温度和光周期对两种瓢虫捕食习性和发育的影响

[目的]在农业上,气候变化影响作物产量、蚜虫动态以及捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的调节作用.一些瓢虫为广布种,而另一些瓢虫种类却只在特定地理范围内分布,而有关气候因子如何影响瓢虫分布了解甚少.[方法]评价不同温度(15℃,20℃,25℃,30℃和35℃)和光周期(8L:16D,12L:12D和16L: 8D)对两种瓢虫[七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus)(一种广布种)和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius(一种东方/南亚瓢虫)]幼虫取食和利用豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)的影响.[结果]尽管两种瓢虫的捕食作用和发育速率均在25℃时最高,但是随着日长的增加(即光周期从8L:16D增加到16L:8D)捕食作用进一步增强.与狭臀瓢虫相比,在所有温度和光周期下,七星瓢虫幼虫的取食量更高,生长和发育速率更快,其新羽化的成虫体重更重.非线性回归模型显示,七星瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫的最低发育温度分别为11℃和10.5℃左右,最高发育温度分别为41℃和43℃左右.狭臀瓢虫的幼虫捕食和发育速率对气候因子的依赖性强于七星瓢虫.[结论]本研究表明,广布种瓢虫对气候因子的敏感性比土著种瓢虫弱,因而可以广泛分布于不同的地理区域.因此,与土著种瓢虫相比,广布种瓢虫更适于作为生防因子.     

六斑月瓢虫模板DNA的制备及16SrDNA序列扩增

本文对酒精浸泡的六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata(Fabricius)标本进行基因组DNA的提取,用线粒体16 SrDNA引物扩增出长度约为500bp的PCR产物,为进一步开展瓢虫的分子系统学研究打下基础.     

植物提取物和常用药剂对蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫孵化、存活和捕食效能的影响

为解决目前化学合成杀虫剂长期大量使用所带来的“3R”问题 ,有必要从对人畜无毒或低毒、对害虫天敌安全的植物和其它天然产物中筛选与环境相容性好的物质作为害虫控制的手段。已经从 63种植物中筛选出两种对蔬菜蚜虫有较好控制作用的植物苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum Petr.et Widd.和白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllum Schott。报道该两种植物乙醇提取物以及几种常用天然源药剂 (鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 )对深圳菜区蚜虫重要天敌瓢虫 (六斑月瓢虫 Menochilussexmaculata( Fabricius)和狭臀瓢虫 Coccinella trasversalis Fabricius)的影响。结果表明 ,两种植物提取物 ( 0 .0 4 g DW/ml)对所测试瓢虫的孵化、存活和捕食效能与对照之间在 0 .0 1或 0 .0 5水平均无显著差异 ,表明两种植物提取物对瓢虫安全、无明显毒性。而鱼藤酮精 ( 80 0× )、机油乳剂 ( 4 0 0× )和 0 .3%印楝素乳油 ( 2 0 0 0× )在所测试的浓度对瓢虫卵的毒性较强 ,瓢虫卵的孵化率明显降低 ,仅有对照瓢虫卵孵化率的 7.74%～ 1 4.31 % ,因此应避免在田间瓢虫大量产卵的季节使用。苍耳和白蝴蝶提取物对蚜虫的重要天敌瓢虫没有负面影响 ,可以考虑作为保护十字花科蔬菜免遭蚜虫危害的植物保护剂配方。     

双带盘瓢虫与六斑月瓢虫成虫对螺旋粉虱幼虫的捕食作用

在实验条件下分别研究了双带盘瓢虫Lemnia biplagiata与六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius成虫对螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell幼虫的捕食功能反应,并用Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应模型拟合.拟合的圆盘方程分别为Na=1.0776N/1+0.0032N和Na=0.8606/1+0.0060N,双带盘瓢虫和六斑月瓢虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为333.333头和142.857头.结果表明,两种瓢虫对入侵害虫螺旋粉虱有良好的捕食作用和控制潜能.     

高温胁迫六斑月瓢虫对其生物学特性及其捕食作用的影响

【目的】为明确高温胁迫下对六斑月瓢虫Menochilussexmaculates的生物学特性及其捕食作用的影响。【方法】在35℃高温处理不同时长(3、6、9 h)的胁迫下,探究六斑月瓢虫的生长发育、存活、繁殖力和虫态特征的变化规律,同时评估了其对豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食功能与寻找效应。【结果】与25℃饲喂相比,高温胁迫下六斑月瓢虫的幼期历期和雌雄虫寿命随着胁迫时长的增加而缩短,且高温胁迫不同程度降低了六斑月瓢虫的产卵量、卵孵化率和幼期存活率,而对六斑月瓢虫4龄幼虫、成虫的体长和虫重无影响。通过研究捕食作用,与常温25℃相比,35℃高温胁迫在一定程度上促进了六斑月瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食效能,其中在高温胁迫9 h后,其捕食能力(a'/Th)和寻找效应(S)均高于3 h和6 h的。【结论】高温对六斑月瓢虫的生物学特性产生负面的影响,而对其捕食活动具有正面的影响。研究结果为六斑月瓢虫的生物防治提供了科学依据,同时为全球气候变暖下天敌昆虫的保护与利用奠定了基础数据。     

广东曲江区柑橘园天敌瓢虫种类调查及食性观察 (鞘翅目：瓢虫科)

对广东曲江区4个柑橘园4种橘类植物（甜橙Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck, 沙田柚Citrus grandis (Linn.) Osbeck var.shatinyu Hort，温州蜜橘Citrus unshiuMarcovitch和沙糖桔Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Shiyue Ju）上的瓢虫进行种类调查和食性观察，共采集320头瓢虫标本，鉴定结果为24属51种，多数为蚜虫的捕食性天敌，其中龟纹瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫、红肩瓢虫、黄斑盘瓢虫、台湾隐势瓢虫、后斑小瓢虫和细缘唇瓢虫为优势种。对大多数种类的食性作了观察或进行室内饲养，基本明确了它们在橘类上的猎物。      

温度和光周期对两种瓢虫捕食习性和发育的影响（英文）

【目的】在农业上,气候变化影响作物产量、蚜虫动态以及捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的调节作用。一些瓢虫为广布种,而另一些瓢虫种类却只在特定地理范围内分布,而有关气候因子如何影响瓢虫分布了解甚少。【方法】评价不同温度(15℃,20℃,25℃,30℃和35℃)和光周期(8L∶16D,12L∶12D和16L∶8D)对两种瓢虫[七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata(Linnaeus)(一种广布种)和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius(一种东方/南亚瓢虫)]幼虫取食和利用豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)的影响。【结果】尽管两种瓢虫的捕食作用和发育速率均在25℃时最高,但是随着日长的增加(即光周期从8L∶16D增加到16L∶8D)捕食作用进一步增强。与狭臀瓢虫相比,在所有温度和光周期下,七星瓢虫幼虫的取食量更高,生长和发育速率更快,其新羽化的成虫体重更重。非线性回归模型显示,七星瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫的最低发育温度分别为11℃和10.5℃左右,最高发育温度分别为41℃和43℃左右。狭臀瓢虫的幼虫捕食和发育速率对气候因子的依赖性强于七星瓢虫。【结论】本研究表明,广布种瓢虫对气候因子的敏感性比土著种瓢虫弱,因而可以广泛分布于不同的地理区域。因此,与土著种瓢虫相比,广布种瓢虫更适于作为生防因子。     

六斑月瓢虫触角及感觉器扫描电镜观察

[目的] 明确六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角感觉器种类、分布及形态特征。[方法] 利用扫描电子显微镜对六斑月瓢虫雌、雄成虫触角形态及触角感受器超微结构进行观察。[结果] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,柄节长度与宽度显著大于梗节长度与宽度;鞭节分为9个亚节,末端3节横向膨大呈锤状。雌雄成虫触角上共有8种感觉器:刺形感觉器(SC)、毛形感觉器(ST)、锥形感觉器(SB)、腔形感觉器(CaS)、钟形感觉器(CS)、哑铃形感觉器(DS)、香肠形感觉器(SS)及B?hm氏鬃毛感觉器(BB)。以毛形感觉器和刺形感觉器分布最广,遍布触角;B?hm氏鬃毛仅存在于触角柄节与梗节;触角鞭节第9亚节顶端密布7种触角感觉器。六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角长度、触角感觉器类型及分布无显著差异。[结论] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角上共有8种感觉器,其触角可能具有感知机械刺激、识别化学信息素及感受温湿度变化的作用。本研究为进一步了解六斑月瓢虫触角与其行为间的关系提供基础资料。     

六斑月瓢虫取食不同猎物的生长发育及繁殖特性

六斑月瓢虫是我国农、林、蔬、果生态系统中重要的捕食性天敌之一,能够捕食多种猎物。不同的猎物质量显著影响捕食性天敌昆虫的活力。为评价取食不同猎物对六斑月瓢虫生物学特性的影响,采用实验种群生命表的方法研究了六斑月瓢虫取食烟粉虱、豆蚜和玉米蚜的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,六斑月瓢虫取食烟粉虱的世代发育历期最长、存活率、雌虫寿命和繁殖力最低,分别为(26.15±0.42)d、(52.95±1.98)%、(53.73±2.17)d和(157.67±16.79)粒/雌;而取食玉米蚜的世代发育历期最短、存活率、雌虫寿命和繁殖力最高,分别为(16.40±0.49)d、(77.93±0.76)%、(68.33±4.31)d和(798.77±44.29)粒/雌;取食豆蚜时的各生物学参数介于两者之间。种群生命表参数也反映了类似的结果,取食烟粉虱的净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)最低分别为71.216、0.092和1.094,世代平均历期(T)最长为47.377d;取食玉米蚜的R_0、r_m和λ最高分别为290.281、0.131和1.143,T最短为42.428d。总体来看,相对于烟粉虱而言,蚜虫更适合六斑月瓢虫的生长发育和繁殖,且玉米蚜优于豆蚜。     

异色瓢虫对蚜虫性外激素的行为反应研究

蚜虫性外激素假荆芥内酯(Z,E-Nepetalactone,NEP)能够吸引多种捕食性和寄生性天敌昆虫,它专一性强,生物活性突出,对非靶标生物安全。异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)作为一种重要的捕食性天敌,被广泛应用于农业生产中。为明确异色瓢虫对蚜虫性外激素的行为反应,本研究在室内用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫成虫对不同剂量NEP的嗅觉行为反应;并在田间,每7 d释放100μL浓度为1 mg/m L的NEP,测定了NEP对异色瓢虫种群数量变动的影响。室内嗅觉测定试验结果表明异色瓢虫雌虫对10μL剂量NEP有显著的选择性,而雄虫对1μL剂量NEP有显著的选择性;田间试验发现,释放NEP的处理区异色瓢虫数量显著高于对照区。本研究为蚜虫性外激素在害虫绿色防控中的应用提供了依据。     

Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps

The response of Trichogramma spp. egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps was evaluated in the field during two seasons (1995/1996, 1996/1997). Traps consisted of a glass tube coated with Bird-Tanglefoot® into which colored paper was inserted or clear traps without paper. Colors tested were white, green, blue, yellow and red in the first season and white, green, yellow and black in the second season. The proportion of both female and male parasitoids caught on the sticky traps was significantly different among colors, indicating that the parasitoids actively move between plants and are not solely carried along passively by wind. White was the color most preferred by female parasitoids, followed by clear and green traps. Yellow was preferred over black but was less attractive than green. Visual cues may be used by Trichogramma spp. during the habitat location process. The color preference of male Trichogramma spp. differed significantly from females with yellow and green being more attractive than white. For all colors, more female Trichogramma spp. were caught on the sticky traps (>85% of all wasps caught), indicating a lower activity level and/or shorter lifespan for males. The use of white cylindrical sticky traps for monitoring Trichogramma spp. populations in the field is recommended.     

Visual Responses of Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Colored Sticky Traps on Citrus Trees

The effects of five differently-colored sticky traps in capturing adult Diaphorina citri were evaluated in citrus orchards. Trap catches of D. citri were monitored fortnightly on blue, green, red, white and yellow sticky cards placed on three citrus varieties during D. citri active flight period from April to July in south Texas. Evaluation of mean trap catches of each color by repeated measures analysis of variance produced three separate groups: yellow traps caught significantly more D. citri adults than the other four traps; red and green traps caught significantly more D. citri than blue and white traps, which were not significantly different. Although the number of adult psyllid captured on all trap types significantly increased with time during the trapping period, the performance of traps did not change with time. Trap catches were also significantly influenced by the citrus species; traps placed on lemon trees captured more D. citri than those placed on sweet orange and grapefruit, suggesting that plant preference exhibited by D. citri may influence the performance of traps. The ratio of trap reflectance between the 680 to 700 nm and the 450 nm was significantly correlated with total trap catches in all host species studied. Thus, this index was a good indicator of the attractiveness of adult D. citri to colored traps. Additionally, we compared the reflectance values of young versus mature flush shoots of the three host plants used in this study as related to densities of D. citri recorded in colored traps. We discussed the importance of visual cues in the host finding behavior of adult D. citri.     

Visual orientation of the black fungus gnat,Bradysia difformis,explored using LEDs

Fungus gnats occur worldwide with more than 1 700 described species. They can cause serious damages on ornamentals, crop plants, and edible mushrooms, and are considered to be a serious pest in the last years. Bradysia difformisFrey (Diptera: Sciaridae) represents a common species in Europe. Usually, yellow sticky traps are used for monitoring and control in greenhouses and fluorescent tube‐based light traps are additionally applied for control in mushroom cultivation. The importance of such visual trapping measures for efficient monitoring or alternative control increases in biological and integrated plant protection. However, detailed color preferences of fungus gnats are mostly unknown. We studied the visual orientation of B. difformis with light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) in a broad range of peak wavelengths from 371 nm (ultraviolet, UV) to 619 nm (amber). We determined attractive wavelengths in consecutive choice experiments in daylight and darkness. Highest numbers of adult B. difformis were attracted to UV radiation (382 nm) followed by green‐yellow light (532–592 nm). The responses to UV and the green‐yellow range were relatively unspecific and mostly independent from intensity. Combination of UV and yellow LEDs improved trapping efficacy compared to a single UV or yellow LED trap, as well as compared to a common yellow sticky trap. When both wavelengths were compared to a black surface to increase contrasts, the black surface was preferred over yellow, but was less attractive than UV. Thus, B. difformis displays two, probably wavelength‐specific, behaviors to UV radiation and green‐yellow light, with UV being the most attractive stimulus. These behaviors might be directly related to underlying photoreceptors, suggesting dichromatic vision in B. difformis.     

Light emitting diode(LED)‐based trapping of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Visual traps like yellow sticky card traps are used for monitoring and control of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). However, reflected intensity (brightness) and hence, attractiveness depend on the ambient light conditions, and the colour (wavelength) might not fit with the sensitivity of whitefly photoreceptors. The use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is a promising approach to increase the attractiveness, specificity and adaptability of visual traps. We constructed LED‐based visual traps equipped with blue and green high‐power LEDs and ultraviolet (UV) standard LEDs according to the putative spectral sensitivities of the insects' photoreceptors. In a series of small‐scale choice and no‐choice recapture experiments, the factors time of day as well as light intensity and light quality (colour) of LED traps were studied in terms of attractiveness compared to yellow traps without LEDs. Green LED traps (517 nm peak wavelength) were comparably attractive in no‐choice experiments but clearly preferred over yellow traps in all choice experiments. The time of day had a clear effect on the flight activity of the whiteflies and thereby on the trapping success. Blue LEDs (474 nm) suppressed the attractiveness of the light traps when combined with green LEDs suggesting that a yet undetected photoreceptor, sensitive for blue light, and an inhibiting interaction with the green receptor, might exist in T. vaporariorum. In choice experiments between LED traps emitting green light only or in combination with UV (368 nm), the green‐UV combination was preferred. In no‐choice night‐time experiments, UV LEDs considerably increased whitefly flight activity and efficacy of trapping. Most likely, the reason for the modifying effect of UV is the stimulating influence on flight activity. In conclusion, it seems that the use of green LEDs alone or in combination with UV LEDs could be an innovative option for improving attractiveness of visual traps.     

Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

During 1996, 1997, and 1999, studies were conducted in cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, yardlong bean, and peanut fields to compare insect catches in CC traps equipped with different trap base colors. The studies were conducted in southwestern United States, China, and India. The nine colors, white, rum, red, yellow, lime green, spring green, woodland green (dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1050 nm) portions of spectrum. Lime green, yellow, and spring green were the three most attractive trap base colors for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, and leafhopper, Empoasca spp. adults. The three trap base colors were moderately high in the green, yellow, and orange spectral regions (490-600 nm), resembling the spectral reflectance curve of the abaxial (underleaf) surfaces of green cotton leaves. True blue and white were the most attractive trap base colors for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults. The true blue and white trap bases were moderately high in the blue spectral region (400-480 nm).     

6种颜色粘虫板对春季菜地昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选对春季蔬菜害虫具有较好诱集效果的粘虫板,促进蔬菜害虫绿色防控技术的研究与推广,采用红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色、白色和黑色6种颜色的市售粘虫板对菜地昆虫进行诱集试验.结果显示,粘虫板诱集的害虫以尖眼蕈蚊Bradysia minpleuroti、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis和黄蓟马Thrips flavus为优势种;黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata、南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis、灰地种蝇Delia platura、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens、菜粉蝶Pieris rapae为常见种.试验中蓝色粘虫板诱集的灰地种蝇的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);黄色粘虫板诱集的南美斑潜蝇、棉蚜、小绿叶蝉的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色和白色粘虫板诱集的端大蓟马、黄蓟马的数量显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05);蓝色粘虫板诱集到的尖眼蕈蚊的数量显著低于其它处理组(P<0.05).各种颜色粘虫板诱集昆虫的益害比较低,诱集益虫总数仅占诱集昆虫总数的1.64％,表明该时段使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫,对益虫伤害较小,对保护利用天敌昆虫具有重要意义.本研究结果为科学使用粘虫板防治菜地害虫提供理论依据.     

不同颜色粘虫板对多毛小蠹和皱小蠹的诱集效果

试验对比了红、黄、蓝、绿、黑、白六种颜色粘虫板对新疆吐鲁番地区杏树上多毛小蠹(Scolytus seulensis)和皱小蠹(Scolytus rugulosus)的引诱效果,结果表明红色和黑色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果明显高于其他颜色;其中黑色粘虫板对皱小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块黑板诱捕到(11.8±5.0)头皱小蠹,红色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果;红色粘虫板对多毛小蠹的引诱效果最强,平均每块红板诱捕到(16.±3.0)头多毛小蠹,黑色次之,其他颜色对两种小蠹均无明显的引诱效果.通过色板引诱虫量的变化体现出两种小蠹的不同扬飞高峰期,多毛小蠹的扬飞高峰期应在六月初,而皱小蠹的扬飞高峰出现在六月中旬.     

Field Evaluation of Different Wavelengths Light-Emitting Diodes as Attractants for Adult Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In recent years, light traps with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in integrated pest management. The spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, a highly invasive pest which causes heavy damage to fruit trees and ornamental plants, exhibits positive phototaxis, and light trap is the most appropriate tool for monitoring. We evaluated the use of LEDs as an inexpensive light source and examined the relationship between the captured number and the population density of adult A. dispersus in the field. We found that the violet (405 nm) LED traps captured the most adults of A. dispersus, and the captured numbers were significantly higher than those of blue (460 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (570 nm), and red (650 nm) LED traps. The adults of A. dispersus captured by light traps equipped with violet LEDs and smeared with liquid paraffin had a significant positive correlation with the population density of adult A. dispersus in a guava orchard, with a correlation coefficient of 0.828. In general, the light traps with 15 violet LED bulbs hung into 550-mL plastic bottles and smeared with liquid paraffin were the portable devices for attraction of adult A. dispersus. The results have potential use for improving the efficiency of light traps at attracting and trapping the adult spiralling whitefly.     

Attraction of stink bugs to rocket traps with different combinations of wing and landing board color

The stink bugs, Halyomorpha halys and Riptortus pedestris, are two of the most economically important pests of leguminous crops and fruits in Korea. Here we present the results from a field monitoring test that evaluated the effect of variation in rocket trap type and color on stink bugs captures. We tested various types of rocket traps, along with wing combinations and landing boards of various colors. The test was run in soybean fields in Miryang, Korea. We developed a modified rocket trap intended to enhance the capture efficacy of stink bugs. We evaluated traps including (1) yellow rocket trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, (2) a yellow trap with solar fan but no light, (3) rocket traps with black, green, yellow, white, red, brown, and blue color stimuli, (4) different color combinations of trap wings, and (5) traps with a landing board were evaluated. Our results showed that yellow winged rocket traps with solar fans and blue LED lamps attracted significantly more stink bug species than other traps, in both soybean fields. Use of these improved traps such as a yellow trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, and a yellow trap with a solar fan would therefore enhance the monitoring and capture of stink bugs in diversified agro-ecological landscapes. The potential use of traps with a specific hue, combination of features, and modifications to monitor stink bugs accurately is discussed. Continuing improvements to traps to meet the demands of a changing pest landscape and agricultural mechanization are needed.     

Influence of visual and olfactory cues on field trapping of the pollen beetle, Astylus atromaculatus (Col.: Melyridae)

Field trapping experiments investigated the response of the pollen beetle Astylus atromaculatus to visual and olfactory cues during a 3-year period, 1999–2001. The visual preference of the pollen beetle was determined using yellow, white, blue, green and red water traps. The yellow trap was most attractive, capturing 56% of the total beetles trapped, with 30% caught by the blue and white traps, while 14% was caught by the red and green traps. The response of the beetle to olfactory cues was then evaluated by using the yellow water trap with three antennally active components identified in the volatiles of sorghum panicles by coupled gas chromatography (GC)–electroantennographic detection and GC–mass spectrometry. These components were 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol and linalool. There were no significant colour × chemical compound interactions and traps baited with 2-phenylethanol captured significantly more beetles than unbaited traps, irrespective of trap colour, demonstrating the effectiveness of olfactory cues in trapping the pollen beetle. Traps baited with 2-phenylethanol were more attractive than and caught more beetles than traps baited with linalool. 2-Phenylethanol had the greatest effect on the relatively unattractive blue trap, confirming the importance of olfactory cues mediating A. atromaculatus attraction .