四季竹对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以夏秋季优良笋用竹种四季竹盆栽苗为材料,研究了土壤中1‰~6‰浓度NaCl(干重)处理对四季竹叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的变化特征,以探讨四季竹的抗盐机理。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,四季竹叶片脱落率逐渐增加;四季竹在1‰~2‰NaCl浓度下的土壤中生长良好,在3‰~5‰浓度下随处理浓度的增大伤害逐渐加重,但这种伤害是可逆的,6‰是四季竹的半致死盐浓度。(2)叶片离子渗漏率随NaCl浓度的增大而显著增大,在6‰浓度处理下随处理时间的延长近直线升高,在3‰~5‰浓度下先升高后降低,而在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓且与同期对照无显著差异;叶片MDA含量随NaCl浓度的增大而增加,随处理时间的延长先增加后降低。(3)四季竹叶片SOD和POD活性在胁迫3~15 d均出现先下降后上升的过程,其有一定的锻炼适应性;叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度的增大而增加,其随处理时间的延长在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓,在3‰~6‰浓度处理下显著增加后减小;各浓度处理的可溶性蛋白含量随处理时间的延长先增加后减小,但均高于对照。研究发现,四季竹是较耐盐竹种,其可以通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,从而表现出一定的耐盐能力。     

CO2浓度升高对毛竹器官矿质离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了给大气CO2浓度逐渐升高背景下的毛竹林适应性经营管理提供理论依据,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟大气CO2浓度升高(500、700 μmol/mol)情景,以目前环境背景大气为对照,研究了Na+、Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+、Mg2+等矿质离子在毛竹器官中吸收、运输和分配的变化规律.结果显示,除CO2浓度700 μmoL/mol对Ca2+浓度在毛竹器官中大小排序会产生影响外,CO2浓度500、700 μmol/mol并未改变毛竹器官中Na+、Fe2+,Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+浓度的大小排序.CO2浓度升高对竹叶Fe2+-Fe3+和竹枝Fe2+-Fe3+、Mg2+浓度无明显影响,但对器官的其它矿质离子浓度会有不同程度的影响,竹叶Ca2+和Mg2+、竹枝Na+和Ca2+、竹秆Na+和Ca2+及Mg2+、竹根Na+和Mg2+浓度明显提高,竹叶Na+、竹秆Fe2+-Fe3+、竹根Fe2+-Fe3+和Ca2+浓度明显降低;随着CO2浓度的升高,竹叶Fe2+-Fe3+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+,竹枝Ca2+/Mg2+及各器官Mg2+/Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+/Fe2+-Fe3+均逐渐增大,而竹枝、竹秆、竹根Fe2+-Fe3+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和竹叶、竹秆、竹根Ca2+/Mg2+均逐渐减小;CO2浓度升高后除竹根-竹秆Sca.Na、竹秆-竹枝SMg,Fe和竹枝-竹叶Sca,Mg明显下降外,其余的毛竹器官矿质离子向上运输系数变化平缓或明显提高.研究表明CO2浓度升高增强了毛竹立竹根部积累Na+能力和Fe2+-Fe3+、Ca2+和Mg2+的向上选择性运输能力,提高了光合器官竹叶中矿质养分元素浓度,可维持体内矿质养分元素平衡,有利于提高毛竹对高浓度CO2环境的适应能力.     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破;100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破; 100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗不同器官离子含量的影响

在实验室水培条件下,研究了NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗不同器官中Na+、K+,Ca2+,Mg 2+和Cl-含量的变化.结果表明:玉米各个部分Na+和Cl-含量、Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值均随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加而迅速提高,Na+,K+和Cl-含量的变化幅度为根系>成熟叶叶鞘>生长叶>成熟叶叶片,玉米幼苗根系最易受外界离子浓度的影响,叶片受外界环境影响较小;各器官中Ca2+、Mg2+对盐胁迫的响应不一致,NaCl胁迫使根系中Ca2+、Mg2+含量下降,成熟叶叶鞘中Mg2+含量变化规律性不明显,而NaCl胁迫下,成熟叶叶片中Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加;玉米幼苗具有拒Na+机制,具有一定的耐盐性,它的耐盐性是通过根和成熟叶叶鞘来实现的,Na+主要贮存在根系和成熟叶叶鞘中,而向成熟叶叶片和生长叶中运输较少;成熟叶叶鞘同时还具有拒Cl-能力.     

NaCl胁迫对盐芥质膜和液泡膜ATPase活性的影响

以盐生植物盐芥和中生植物拟南芥幼苗为材料,研究了盐胁迫对它们叶片和根质膜、液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPases和K+-ATPase活性以及H+-ATPase、Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白表达的影响.结果显示:在NaCl胁迫下,盐芥叶片和根质膜的H+-ATPase活性分别比对照显著升高41%～212%和35%～53%,液泡膜的H+-ATPase分别显著升高281%～373%和4%～38%,而拟南芥却比相应对照都显著降低;相同盐浓度胁迫下,盐芥叶片的H+-ATPase活性比根部高4～8倍,盐芥根也远高于拟南芥.在NaCl胁迫下,盐芥叶片和根的液泡膜H+-ATPase蛋白质β亚基含量变化与其酶活性变化趋势一致,质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白的表达量与Na+含量变化趋势一致.盐胁迫下盐芥根中Ca2+-ATPases和K+-ATPase活性的增加与根中Ca2+和K+含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,在盐胁迫条件下,盐芥能有效增强H+-ATPase蛋白和Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白表达,显著提高其根系与叶片质膜和液泡膜的H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和K+-ATPase活性,维持细胞质中较高的Ca2+和K+水平,从而缓解盐胁迫的伤害,增强耐盐性.     

四季竹耐盐能力的季节性差异

以四季竹2 a生竹苗为材料,通过盆栽试验设置土壤不同NaCl含量模拟盐胁迫环境,研究其在非生理活跃期的冬季(11-12月份)和生理活跃期的夏季(5-6月份)盐胁迫下的生理响应和叶片脱落情况,以了解四季竹耐盐能力的季节性差异。结果表明,在低土壤NaCl盐分(1‰-2‰)条件下,相同浓度处理45 d的竹苗叶片脱落率和各项生理指标较对照变化在冬季和夏季间差异不大,说明在低盐分条件下四季竹耐盐能力季节性差异不明显。在高土壤NaCl盐分(3‰-5‰)条件下,相同浓度处理45 d的叶片中除可溶性蛋白含量较对照升降幅度冬夏两季基本一致外,叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量分别较对照增加或降低的幅度冬季均显著小于夏季,并且随土壤NaCl浓度的提高冬夏两季的差异逐渐加大,而丙二醛含量和叶绿素a／叶绿素 b变化规律在夏冬两季间完全相反,说明在高土壤盐分(3‰-5‰)条件下相同浓度、相同时间处理的四季竹在夏季的受伤害程度显著大于冬季,即高盐条件下四季竹在生理活跃期的夏季的耐盐能力较非生理活跃期的冬季弱。土壤盐分和环境温度对四季竹生长具有较强的交互作用。     

NaCl胁迫对白刺试管苗渗透调节物质及离子含量的影响

以西伯利亚白刺试管苗为材料,通过组织培养法研究了其在0、25、50、100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl 胁迫40 d后的生长指标、有机渗透调节物质含量和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子含量的变化,以探讨其耐盐性.结果表明:(1)白刺试管苗地上部干重和根干重在50 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下显著高于对照,而在100和200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下均显著低于对照.(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度增加,白刺试管苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和细胞质膜透性均呈持续上升趋势,叶片叶绿素含量和丙二醛含量分别呈先升后降、先降后升的趋势,并在50 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理时分别达到最高值和最低值.(3)随着NaCl处理浓度增加,白刺试管苗Na+含量和根系K+含量呈增加趋势且各处理均显著高于对照,幼苗Ca2+含量和地上部K+含量却呈减少趋势,而Mg2+含量较稳定;同时其Na+/K+ 、Na+/Ca2+和Na+/Mg2+随NaCl处理浓度增加而升高.研究发现,在低盐浓度(≤50 mmol·L-1NaCl)胁迫下,白刺试管苗能积累Na+离子和有机渗透调节物质,在根系中维持较高水平的K+和Ca2+含量以及较低水平的Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比,以降低白刺细胞渗透势来适应盐渍环境,从而保持其较高的生长水平.     

NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接苗生长和离子分布的影响

以引进日本的设施栽培专用耐盐茄子品种Torvum Vigor为砧木,栽培品种苏崎茄为接穗,通过营养液栽培对80 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下茄子嫁接苗和自根苗的生长和离子分布进行了比较.结果表明,(1)NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗茎伸长受抑制程度显著低于自根苗,嫁接苗根部生长旺盛;(2)嫁接苗根部贮存一定量的Na 、Cl-,地上部除叶柄外各部位Na 、Cl-含量均显著低于自根苗;(3)NaCl胁迫后嫁接苗在幼叶和根部保持较高K /Na 和Ca2 /Na 值;(4)嫁接苗根部选择吸收SK,Na、SCa,Na值和幼叶选择运输SK,Na、SCa,Na值均显著高于自根苗.因此,嫁接茄子因根部Na 、Cl-的贮存,减轻了地上部的盐离子毒害,而且K 和Ca2 在幼叶和根部的特异积累使其K /Na 值和Ca2 /Na 值提高,从而增强了耐盐性.     

NaCl胁迫对2个杨树品系扦插苗生长及体内离子含量和运输的影响

以杨树(Populus spp.)品系“南杨1号”(Nanyang No.1)和“南杨2号”(Nanyang No.2)为实验材料,研究了不同浓度(0、75和150 mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫条件下2个杨树品系扦插苗生长及不同器官中离子(N、P、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Cl-)含量与运输的差异.结果表明:随NaCl浓度的提高,2个杨树品系的单株干质量以及“南杨1号”的根冠比均逐渐降低,但“南杨2号”的根冠比呈现先增大后减小的趋势;除P和Mg2+含量外,2个品系根、新生枝条和叶片中营养元素的含量均逐渐降低,Na+和Cl-含量以及Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值均逐渐增加,但Na+和Cl-含量以及Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值的增幅在根中均最高、在叶片中均最小.在150 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下,2个品系的单株干质量和根冠比以及根、新生枝条和叶片中N、P、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量均最低,Na+和Cl-含量以及Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值均最高,且与对照有显著差异.在NaCl胁迫条件下,2个品系从根到新生枝条、从新生枝条到叶片的离子运输相对选择性比率RSK+,Na+和RSCa2+,Na+基本上均小于对照,其中,从根到新生枝条的RSx+,Na+和RSCa2+,Na+均大于从新生枝条到叶片.总体上看,在NaCl胁迫条件下“南杨2号”的单株干质量和根冠比、各器官的N和P含量、不同器官间的RSK+Na+和RSCa2+,Na+均高于“南杨1号”,“南杨2号”各器官的Na+和Cl-含量以及Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值的增幅均低于“南杨1号”.综合分析结果表明:NaCl胁迫对2个杨树品系扦插苗的生长及体内离子的分布及运输均有一定的影响,但总体上看,“南杨2号”对NaCl胁迫的耐性优于“南杨1号”.     

Contrasting effects of maize residue,coal gas residue and their biochars on nutrient mineralization,enzyme activities and CO2 emissions in sandy loess soil

Mismanagement of crop straw and coal gas residue threatens the atmosphere and the economy. Nevertheless, thermal-pyrolysis is an option for management that turns bio-waste into biochar; its viability and adoption by the public as soil amendments is dependent on the agronomic and environmental values compared between biochar and the raw materials. We undertook a 60-day short-term analysis to assess the impact of various wastes and biochars, as well as inorganic nutrients (N), on carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, soil enzyme activities, soil fertility status, and microbial activities. There were eight treatments of soil amendments: without an amendment (CK), Nutrients (N), straw + nutrients (S+N), straw biochar + nutrients (SB+N), coal gas residue + nutrients (C+N), coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (CB+N), straw + straw biochar + nutrients (S+SB+N) and coal gas residue waste + coal gas residue biochar + nutrients (C+ CB +N). The results indicated that soil EC, pH, nitrate N (NO₃^–- N), SOC, TN and available K were significantly (p < 0.05) increased coal gas residue biochar and combined with coal fly ash as compared to maize straw biochar and combined with maize straw and N treatments. The higher concentrations of soil MBC and MBN activities were increased in the maize straw application, while higher soil enzyme activity such as, invertase, urease and catalase were enhanced in the coal fly ash derived biochar treatments. The higher cumulative CO₂ emissions were recorded in the combined applications of maize straw and its biochar as well as coal gas residue and its biochar treatment. Our study concludes, that maize straw and coal fly ash wastes were converted into biochar product could be a feasible substitute way of discarding, since land amendment and decreased CO₂ fluxes and positive changes in soil microbial, and chemical properties, and can be confirmed under long-term conditions for reduction of economical and environment issues.     

水东枣园土壤动物与土壤环境的关系

１９９２年１２月－１９９３年２月,对安徽省宣州市东枣园土壤动物进行了调查,共获大、中小型土壤动物５８７５个,分隶属于５门、１１纲、２８目、３５类。螨类、线虫类为优势类群,线蚓类、弹尾类为常见类群,通过７个样地对比得出：枣树种植年代愈久,土壤动物愈丰富,其类群数随土壤养分的增加而增加,随ＰＨ值和土壤容重的增大而减少,且其类群与个体数随土壤深度的增加而递减。     

灰渣场土壤酶活笥与植被和土壤化学性质的关系

通过野外调查和实验分析,研究了芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与土壤污染物及植被的关系。结果表明,灰渣场植被多以单种植物组成的斑块零散布,以草本植物为主,且多为1－2年生。同时,灰渣场3种土壤酶活性和渣场的自然环境条件具有较强的相关性,其中3种酶活性对环境胁迫的敏感性依次为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶,3种酶活性与环境中因子的相关性整体表现为蔗糖酶＞脲酶＞过氧化氢酶。由于对环境胁迫为敏感,而且其活性与植被状况和土壤化学性质具有显著或极显著相关性,建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

Effects of fire on soil respiration,ATP content and enzyme activities in Mediterranean maquis

Question: Do low or high intensity fires affect micro‐organism activity in the upper soil layer of Mediterranean maquis? Location: 600 m from the sea in the Nature Reserve of Castel Volturno (Campania, southern Italy, 40°57’N; 13°55’E). Methods: Soil respiration was measured in situ on intact soil; enzyme activity (cellulase, xylanase, invertase, trehalase and protease) and ATP content were measured on soil samples collected under three species of maquis vegetation: Phillyrea angustifolia L., Myrtus communis L. and Cistus incanus L. Results: Soil microbial respiration showed no significant differences in CO₂ flux in treated and untreated plots, but the ATP content in the soil under C. incanus and M. communis was lower in the treated plots for most of the study period. In the soil under Ph. angustifolia, ATP content was low only for one week after fire. The reduction was more marked in the samples from ‘high fire intensity’ than from ‘low fire intensity’ plots. Soil respiration and ATP content exhibited seasonal variations linked to soil water content. Among the enzyme activity measured in the soil under the three plant covers, only invertase declined in burned plots throughout the study period, particularly in the ‘high fire intensity’ plots. Activity of the enzymes cellulase, xylanase, trehalase and protease had a different sensitivity depending on the respective shrub cover. Conclusions: Impact of fire on soil microbial activity is largely dependent on vegetation mosaic and species identity.     

Soil carbon saturation: concept,evidence and evaluation

Current estimates of soil C storage potential are based on models or factors that assume linearity between C input levels and C stocks at steady-state, implying that SOC stocks could increase without limit as C input levels increase. However, some soils show little or no increase in steady-state SOC stock with increasing C input levels suggesting that SOC can become saturated with respect to C input. We used long-term field experiment data to assess alternative hypotheses of soil carbon storage by three simple models: a linear model (no saturation), a one-pool whole-soil C saturation model, and a two-pool mixed model with C saturation of a single C pool, but not the whole soil. The one-pool C saturation model best fit the combined data from 14 sites, four individual sites were best-fit with the linear model, and no sites were best fit by the mixed model. These results indicate that existing agricultural field experiments generally have too small a range in C input levels to show saturation behavior, and verify the accepted linear relationship between soil C and C input used to model SOM dynamics. However, all sites combined and the site with the widest range in C input levels were best fit with the C-saturation model. Nevertheless, the same site produced distinct effective stabilization capacity curves rather than an absolute C saturation level. We conclude that the saturation of soil C does occur and therefore the greatest efficiency in soil C sequestration will be in soils further from C saturation.

不同耕作方式对稻田土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响研究

以长期定位试验为基本材料,研究了不同耕作方式对土壤动物、微生物及酶活性的影响．结果表明,0～20cm土壤层内大、中、小型土壤动物垄作免耕为14700个·m^-22,冬水免耕为10450个·m^-22水旱轮作为7950个·m^-22常规平作为6275个·m^-22,垄作免耕处理土壤动物的数量是常规平作的2．34倍．土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物生物量氮因季节而异,总体上是春秋多而夏季少,土壤酶活性表现出表层高,底层低．土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物生物量氮及土壤酶活性不同处理间仍是垄作免耕>水旱轮作>冬水免耕>常规平作,表明垄作免耕有利于改善稻田土壤生态环境。有利于土壤肥力的提高。     

Some comments on ‘Urease activity and its Michaelis constant for soil systems’, by Viraj Beriet al.

Summary Recently Beri, Goswami and Brar made a very valuable contribution to our knowledge of soil urease activity. Unfortunately some errors crept into their experimental approach and the mathematical treatment of the experimental data. Rectification leads in some points to conclusions different from those of the authors.Viraj Beri, K. P. Goswami and S. S. Brar, Plant and Soil49, 105–115 (1978).     

Distribution,biomass, and dynamics of roots in a revegetated stand of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caragana korshinskii</Emphasis> in the Tengger Desert,northwestern China

A field experiment was conducted to investigate root distribution, biomass, and seasonal dynamics in a revegetated stand of Caragana korshinskii Kom. in the Tengger Desert. We used soil profile trenches, soil core sampling, and minirhizotron measurements to measure root dynamics. Results showed that the roots of C. korshinskii were distributed vertically in the uppermost portion of the soil profile, especially the coarse roots, which were concentrated in the upper 0.4 m. The horizontal distribution of the root length and weight of C. korshinskii coarse roots was concentrated within 0.6 and 0.4 m of the trunk, respectively. The lateral distribution of fine roots was more uniform than coarse roots. Total-root and fine-root biomasses were 662.4 ± 45.8 and 361.1 ± 10.3 g m⁻², accounting for about two-thirds and one-third of the total plant biomass, respectively. Fine-root turnover is closely affected by soil water, and both of these parameters showed synchronously seasonal trends during the growing season in 2004 and 2005. The interaction between fine-root turnover and soil water resulted in the fine-root length densities and soil water content in the 0- to 1.0-m soil layer having similar trends, but the soil water peaks occurred before those of the fine-root length densities.     

The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan

Soil microorganism and enzymes are important parts of forest ecosystem and sensitive to environmental changes. They have many critical functions in energy conversion and material cycle of forest soil. However, there are few studies about soil biological properties under subalpine coniferous forest, in particular, a serial of spruce plantation chronosequences following clear-cutting of natural coniferous forest in western Sichuan. We measured the quantity of soil microorganism (including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces), enzyme activity and soil nutrients under spruce plantation chronosequences in western Sichuan to investigate soil biological properties and their relationship with soil nutrients. The results showed that soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients of the mature spruce plantation were significantly lower than those of the young spruce plantation and secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil fertility degraded greatly with the increasing of spruce plantation age and was mainly affected by forest micro-environment. There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities and nutrients (e.g. soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K). Therefore soil biological indices can be used to evaluate soil fertility. In order to accelerate the course of restoration and rehabilitation of degraded pure plantation, the strategy and measures were put forward, including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees for new afforestations, which would create good forest micro-environment for plant growth.     

The relation among soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan

Soil microorganism and enzymes are important parts of forest ecosystem and sensitive to environmental changes. They have many critical functions in energy conversion and material cycle of forest soil. However, there are few studies about soil biological properties under subalpine coniferous forest, in particular, a serial of spruce plantation chronosequences following clear-cutting of natural coniferous forest in western Sichuan. We measured the quantity of soil microorganism (including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces), enzyme activity and soil nutrients under spruce plantation chronosequences in western Sichuan to investigate soil biological properties and their relationship with soil nutrients. The results showed that soil microorganism, enzyme activity and soil nutrients of the mature spruce plantation were significantly lower than those of the young spruce plantation and secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil fertility degraded greatly with the increasing of spruce plantation age and was mainly affected by forest micro-environment. There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities and nutrients (e.g. soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K). Therefore soil biological indices can be used to evaluate soil fertility. In order to accelerate the course of restoration and rehabilitation of degraded pure plantation, the strategy and measures were put forward, including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees for new afforestations, which would create good forest micro-environment for plant growth.