河南南阳空中昆虫群落结构及动态研究

为探明河南南阳的空中昆虫群落结构,于2021-2023年利用探照灯诱虫器监测了夜间昆虫的种类和动态。3年共诱到昆虫10目42科112种,鳞翅目（13科71种）种类最多,其次为鞘翅目（10科17种）、半翅目（8科12种）;42科中,以夜蛾科（31种）为主,其次是天蛾科（10种）、螟蛾科（6种）。昆虫的群落结构存在年际差异,2021年恒有种为棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi、小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon和甘薯天蛾Agrius convolvuli;2022年和2023年恒有种均为棉铃虫和劳氏粘虫;亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、雀纹天蛾Theretra japonica、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta、暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela、东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis和油葫芦Cryllus testaceus为常见种;2021年的物种多样性、均匀度最高,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.0709,均匀度指数0.4406,2023年次之,Shannon-Wiener指数为0.7169,均匀度指数0.1544,2022年最低,Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数分别为0.6507、0.1419。3年间,共诱到昆虫149 606头,2022年诱到昆虫60 737头,分别是2021年和2023年诱虫量的1.3倍、1.4倍;棉铃虫为当地第1大种群,3年虫量占总虫量的37.79%;其次为暗黑鳃金龟（20.58%）、铜绿丽金龟（10.91%）、甜菜夜蛾（7.82%）和亚洲玉米螟（3.55%）,构成了当地的优势种群。本研究初步阐明了河南南阳地区的昆虫群落结构及种群发生动态,对指导当地害虫测报和防控工作提供了依据。     

海南南部夜间空中昆虫群落结构研究

海南南部是中国农作物冬季南繁育种的重要基地。为了明确南繁基地空中昆虫群落结构,利用探照灯诱虫器于2017年-2018年监测了空中飞行的昆虫种类和动态。共计发现396种昆虫,隶属于13目88科307属,其中包括粘虫、棉铃虫、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶野螟等重大迁飞性害虫以及黑肩绿盲蝽、异色瓢虫等迁飞性天敌昆虫。鳞翅目(206种,52.02%),半翅目(85种,21.46%)和鞘翅目(57种,14.39%)是该地区的三大优势目。本研究明确了我国重要的农作物南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的结构,为指导作物害虫测报和防控工作提供了依据。     

昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线探讨

[目的]山东省地处我国昆虫南北季节性迁飞的主要通道,明确迁飞性害虫在山东省的迁飞过程和迁飞规律,对于全国迁飞性害虫监测与防控均具有重要意义.[方法]2018年在山东省14个地区设置监测站点,利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器对迁飞性昆虫进行了实时监测,分析了 9月初-10月底迁飞性昆虫的种群动态,首次探讨了昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线.[结果]诱集到棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)、玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner)、桃蛀螟 Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée、劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi等重要害虫以及中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、大草蛉Chrysop pallens等天敌.根据迁飞性昆虫种群数量\"突增突减\"的现象,以及探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集数量比值,明确了棉铃虫、亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟、劳氏粘虫、黄地老虎Agrotis segetum、大地老虎Agrotis tokionis、甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾 Spodoptera litura、银纹夜蛾 Ctenoplusia agnata、甘薯天蛾 Agrius convolvuli、瓜绢野螟 Diaphania indica、甜菜白带野螟 Hymenia recurvalis、黄翅缀叶野螟 Botyodes diniasalis(Walker)、豆荚斑螟Limabean podborer、东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis、中华通草蛉、大草蛉17种昆虫出现了明显的迁飞过程,这些昆虫由北向南迁飞时,主要途经地点是宁津(25.90％)和济阳(20.81％),其次为庆云(12.31％)、曹县(9.26％)、菏泽(7.09％)、临清(5.47％).[结论]经山东省向南迁飞的昆虫种类丰富,主要从山东西部通过.     

不同颜色诱虫板对茶园昆虫的诱集效果研究

为探究茶园昆虫对不同颜色的偏嗜性差异,解决现有诱虫板选择性差等问题,本研究利用印刷色彩模式（CMYK）调色技术制备了25种不同颜色的诱虫板,对茶园昆虫进行了诱集试验.结果表明,韭黄色（C20M0Y70B0）对茶园叶蝉科昆虫诱集效果最好,诱杀量达到390.0头/板;绿色（C100M0Y100B0）对盾蚧科昆虫诱集效果最好,诱杀量为275.3头/板;紫色（C20M80Y0B0）对茶园蓟马诱集效果最好,诱杀量为107.0头/板.诱杀结果与生产中广泛使用的黄板和蓝板均具有显著差异.不同颜色的诱虫板对天敌昆虫也有不同引诱效果,其中,淡青色（C20M0Y20B0）、品红色（C0M100Y0B0）对肿腿蜂科和姬蜂科天敌影响较大;肉黄色（C0M20Y60B0）对草蛉影响较大.研究结果表明,茶园害虫对颜色均具有偏嗜性,而准确的颜色配比能针对昆虫的色彩偏嗜性开发出更匹配的诱虫板,以便发挥诱虫板的最大效益.本研究为诱虫板精细化应用、高效防控茶园害虫提供了理论依据.     

三种诱捕器对天牛科昆虫的诱集效率

【目的】不同诱捕器类型可以有效诱集不同昆虫物种,为了更准确的判断某地区的物种丰富度,更高效的进行不同物种的诱集,开展不同诱捕器类型对昆虫诱集效率的对比研究是至关重要的。【方法】研究了档板、漏斗和马氏3种不同类型诱捕器在吉林省松花湖库区蒙古栎林中对天牛科昆虫的诱集数量和种类。【结果】在相同地点和相同时间段内,漏斗诱捕器共诱集189头天牛科昆虫、分属于4亚科、11属、12种;挡板诱捕器共诱集134头天牛科昆虫,分属于5亚科、15属、17种;马氏诱捕器共诱集99头天牛科昆虫,分属于4亚科、16属18种。从诱集到的物种丰富度看,诱集效率顺序为:马氏诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>漏斗诱捕器;从诱集到的个体数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器;从诱集到的优势种数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器。【结论】从成本和效率的综合因素考虑,在一般性天牛科昆虫调查和种群监测时,可以选择以联合使用挡板和漏斗诱捕器为主,马氏诱捕器辅之的调查设计,可达到高效且经济的调查天牛科昆虫的目的。     

采用马氏诱集器法对不同小生境昆虫相的初步研究

本文采用马氏诱集器法对6种不同小生境的昆虫相进行初步研究。对采集到的昆虫进行整理和数据分析后表明,采用马氏诱集器法对不同昆虫的诱集效果不同,其中对双翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目的诱集效果较好。根据诱集结果,不同生境的昆虫种类和数量都存在明显差异。     

黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的诱集和防治效果

【目的】评价黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的控制作用,为稻飞虱的非化学防控提供科学依据。【方法】在田间悬挂黄色诱虫板,调查稻飞虱的诱集情况,并同盘拍结果进行比较。【结果】上海水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)成虫的发生高峰期集中在8月下旬;而灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)成虫发生高峰期主要集中在9月中旬。从3种稻飞虱成虫的发生动态来看,灰飞虱发生最为严重,黄色诱虫板最高诱集数为(6.12±4.50)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有18个水稻品种,其余6个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于2头,但是都能诱集到成虫;其次是白背飞虱,最高诱集数为(2.29±0.13)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有7个水稻品种,其余17个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于1头,但是都能诱集到成虫;再次是褐飞虱,最高诱集数为(1.50±1.85)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有1个水稻品种,其余23个水稻品种诱集的成虫数均少于1头,其中3个水稻品种在10月中旬均没有诱集到1头成虫。总体而言,黄色诱虫板对3种稻飞虱的最高诱集数为(7.50±4.36)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有23个水稻品种,仅1个水稻品种诱集的成虫数少于2头。黄色诱虫板下部离水稻冠层越近,诱集的成虫越多。【结论】黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱成虫具有较好的诱杀效果,可有效降低成虫种群数量。作为一种非化学防控方法,黄色诱虫板的使用可有效降低化学杀虫剂的使用量。     

25种不同颜色诱虫板对吴茱萸害虫的诱集效果

本研究评估了25种不同颜色诱虫板对吴茱萸害虫的诱集效果.结果表明,1号黄色色板对吴茱萸蓟马科害虫的诱集效果最好,14号紫色色板对瘿蚊科害虫的诱集效果最好,7号玫紫色色板对叶甲科害虫的诱集效果最好;此外,1号黄色、 2号樱红色、 9号白色、 12号淡青色和23号黄黑色色板对蠓科、蚊科、蝇科等卫生害虫有较好的诱集效果.以上研究结果为发挥诱虫板的最大效益、实现诱虫板的精细化应用奠定了良好的理论和实践基础.     

华北二点委夜蛾种群动态监测及北京北部地区虫源性质分析

二点委夜蛾Proxenus lepigone是玉米生产中的一种新发害虫, 2011年曾在黄淮海夏玉米主产区全面暴发, 对夏玉米生产构成严重威胁。为了明确二点委夜蛾的种群动态, 探讨北京北部二点委夜蛾种群是否为迁入虫源, 2012年, 在华北地区的河北省栾城县、 北京市区和北京延庆县等地, 利用高空探照灯诱虫器、 垂直监测昆虫雷达等对二点委夜蛾成虫进行了监测, 并结合气象资料, 对北京延庆的虫源性质进行了综合分析。结果表明： 二点委夜蛾老熟幼虫作茧后可在北京延庆越冬。2012年, 北京延庆诱集二点委夜蛾累计33 951头, 可划分为3个世代。第1代成虫的诱集数量不符合正态分布, 且在姊妹灯下的数量差异符合迁飞种类的特点。在当地条件不适宜的情况下, 北京延庆监测点第1代成虫日均诱虫数量高于条件相对适宜的河北栾城。在北京延庆, 第1代成虫的逐日诱集数量与空中风向密切相关。雷达监测还表明二点委夜蛾可能是雷达回波的目标。综合以上证据表明, 北京延庆第1代成虫包含从周边迁飞而来的个体, 二点委夜蛾可能是一种兼性迁飞昆虫。本研究可为二点委夜蛾成虫能否远距离迁飞提供例证, 对今后提高其预测预报和防治水平具有重要意义。     

Community structure in a methanotroph biofilter as revealed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis

The microbial community structure of two biofilters used for the oxidation of methane and organic trace gases generated in landfills was analysed by phospholipid fatty acid composition. Community structure varied with biofilter depth, reflecting varying conditions of substrate supply as well as of organic carbon content, nutrient status and osmotic stress determined by the different materials used for the individual biofilter layers. Both biofilters were dominated by type II methanotrophs. In the biofilter charged with landfill gas containing significant amounts of trace organics, fatty acid 18:1omega7c constituted 87% of the methanotrophic PLFA, while the recognised signature fatty acids 16:1omega8 and 18:1omega8, which were well represented in the other biofilter, were entirely absent. This indicates the development of a highly specific methanotrophic population, presumably as a result of the adaption to continuous organic trace gas exposure.     

Variation in membrane structure as revealed by negative staining technique

A study has been made of the structure of membrane material from various fractions of cellular homogenates. By the use of the negative staining technique several types of membrane structure have been observed. The variation occurs in both internal structure and in the surface features of the different membrane types. The structures observed are characteristic of different membrane fractions and are reproducible under the conditions described. We propose that the structures observed in response to the negative staining technique represent characteristic structural or chemical properties of each type of membrane and are therefore a clue to significant differences in the natural membrane structures, although the structures observed may not exist in the same configuration within the cell.     

Protein secondary structure and orientation in silk as revealed by Raman spectromicroscopy

Taking advantage of recent advances in polarized Raman microspectroscopy, and based on a rational decomposition of the amide I band, the conformation and orientation of proteins have been determined for cocoon silks of the silkworms Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini and dragline silks of the spiders Nephila clavipes and Nephila edulis. This study distinguished between band components due to beta-sheets, beta-turns, 3(1)-helices, and unordered structure for the four fibers. For B. mori, the beta-sheet content is 50%, which matches the proportion of residues that form the GAGAGS fibroin motifs. For the Nephila dragline and S. c. ricini cocoon, the beta-sheet content (36-37% and 45%, respectively) is higher than the proportion of residues that belong to polyalanine blocks (18% and 42%, respectively), showing that adjacent GGA motifs are incorporated into the beta-sheets. Nephila spidroins contain fewer beta-sheets and more flexible secondary structures than silkworm fibroins. The amorphous polypeptide chains are preferentially aligned parallel to the fiber direction, although their level of orientation is much lower than that of beta-sheets. Overall, the results show that the four silks exhibit a common molecular organization, with mixtures of different amounts of beta-sheets and flexible structures, which are organized with specific orientation levels.     

The fine structure of nuclei as revealed by electron microscopy

Summary The process of nucleolus formation has been studied by electron microscopy in spermatogonia of new-born, 15-day-old mice. One of two heteropycnotic sex chromosomes is concerned with nucleolus formation in the type A spermatogonia. The evidence for such formation has been presented with regard to behaviour and fine structure of both sex chromosome and nucleolus, Nucleolar material appears at one of two heteropycnotic sex chromosomes which are closely attached to the nuclear envelope. The two sex chromosomes approach each other, and subsequently one of them migrates into the central part of the nucleoplasm, being related to the nucleolar material which develops to show a nucleolar configuration. The sex chromosomes are homogeneously electron dense during the nucleolus formation, but assume a vesicular form at the middle stage of its development. The nucleolus is mostly of fibrillar and amorphous components at early stages of its development, but the granular components increases in amount as development proceeds. The final, mature nucleolus is composed of irregularly twisted nucleolonemata consisting of granular components, separated from fibrillar and amorphous areas. The compactly dense sex chromosome remains closely connected with the mature nucleolus.     

Domain structure of neurofilament subunits as revealed by monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared against purified neurofilament (NF) subunits (NF68, NF150, and NF200). From 25 fusions, several hundred strongly positive antibodies have been obtained. Among them are antibodies against the specific subunits as well as antibodies recognizing common antigenic determinants. These have all been characterized according to the following properties: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) testing against each subunit, immunoblots against enriched neurofilament preparation, immunoblots of cyanogen bromide or chymotrypsin-treated neurofilaments, immunofluorescence with PC12 cells, and immunohistochemistry of cerebellum. Whereas the antibodies against the NF68 and NF150 appear to react with single cyanogen bromide fragments, the antibodies against the NF200 react with multiple cyanogen bromide fragments. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the NF200 is partially composed of several repeated structural determinants. Furthermore, all of the antibodies that react with the NF200 recognize the solubilized "sidearm" domain from limited chymotryptic digestions. The locations of the common and variable domains of the three subunits are discussed in light of these results.