Effects of desertification on the C:N:P stoichiometry of soil,microbes, and extracellular enzymes in a desert grassland

为探讨荒漠草地沙漠化对“土壤-微生物-胞外酶”系统生态化学计量的影响机理, 该研究采用空间序列代替时间演替的方法, 研究了宁夏盐池荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤、土壤微生物及土壤胞外酶碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量的变异特征。结果表明: (1)随着荒漠草地沙漠化的不断加剧, 土壤C、N、P含量和土壤C:P、N:P均呈降低趋势, 而土壤C:N逐渐增加。(2)荒漠草地沙漠化过程中, 土壤微生物生物量C (MBC):微生物生物量P (MBP)、微生物生物量N (MBN):MBP和土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG):N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)逐渐降低, 而土壤BG:磷酸酶(AP)和NAG:AP基本表现为增加趋势。(3)随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧, 土壤微生物C利用效率CUE_C:N和CUE_C:P与土壤微生物N利用效率NUE_N:C和土壤微生物P利用效率PUE_P:C的变化趋势相反。(4)荒漠草地土壤、土壤微生物生物量和土壤胞外酶C:N化学计量(C:N, MBC:MBN, BG:NAG)与土壤、土壤微生物生物量和土壤胞外酶N:P化学计量(N:P, MBN:MBP, NAG:AP)显著负相关, 而土壤和胞外酶C:N化学计量(C:N, BG:NAG)与土壤和胞外酶C:P化学计量(C:P, BG:AP)显著正相关。土壤N:P与土壤MBN:MBP显著正相关, 而与土壤NAG:AP显著负相关。分析表明, 荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤微生物生物量及胞外酶活性随着土壤养分的变化而发生变化; 微生物-胞外酶C:N:P生态化学计量与土壤养分存在协变关系, 为理解荒漠草地土壤-微生物系统C、N、P循环机制提供理论依据。     

Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of recalcitrant organic matter decomposition: the growth rate hypothesis in reverse

The flow of carbon and nutrients from plant production into detrital food webs is mediated by microbial enzymes released into the environment (ecoenzymes). Ecoenzymatic activities are linked to both microbial metabolism and environmental resource availability. In this paper, we extend the theoretical and empirical framework for ecoenzymatic stoichiometry from nutrient availability to carbon composition by relating ratios of ??-1,4-glucosidase (BG), acid (alkaline) phosphatase (AP), ??-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and phenol oxidase (POX) activities in soils to measures of organic matter recalcitrance, using data from 28 ecosystems. BG and POX activities are uncorrelated even though both are required for lignocellulose degradation. However, the ratio of BG:POX activity is negatively correlated with the relative abundance of recalcitrant carbon. Unlike BG, POX activity is positively correlated with (NAG + LAP) and AP activities. We propose that the effect of organic matter recalcitrance on microbial C:N and C:P threshold element ratios (TER) can be represented by normalizing BG, AP and (NAG + LAP) activities to POX activity. The scaling relationships among these ratios indicate that the increasing recalcitrance of decomposing organic matter effectively reverses the growth rate hypothesis of stoichiometric theory by decreasing carbon and nutrient availability and slowing growth, which increases TER_N:P. This effect is consistent with the narrow difference between the mean elemental C:N ratios of soil organic matter and microbial biomass and with the inhibitory effect of N enrichment on rates of decomposition and microbial metabolism for recalcitrant organic matter. From these findings, we propose a conceptual framework for bottom-up decomposition models that integrate the stoichiometry of ecoenzymatic activities into general theories of ecology.     

土壤酶计量揭示了武夷山黄山松林土壤微生物沿海拔梯度的碳磷限制变化

了解土壤胞外酶活性和酶计量的变化对评估山地生态系统土壤养分有效性和微生物的营养限制状况具有重要意义.然而,亚热带山地森林土壤微生物的营养限制状况对海拔梯度变化的响应及其驱动因素尚不清楚.本研究以武夷山不同海拔(1200～2000 m)黄山松林为对象,测定了土壤基本性质、微生物生物量以及与碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环...     

亚热带苔藓结皮对土壤-微生物-胞外酶化学计量特征的影响

生物结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环及其化学计量特征,土壤微生物如何适应环境资源的化学计量变化仍不明确。本研究以三峡库区苔藓结皮为对象,分析结皮盖度(0、1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%)对土壤理化性质(0～5和5～10 cm土层)、微生物生物量和胞外酶活性[(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]的影响,探索土壤-微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P化学计量特征间的协变性。结果表明: 生物结皮发育显著提高了土壤黏粒、水稳性团聚体和土壤C、N、P含量,显著降低了土壤容重和砂粒含量;微生物生物量C、N、P和胞外酶活性均随结皮盖度的增大而显著增加;土层深度对土壤理化性质及C∶N∶P均无显著影响,但显著影响微生物生物量、胞外酶活性及BG∶AP和NAG∶AP。相关分析显示,土壤C、N、P含量与微生物生物量和胞外酶活性呈显著正相关,与BG∶NAG呈显著负相关,与NAG∶AP呈显著正相关,但与微生物生物量C∶N∶P无显著相关性;土壤-微生物、微生物-胞外酶C∶N∶P相关性均不显著,BG∶NAG∶AP随着微生物与土壤间C∶N∶P化学计量不平衡性的增加而逐渐降低。表明微生物养分代谢同时受N和P的限制,且P的限制较强烈,微生物可以通过调整自身生物量以及胞外酶C∶N∶P适应生物结皮发育驱动的土壤化学计量变化,从而维持内稳态。     

Changes in soil-microbe-exoenzyme C:N:P stoichiometry along an altitudinal gradient in Mt. Datudingzi,Northeast China

海拔变化导致温度、水分、植被等条件的改变会显著影响土壤碳(C_soil)、氮(N_soil)、磷(P_soil)含量及其化学计量特征, 土壤微生物如何通过调整自身生物量和胞外酶化学计量特征进行适应仍不明确。为了研究海拔梯度变化对土壤微生物生物量和胞外酶活性的影响, 探索土壤-微生物-胞外酶C:N:P化学计量特征间的协变性, 该文以黑龙江省雪乡大秃顶子山800、1 100、1 600和1 700 m分布的典型生态系统(针阔混交林、针叶林、岳桦林和草地)为研究对象, 测定其C_soil、N_soil、P_soil含量, 微生物生物量C (C_mic)、N (N_mic)、P (P_mic)含量, 以及微生物获取C (β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶, BG), N (几丁质酶, NAG), P (酸性磷酸酶, AP)资源的相关胞外酶活性。结果表明: (1)海拔梯度变化对C_soil和C_mic含量没有显著影响; 不同海拔间土壤和微生物生物量N、P含量存在显著差异。(2) BG和NAG活性随着海拔的升高呈现显著降低趋势, 表明海拔升高导致的温度降低抑制了微生物的活性。(3)海拔对土壤C:N、微生物C:N:P以及胞外酶C:N:P均具有显著影响。胞外酶C:N:P随着微生物与土壤间C:N:P化学计量不平衡性(土壤C:N:P与微生物C:N:P的比值)的增加而逐渐降低。微生物可以通过调整自身生物量以及胞外酶C:N:P适应土壤化学计量特征的变异, 该结果支持了微生物的资源分配理论。     

滇西并流河谷区土壤酶活性化学计量学特征与环境因子的关系

横断山河谷区具有极高的景观异质性,气候与植被类型多样化程度较高。为探讨土壤C、N、P、S四种生物元素在滇西怒江、澜沧江、金沙江及元江并流河谷区的区域循环特征,在各河谷的森林、草地、农田中分别取浅层(0～10 cm)土样,测定了土壤中C、N、P、S的循环酶,即β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、硫酸脂酶(SU)活性,分析了土壤酶活性及其化学计量学特征与环境因素之间的关系。结果表明: 不同流域和不同土地类型下AP、NAG活性均有显著差异;4种酶活性之间均呈显著正相关,BG、NAG、SU活性由东南向西北随采样点的海拔升高而逐渐升高;在各流域土壤中,酶活性的生态化学计量比均为AP∶SU > BG∶SU > NAG∶SU > BG∶NAG > BG∶AP > NAG∶AP;与各流域内的林地和草地相比,农田土壤BG∶NAG较高,而NAG∶AP较低(元江流域除外);农田土壤中AP∶SU、BG∶SU、NAG∶SU在元江流域小于草地和林地,在澜沧江流域和金沙江流域则大于林地而小于草地。土壤酶活性及其化学计量学特征受到土壤理化性质、气候及区位的综合影响,其中土壤理化性质的影响最大。农业活动对C∶N∶P相关酶化学计量学特征具有显著影响,降低了土壤中N分解酶与其他酶活性的计量比,表现为增加了BG∶NAG,降低了NAG∶AP,农业活动对其他酶化学计量学特征的影响较小。     

大兴安岭北部不同海拔天然林土壤胞外酶化学计量特征及其季节动态

研究了大兴安岭北部奥克里堆山不同海拔(750～1420 m)天然林土壤胞外酶活性(EEA)和酶计量比的变化特征及影响机制。结果表明: 海拔、季节及其交互作用对β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性均存在显著影响。5月,BG和NAG活性随海拔升高呈逐渐增大趋势,AP活性随海拔升高呈先升高后降低的趋势。7月,NAG活性随海拔升高而增大,AP活性则先升高后降低。9月,不同海拔上NAG活性变化幅度较大,在1420 m处活性最高,为124.22 nmol·h^-1·g^-1。随着海拔的升高,酶化学计量比ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP)呈降低的趋势。除海拔830 m外,7月化学计量比值最高。土壤C、N、P转化酶活性对数转换后的比值为1∶1.25∶0.82。海拔和土壤温度是影响土壤胞外酶的主要因素,土壤温度与BG、NAG和AP呈显著正相关。ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP)和ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)与pH分别呈显著正相关和负相关,与DOC分别呈显著负相关和正相关,而ln(BG)∶ln(AP)受土壤容重的影响较大。     

Microbial enzyme activity at the watershed scale: response to chronic nitrogen deposition and acute phosphorus enrichment

Microbial enzymes play a critical role in organic matter decomposition and enzyme activity can dynamically respond to shifts in inorganic nutrient and substrate availability, reflecting the nutrient and energy limitation of the microbial community. We characterized microbial enzyme response to shifting nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability across terrestrial and aquatic environments at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, the site of a whole-watershed N enrichment experiment. We compared activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG); β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG); acid phosphatase (AP) in soil, leaf litter in terrestrial and stream habitats and stream biofilms in a reference and N enriched watershed, representing whole-ecosystem response to chronic N enrichment. In addition, we used shorter, experimental P enrichments to address potential P limitation under ambient and elevated N availability. We found that BG and NAG activity were not affected by the long-term N enrichment in either habitat. Enhanced P limitation due to N enrichment was evident only in the aquatic habitats with 5- and 8-fold higher treated watershed AP activity in stream biofilms and stream litter, respectively. Acute P additions reduced AP activity and increased BG activity and these effects were also most pronounced in the streams. The stoichiometry of enzyme activity was constrained across ecosystem compartments with regression slopes for lnBG:lnNAG, lnBG:lnAP, and lnNAG:lnAP close to 1, ranging 1.142–1.241. We found that microbial enzyme response to shifting N and P availability varied among watershed compartments, typically with stronger effects in aquatic habitats. This suggests that understanding the response of ecosystem function to disturbance at the watershed scale requires simultaneous consideration of all compartments.     

有机物添加下太岳山油松林土壤微生物元素组成的稳态分析

在山西太岳山地区,向油松林土壤中分别添加生物炭、玉米秸秆、蒙古栎叶、油松叶、木屑等5种有机物,测定各处理的土壤养分、酶及微生物生物量等指标,研究外源有机物添加下土壤酶化学计量特征及微生物元素组成的内稳性。结果表明: 添加木屑显著增加了土壤N(17.1%)、P(37.6%)含量,显著增加了微生物生物量碳(118.0%)、氮(41.0%)、磷(176.6%)。C、N、P获取酶(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、酸性磷酸酶)活性总体上随添加有机物C/N值(生物炭<蒙古栎叶<油松叶<玉米秸秆<木屑)的增加而增加,其化学计量变化受土壤养分状态及微生物生物量的调控。酶活性相对比例及矢量特性表明,研究区微生物生长受到P的限制,且添加有机物没有缓解P的制约作用。微生物生物量碳、氮及化学计量比C∶N、C:P、N∶P属于绝对稳态型,而微生物生物量磷处于非稳态。微生物通过改变酶的分配策略保持微生物体元素及比例的相对稳定,仅有微生物生物量磷对土壤养分变化表现出不稳定性,可能因为P是研究区微生物生长的限制性元素。     

酶化学计量揭示5年氮添加加剧毛竹林土壤微生物碳磷限制

土壤胞外酶活性和酶化学计量比能很好地反映土壤养分有效性和微生物对养分的需求变化。然而,氮(N)沉降对亚热带森林土壤微生物养分相对限制情况的影响尚不清楚。通过在亚热带毛竹林进行N添加试验来模拟N沉降,并在试验满5年时进行取样,测定不同处理下土壤养分和与碳(C)、N、磷(P)循环相关的酶活性,利用酶化学计量比及矢量分析探究微生物的养分分配情况。结果表明: N添加显著降低土壤可溶性有机碳、有效磷含量,显著提高有效氮含量。此外,N添加显著降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶(NAG)活性和NAG/微生物生物量碳(MBC),显著提高酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和ACP/MBC。低N和中N处理显著提高酶C/N、矢量长度和矢量角度,但显著降低酶N/P。冗余分析表明,N添加下,土壤有效磷含量的变化是影响土壤酶活性及酶化学计量比变化的主要因子。综上可知,N添加改变了微生物的养分获取策略,即通过减少分配给合成N获取酶的养分来增加合成P获取酶的养分。此外,N添加还加剧了微生物的C、P限制,未来可以施加适量P肥来提高亚热带毛竹林的土壤肥力。     

Chronic Nitrogen Enrichment at the Watershed Scale Does Not Enhance Microbial Phosphorus Limitation

Increased N inputs through chronic atmospheric deposition has enriched temperate forest ecosystems, altering critical ecosystem functions such as decomposition and potentially resulting in a shift to P limitation. We used a combination of microbial biomass stoichiometry and enzymatic activity analyses to evaluate the potential for microbial nutrient limitation over the course of a growing season in response to multi-decadal, whole-watershed N enrichments and a one time, plot-scale P addition that occurred in the 22nd year of whole-watershed treatments. The one-time P addition increased microbial biomass threefold and reduced N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) and acid phosphatase (AP) activity 1 week after application, but there was no interaction with long-term experimental N enrichment to indicate a shift to P limitation. However, both N and P treatments increased C limitation independently of each other over the duration of the study based on measured increases in β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) activity relative to NAG and AP. Microbial biomass stoichiometry and enzyme activity indicated that BBWM is P limited regardless of N status. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between C, N, and P use and limitation in a forested ecosystem subjected to long-term N enrichment.     

Microbial resource allocation for phosphatase synthesis reflects the availability of inorganic phosphorus across various soils

According to the resource allocation model for extracellular enzyme synthesis, microorganisms should preferentially allocate their resources to phosphorus (P)-acquiring enzyme synthesis when P availability is low in soils. However, the validity of this model across different soil types and soils differing in their microbial community composition has not been well demonstrated. Here we investigated whether the resource allocation model for phosphatase synthesis is applicable across different soil types (Andosols, Acrisols, Cambisols, and Fluvisols) and land uses (arable and forest), and we examined which soil test P and/or P fraction microorganisms responded to when investing their resources in phosphatase synthesis in the soils. The ratio of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to β-d-glucosidase (BG) activities in the arable soils and the ratio of acid phosphatase (ACP) to BG activities in the forest soils were significantly negatively related with the available inorganic P concentration. We also observed significant effects of available inorganic P, pH, soil types, and land uses on the (ACP + ALP)/BG ratio when the data for the arable and forest soils were combined and used in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that microbial resource allocation for phosphatase synthesis is primarily controlled by available inorganic P concentration and soil pH, but the effects of soil types and land uses are also significant.     

入侵毛竹皆伐对亚热带森林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

去除入侵植物是恢复入侵地生态系统的首要步骤。本文研究了天目山毛竹纯林(完全入侵)、入侵毛竹皆伐林(皆伐后经过5年自然更新)和常绿阔叶林(未入侵)的土壤微生物生物量及多种土壤酶活性特征。结果表明: 与毛竹纯林相比,入侵毛竹皆伐林土壤有机碳(SOC)、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著升高;土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和磷(MBP)显著升高,而土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)显著降低;α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酚氧化酶(POX)活性显著升高,而纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和过氧化物酶(PER)活性未发生显著改变。土壤AG、BG和LAP活性与SOC和MBC呈显著正相关;POX活性与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关。此外,入侵毛竹皆伐林土壤MBC、MBN和MBP及AG、BG、NAG、LAP和ACP活性均显著高于常绿阔叶林。综上,入侵毛竹皆伐促进了森林土壤养分含量、微生物生物量和酶活性的提高,是恢复入侵地森林土壤质量的有效措施,研究结果可为亚热带森林毛竹入侵治理提供科学依据。     

Organic matter inputs shift soil enzyme activity and allocation patterns in a wet tropical forest

Soil extracellular enzymes mediate organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling yet remain little studied in one of Earth’s most rapidly changing, productive biomes: tropical forests. Using a long-term leaf litter and throughfall manipulation, we explored relationships between organic matter (OM) inputs, soil chemical properties and enzyme activities in a lowland tropical forest. We assayed six hydrolytic soil enzymes responsible for liberating carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), calculated enzyme activities and ratios in control plots versus treatments, and related these to soil biogeochemical variables. While leaf litter addition and removal tended to increase and decrease enzyme activities per gram soil, respectively, shifts in enzyme allocation patterns implied changes in relative nutrient constraints with altered OM inputs. Enzyme activity ratios in control plots suggested strong belowground P constraints; this was exacerbated when litter inputs were curtailed. Conversely, with double litter inputs, increased enzymatic investment in N acquisition indicated elevated N demand. Across all treatments, total soil C correlated more strongly with enzyme activities than soluble C fluxes, and enzyme ratios were sensitive to resource stoichiometry (soil C:N) and N availability (net N mineralization). Despite high annual precipitation in this site (MAP ~5 m), soil moisture positively correlated with five of six enzymes. Our results suggest resource availability regulates tropical soil enzyme activities, soil moisture plays an additional role even in very wet forests, and relative investment in C, N and P degrading enzymes in tropical soils will often be distinct from higher latitude ecosystems yet is sensitive to OM inputs.     

不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性\[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β 1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)\]的影响.结果表明：施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34%;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

中亚热带典型人工林土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征

以中亚热带典型的马尾松林、湿地松林和马尾松-木荷混交林(针阔混交林)为研究对象,分析不同林分类型下0～10和10～20 cm土层的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(POD)6种土壤酶活性,以及酶化学计量比及土壤理化性质特征,分析驱动中亚热带典型林分类型土壤酶活性及其计量比变异的主要因素。结果表明: 林分类型显著影响了土壤BG和LAP活性,表现为湿地松林10～20 cm土层土壤BG显著高于马尾松林,而LAP在马尾松林最高;湿地松林10～20 cm土层土壤BG/(NAG+LAP)、BG/AP显著高于马尾松林,而马尾松林(NAG+LAP)/AP显著高于湿地松林和针阔混交林;林分类型间酶化学计量的向量长度在10～20 cm土层差异显著,表现为湿地松林>针阔混交林>马尾松林。3种人工林酶化学计量的向量角度均大于45°,其中在湿地松林10～20 cm土层向量角度显著大于马尾松林。冗余分析表明,土壤碳质量指数和有机碳与全磷的比值(C/P)以及土壤含水量和C/P分别是0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤酶活性及其化学计量的关键影响因素,土壤碳和磷的数量和质量,以及土壤含水量在调节中亚热带人工林生态系统养分循环中发挥关键作用。     

The response of microbial biomass and hydrolytic enzymes to a decade of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Nutrient availability is widely considered to constrain primary productivity in lowland tropical forests, yet there is little comparable information for the soil microbial biomass. We assessed microbial nutrient limitation by quantifying soil microbial biomass and hydrolytic enzyme activities in a long-term nutrient addition experiment in lowland tropical rain forest in central Panama. Multiple measurements were made over an annual cycle in plots that had received a decade of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrient addition. Phosphorus addition increased soil microbial carbon (13 %), nitrogen (21 %), and phosphorus (49 %), decreased phosphatase activity by ~65 % and N-acetyl β-glucosaminidase activity by 24 %, but did not affect β-glucosidase activity. In contrast, addition of nitrogen, potassium, or micronutrients did not significantly affect microbial biomass or the activity of any enzyme. Microbial nutrients and hydrolytic enzyme activities all declined markedly in the dry season, with the change in microbial biomass equivalent to or greater than the annual nutrient flux in fine litter fall. Although multiple nutrients limit tree productivity at this site, we conclude that phosphorus limits microbial biomass in this strongly-weathered lowland tropical forest soil. This finding indicates that efforts to include enzymes in biogeochemical models must account for the disproportionate microbial investment in phosphorus acquisition in strongly-weathered soils.     

氮添加对湿地松林土壤水解酶和氧化酶活性的影响

通过3个水平野外氮添加控制试验(0、40、120 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1),研究氮添加对亚热带湿地松林土壤水解酶和氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明: 氮添加显著抑制了土壤有机质中碳、氮、磷水解酶和氧化酶的活性,导致β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)、纤维素二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-1,4-乙酰基-葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)、过氧化物酶(PER)活性下降16.5%～51.1%,并且高水平氮添加对酶活性抑制效果更明显;氮添加导致α-1,4-葡糖苷酶(aG)、β-1,4-木糖苷酶(BX)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性降低14.5%～38.6%,不同水平氮添加处理间差异不显著.土壤酶活性存在明显的季节性差异,BG、NAG、BX、CBH、AP、PPO活性表现为3月>6月>10月,aG、PER活性表现为10月>3月>6月.多数土壤水解酶和氧化酶与pH呈显著正相关,与NO₃^--N含量呈显著负相关,表明氮添加导致pH降低和土壤中硝化作用增强,抑制了土壤水解酶和氧化酶活性.氮添加不利于亚热带土壤有机质的矿化和周转,并且随着氮添加量的增加,效果更明显.     

氮添加对三峡库区马尾松-栓皮栎混交林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

选择三峡库区的马尾松-栓皮栎混交林,分析不同浓度氮添加(0、30、60、90 kg N·hm-2·a-1)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和养分含量的影响,为在大气氮沉降持续增加的背景下预测该地区森林土壤碳动态提供科学依据.结果 表明:各氮添加处理下土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷均显著提高,土壤pH值下降,全磷含量...     

青藏高原高寒草甸不同海拔土壤酶化学计量特征

土壤酶在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着关键作用,研究土壤酶活性对于探讨生态系统功能有着重要意义.采用Biolog微平板技术,研究不同海拔(4300～5100 m)土壤酶活性和酶计量比的变化特征及影响机制.结果表明:与C循环密切相关的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、与N循环密切相关的β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)以及与P循环密切相关的酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性均随海拔升高呈现先上升后下降的单峰变化趋势,整体表现出4800 m>4950 m>4400 m>4650 m>5100 m>4300 m;土壤N∶P酶活性比呈现与土壤酶活性相同的先上升后下降单峰变化趋势,在4950 m处达到最高值;而土壤C∶N和C∶P酶活性比表现出沿海拔升高逐渐增加的趋势.有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(TN)、土壤含水量与4种酶活性均呈显著正相关;年均温度与NAG、AP呈显著正相关;年降水量与NAG、AP呈显著负相关;土壤C∶P酶活性比、土壤N∶P酶活性比与年均温度、年降水量、植被Shannon多样性指数、植被丰富度指数、植被盖度和TN呈显著正相关.年均温、年降水量、植被丰富度、植被覆盖度、土壤全氮和溶解性有机碳显著影响土壤C∶N酶活性比.青藏高原草甸不同海拔土壤酶活性和酶计量比呈现显著的海拔差异,且高海拔地区存在一定的N限制.土壤酶活性海拔差异主要受到土壤含水量、TN、SOC、年降水量和年均温度的影响.