物许可单位年检中环境设施的检测结果,找出问题,提出促进湖北省实验动物环境设施可靠运行的建议。方法各实验动物环境设施采用30%区域抽检方式,依据GB14925-2010《实验动物环境及设施》,进行环境指标检测。结果除气流速度、沉降菌最大平均浓度外,其他技术指标均存在不符合国家标准的情况。结论应针对实验动物设施管理加强培训,提高实验动物设施管理人员的管理水平,从而保证实验动物设施的正常运行。     

常用化学絮凝剂的环境效应与生态毒性研究进展

化学混凝法是国内外应用最为广泛的一种水处理方法,因此化学絮凝剂在使用过程中的生态安全性也越来越受到人们的关注.本文对常用的铝盐絮凝剂、铁盐絮凝剂和有机高分子絮凝剂在制备和使用过程中的生态安全性进行了分析,认为铝盐絮凝剂的长期使用会造成水中过高的铝离子残留,其在环境中的迁移转化会造成植物、动物、微生物和人的危害;铁盐絮凝剂在制备过程中可能会引入有害离子,并产生NO2有害气体,铁离子可以促进自由基的产生,导致细胞和组织的损害;聚丙烯酰胺在自然条件下可缓慢降解为剧毒的丙烯酰胺单体.基于国内外化学絮凝剂在生态安全性方面的研究现状,提出了今后絮凝剂应用和研究的方向.     

城市地表灰尘的概念、污染特征与环境效应

城市地表灰尘是重要的非点源污染之一,20世纪70年代就引起了国外学者的注意,研究成果颇丰,国内近年来虽然也取得了一些成果,但一直未能引起学术界的足够重视.本文从非点源污染研究的角度出发,对城市地表灰尘的概念提出了新的认识,并对国内外地表灰尘污染研究的发展阶段、研究现状等进行了系统的阐述与总结,提出了相应的研究重点及方向.城市地表灰尘是环境中污染物质的“源”、“汇”载体,包含特定的环境信息,对区域环境状况具有良好的指示作用.地表灰尘污染的研究应该成为我国城市生态环境研究的一个新的切入点,对城市生态和非点源污染管理有着重要的现实意义.     

Evaluating the survival and environmental fate of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride SC1 in vineyards in northern Italy

Aims:  To study the survival in the soil and the dispersion in the environment of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 after soil applications in a vineyard.
Methods and Results:  Trichoderma atroviride SC1 was introduced into soil in two consecutive years. The levels of T. atroviride populations at different spatial and temporal points following inoculation were assessed by counting the colony-forming units and by a specific quantitative real-time PCR. A high concentration of T. atroviride SC1 was still observed at the 18th week after inoculation. The vertical migration of the fungus to a soil depth of 0·4 m was already noticeable during the first week after inoculation. The fungus spread up to 4 m (horizontally) from the point of inoculation and its concentration decreased with the increasing distance (horizontal and vertical). It was able to colonize the rhizosphere and was also found on grapevine leaves. One year after soil inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 could still be recovered in the treated areas.
Conclusions:  Trichoderma atroviride SC1 survived and dispersed becoming an integrant part of the local microbial community under the tested conditions.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The persistence and rapid spread of T. atroviride SC1 represent good qualities for its future use as biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens.     

Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency

Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen (N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) production. The estimated global amount of N voided by animals ranges between 80 and 130 Tg N per year, and is as large as or larger than the global annual N fertilizer consumption. Cattle (60%), sheep (12%) and pigs (6%) have the largest share in animal manure N production.The conversion of plant N into animal N is on average more efficient in poultry and pork production than in dairy production, which is higher than in beef and sheep production. However, differences within a type of animal production system can be as large as differences between types of animal production systems, due to large effects of the genetic potential of animals, animal feed and management. The management of animals and animal feed, together with the genetic potential of the animals, are key factors to a high efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein.The efficiency of the conversion of N from animal manure, following application to land, into plant protein ranges between 0 and 60%, while the estimated global mean is about 15%. The other 40%- 100% is lost to the wider environment via NH3 volatilization, denitrification, leaching and run-off in pastures or during storage and/or following application of the animal manure to land. On a global scale, only 40%-50% of the amount of N voided is collected in barns, stables and paddocks, and only half of this amount is recycled to crop land. The N losses from animal manure collected in barns, stables and paddocks depend on the animal manure management system. Relative large losses occur in confined animal feeding operations, as these often lack the land base to utilize the N from animal manure effectively.Losses will be relatively low when all manure are collected rapidly in water-tight and covered basins, and when they are subsequently applied to the land in proper amounts and at the proper time, and using the proper method (low-emission techniques).There is opportunity for improving the N conversion in animal production systems by improving the genetic production potential of the herd, the composition of the animal feed, and the management of the animal manure. Coupling of crop and animal production systems, at least at a regional scale, is one way to high N use efficiency in the whole system. Clustering of confined animal production systems with other intensive agricultural production systems on the basis of concepts from industrial ecology with manure processing is another possible way to improve Nuse efficiency.     

Respirofermentative metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis: Ethanol production and the Crabtree effect

Kluyveromyces lactis is a yeast widely used in processes related to milk whey use and lactose fermentation. However, contradictory information about some aspects related to the respirofermentative metabolism of this yeast is found in the literature. We have studied ethanol production and oxygen use in discontinuous and continuous cultures of K. lactis under hypoxic and aerobic conditions. Growth in nonfermentable carbon sources reflects a more efficient respiratory capacity of K. lactis in relation to Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, in both species, similar glucose fermentation levels under aerobic oxygen-limited conditions are found. Continuous K. lactis cultures in fully oxidative conditions show the oxygen and substrate uptake rates typical of a respiration-unlimited Crabtree-negative yeast; however, a small residual fermentation is present even when respiration is not limited. Some aspects of the Crabtree effect in K. lactis are discussed. The impossibility of including K. lactis in any group of the metabolism-based classification from Alexander and Jeffries (1990) has led us to the formulation of a new group which incorporates the peculiarities of this and other related yeasts.     

Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency

Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen (N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) production. The estimated global amount of N voided by animals ranges between 80 and 130 Tg N per year, and is as large as or larger than the global annual N fertilizer consumption. Cattle (60%), sheep (12%) and pigs (6%) have the largest share in animal manure N production. The conversion of plant N into animal N is on average more efficient in poultry and pork production than in dairy production, which is higher than in beef and sheep production. However, differences within a type of animal production system can be as large as differences between types of animal production systems, due to large effects of the genetic potential of animals, animal feed and management. The management of animals and animal feed, together with the genetic potential of the animals, are key factors to a high efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein. The efficiency of the conversion of N from animal manure, following application to land, into plant protein ranges between 0 and 60%, while the estimated global mean is about 15%. The other 40%-100% is lost to the wider environment via NH3 volatilization, denitrification, leaching and run-off in pastures or during storage and/or following application of the animal manure to land. On a global scale, only 40%-50% of the amount of N voided is collected in barns, stables and paddocks, and only half of this amount is recycled to crop land. The N losses from animal manure collected in barns, stables and paddocks depend on the animal manure management system. Relative large losses occur in confined animal feeding operations, as these often lack the land base to utilize the N from animal manure effectively. Losses will be relatively low when all manure are collected rapidly in water-tight and covered basins, and when they are subsequently applied to the land in proper amounts and at the proper time, and using the proper method (low-emission techniques). There is opportunity for improving the N conversion in animal production systems by improving the genetic production potential of the herd, the composition of the animal feed, and the management of the animal manure. Coupling of crop and animal production systems, at least at a regional scale, is one way to high N use efficiency in the whole system. Clustering of confined animal production systems with other intensive agricultural production systems on the basis of concepts from industrial ecology with manure processing is another possible way to improve N use efficiency.