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1.
Jessica Wilkinson 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2009,17(1):53-70
Under Section 404 of the federal U.S. Clean Water Act, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency require compensatory mitigation for unavoidable impacts stemming from the permitted discharge of dredged or fill material
into waters of the United States. There are three primary mechanisms supported by the Corps and EPA for permittees to meet
their compensatory mitigation obligations: permittee-responsible mitigation, purchasing credits from a mitigation bank, or
making a payment to an approved in-lieu fee mitigation program. In 2005, the Environmental Law Institute studied the 38 approved,
active in-lieu fee programs operating in the US. This paper seeks to assess how the in-lieu fee programs that were approved
and active as of October 2005 will need to update their administrative and procedural practices to come into compliance with
new regulations on compensatory mitigation published in April 2008. Of the 10 new requirements for in-lieu fee reviewed here,
three in particular will likely have the most significant impact on whether the 2005 programs are able to seek authorization
and continue to operate. These are the compensation planning framework, the cap on the number of advance credits that can
be sold, and the requirement to provide financial assurances for all projects. Those programs that make the investment in
meeting the new requirements by the June 2010 deadline are likely to overcome past concerns over the ability for in-lieu fee
mitigation to replace lost aquatic resources in a timely and efficient fashion.
相似文献
Jessica WilkinsonEmail: |
2.
Morgan Robertson 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2009,17(1):35-51
Wetland banking has been discussed in the policy literature mainly at a high level of abstraction, using economic models or
generic examples to illustrate the concepts and tensions within wetland banking. This article illustrates two cases of wetland
bank creation in-depth using the methodology of the extended case study, following the process from the initiation of interest
in forming a bank through to the approval of credits for sale. The close attention to actual cases serves to move discussion
beyond the goodness of models or the supposed rationality of economic actors, towards a consideration of actual market participants
in complex situations. Successful wetland credit producers must negotiate a number of different economic, political, interpersonal,
and ecological forces which impact their project from a number of different scales. While no optimal solution to this complexity
is likely to be reached that is generalizable, the use of entrepreneurial wetland banking as a market-based policy may expand
where skillful bankers and regulators together arrive at adequate solutions that are matched to the specificity of their contexts.
相似文献
Morgan RobertsonEmail: |
3.
Though there are wetlands listed by the IUCN and wetland protection areas designated by the government, it is presumed that there would be more wetlands in Korea when they are surveyed and classified according to international wetland criteria, but a considerable amount of area is yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to conduct a systematic status survey on the wetlands of Korea, a wetland classification system needs to be developed first. The objectives of this paper include reviewing international wetland classifications and mapping systems of the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan and North Korea and developing a wetland classification and mapping system appropriate to Korea based on an understanding of the major case examples of wetland types. Then, the developed system was applied to the Phanmun field watershed located at the western DMZ in Korea to conduct a case study. The overall process of a wetland classification and mapping system developed in this study is undertaken as the following from step 1 to step 5. First, wetlands are identified based on three parameters: hydrology, hydrophytes and hydric soil. Second, wetland delineation distinguished wetland areas and non-wetland areas by identifying wetlands through a field survey. Third, an ecological survey is conducted in order to classify wetland characteristics and types for the target area. Ecological survey items include the topography, landscape, biota, pollutant sources and land use status. Fourth, a wetland classification is developed through a hybrid approach based on HGM (the hydrogeomorphic method). Level 1 is classified into inland, estuarine and costal areas. Level 2, the target area, is classified as an eco-region at a watershed level, and level 3 is classified into depression, riverine, slope, flat and fringe areas based on a HGM approach. Level 4 is classified into detailed wetland types based on specific characteristics of wetlands. Level 5 is classified into marsh and swamp based on grasslands and shrubs and forest trees. Level 6 indicates the dominant vegetation communities.
相似文献
Hee-Sun Choi (Corresponding author)Email: Phone: +82-2-8804881Fax: +82-2-8754818 |
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Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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Christopher D. Williams James Moran Owen Doherty Rory J. Mc Donnell Michael J. Gormally Lloyd V. Knutson Jean-Claude Vala 《Aquatic Ecology》2009,43(1):117-133
Sciomyzid flies, which have potential as bio-indicators, were sampled by sweep-net surveys at a turlough in the west of Ireland.
Turloughs are ephemeral wetlands (unique to Ireland), which flood from groundwater in winter and empty in the summer, during
that time, they are frequently grazed. The weekly survey consisted of ten linear sweeps (5 m × 1 m) in each of six homogeneous
and contiguous vegetation zones throughout the summer of 2004. The fauna was dominated by univoltine species with Ilione albiseta being particularly abundant, though species displaying a range of phenologies and life histories were also present. Species
richness and total abundance were significantly higher in the two zones with the highest hydroperiods. Mantel tests showed
that the species matrix was significantly co-structured with permanent features of the physical environment, but not with
stochastic sampling variables related to weather conditions. Mantel correllograms displayed typical patterns of autocorrelation
for hydroperiod, soil moisture and soil pH in each zone and vegetation height, vegetation length and Ellenberg moisture index
(weighted for vegetation composition) in each sweep-path. No patterns of autocorrelation were evident for distance among zones,
area of patch of vegetation zone sampled, area of the vegetation zone on the whole turlough, soil mass-loss-on-ignition and
Ellenberg N and reaction indices. These results provide strong evidence for high microhabitat specificity in Sciomyzidae at
this site and indicate a major influence of vegetation structure and hydrological regime on their ecology.
相似文献
Jean-Claude ValaEmail: |
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This paper introduces a threshold policy with hysteresis (TPH) for the control of one-predator one-prey models. The models studied are the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur
two species density-dependent predator–prey models and the Arditi–Ginzburg nondimensional ratio-dependent model. The proposed
policy (TPH) changes the dynamics of the system in such a way that a bounded oscillation is achieved confined to a region
that does not allow extinction of either species. The policy can be designed by a suitable choice of so called virtual equilibrium
points in a simple and intuitive manner.
相似文献
Amit Bhaya (Corresponding author)Email: |
11.
Sonia Graham 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2009,17(4):303-316
In Australia and many countries worldwide environmental flows are becoming an increasingly popular tool for reducing the negative
impacts of river regulation. However, there are many factors that restrict the effectiveness of these flows such as thermal
pollution, existing physical infrastructure and the limited volume of water available. Since environmental flows result in
reduced water allocations for irrigators, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether irrigators’ attitudes towards
environmental flows for wetlands are influenced by the effectiveness of these flows. Three focus groups were used to engage
with farmers in the Murrumbidgee Catchment, eastern Australia. A simulation model of the Murrumbidgee River was created to
provide focus groups with a tool for examining the effectiveness of wetland-watering releases and exploring alternative management
scenarios. The results showed that participants support the principle of environmental flows for wetlands. However, they believed
that the flows could be more effective if the restrictions imposed by physical infrastructure were removed. They also suggested
that the volume of translucency releases should be lowered, as these flows reduce the amount of water available for wetlands
and lower early season allocations for general-security water users. The participants provided numerous suggestions for altering
the management of water resources so that both the Mid Murrumbidgee Wetlands and farmers would benefit.
相似文献
Sonia GrahamEmail: |
12.
Mitigation of seabird mortality on factory trawlers: trials of three devices to reduce warp cable strikes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
B. J. Sullivan P. Brickle T. A. Reid D. G. Bone D. A. J. Middleton 《Polar Biology》2006,29(9):745-753
Experimental trials were conducted onboard a stern trawler to identify the relative efficacy of three emerging mitigation measures (tori lines, warp scarer and Brady baffler) designed to reduce seabird mortality caused by warp cable strikes. The use of mitigation measures was clearly shown to substantially reduce seabird mortalities from collisions between seabirds and warp cables. Based on an established significant relationship between contact rate and seabird mortality, when using contact rate as an index of mortality there was a clear performance hierarchy of the three measures. Tori lines and the warp scarer were significantly more effective at reducing contacts than the Brady Baffler, whilst tori lines represent a smaller, but still significant, improvement on the warp scarer. While further testing would be required under local environmental and operational conditions, our findings are likely to have application for many trawl fisheries around the world.
相似文献
B. J. SullivanEmail: |
13.
Julio C. Postigo Kenneth R. Young Kelley A. Crews 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(4):535-551
Pastoralists of the high Andes Mountains raise mixed herds of camelids and sheep. This study evaluates the land use of herdsmen
who are confronted by both socioeconomic and climate changes in Huancavelica, central Peru. Land use/ land cover change (LULCC)
was measured through satellite imagery, and pastoralists’ capacity to adapt to socioenvironmental changes was evaluated through
interviews and archival research. The most dynamic LULCCs between 1990 and 2000 were large increases in wetlands and a loss
of permanent ice. We conclude that the people’s responses to these changes will depend on availability of institutions to
manage pastures, other household resources, and perceptions of these biophysical changes. Socioenvironmental change is not
new in the study area, but current shifts will likely force this community to alter its rules of access to pastures, its economic
rationales in regards to commodities produced, and the degree of dependence on seasonal wage labor. In this scenario, households
with a greater amount of livestock will fare better in terms of assets and capital that will allow them to benefit from the
increasing presence of a market economy in a landscape undergoing climate change.
相似文献
Julio C. PostigoEmail: |
14.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
15.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
16.
Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
17.
Human behavioral ecology (HBE) began as an attempt to explain human economic, reproductive, and social behavior using neodarwinian
theory in concert with theory from ecology and economics, and ethnographic methods. HBE has addressed subsistence decision-making,
cooperation, life history trade-offs, parental investment, mate choice, and marriage strategies among hunter-gatherers, herders,
peasants, and wage earners in rural and urban settings throughout the world. Despite our rich insights into human behavior,
HBE has very rarely been used as a tool to help the people with whom we work. This article introduces a special issue of Human
Nature which explores the application of HBE to significant world issues through the design and critique of public policy
and international development projects. The articles by Tucker, Shenk, Leonetti et al., and Neil were presented at the 104th
annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington, D.C., in December 2005, in the first organized
session of the nascent Evolutionary Anthropology Section (EAS). We conclude this introduction by summarizing some theoretical
challenges to applying HBE, and ways in which evolutionary anthropologists can contribute to solving tough world issues.
相似文献
Bram TuckerEmail: |
18.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
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20.
Aricò S 《Cell biology and toxicology》2008,24(6):475-481
Science-based indicators aimed at measuring the sustainability of human activities on the environment have become of prime
importance in the policy arena. At the international level, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the Convention on
Biological Diversity and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements have recognised the need to develop a set of scientific
indicators related to changes in biodiversity and other environmental issues able to direct policy decisions. In the marine
realm, the study of the effects of both ‘top-down’ extractive activities such as fishing is more and more dealt with, in conjunction
with ‘bottom-up’ activities such as nutrient loading and the effects on biogeochemical cycles, marine geochemistry and ecosystem
structure and functioning of other pollutants and contaminants. ‘Conventional’ approaches such as the identification of taxa,
model organisms and related methodologies will continue playing a key role for the monitoring of human-induced changes in
the marine environment. On the other hand, newly developed disciplines such as genomics, proteomics and biodiversity informatics
are increasingly looked at as a source of information and applications that can respond to questions and concerns by the policy
community such as the need to adapt to global and climate change in the marine environment so as to mitigate its societal
implications.
相似文献
Salvatore AricòEmail: |