外来杂草在我国的危害性及其管理对策

外来杂草已对我国的农作物生产、果园、草坪、环境和生物多样性等赞成了严重危害。外来杂草之所以能在传入地产生危害,与它们所具有的特性和当地缺乏环境阻力密切相关。对外来杂草的管理应从防止外来杂草传入和对现有的外来杂草初稿除两方面采取措施。防止传入的措施包括：（1）加强植物检疫;（2）建立外来植物引种驯化的风险性评价制度;（3）鼓励利用本土植物。对现有外来杂草的防除,则应采取综合性的防除措施：（1）防治生态破坏;（2）开展外来杂草的生物控制;（3）利用经济植物进行生境替代控制;（4）开展对外来杂草的利用。     

Mapping Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) stand architecture using airborne laser scanning: implications for large‐scale tree weed control

We investigated the potential of airborne laser scanning (ALS) for mapping the stand architecture of Grey Willow (Salix cinerea), an invasive wetland weed in New Zealand. In particular, we focused on two metrics, tree height and canopy density, both of which influence the efficacy and nontarget impacts of herbicides aerially broadcast by helicopter to control tree weeds. We compared ground‐based measures of Grey Willow height and canopy density with ALS‐derived data, and the relationship between canopy density as estimated by each method and aerial herbicide deposition at three wetland sites in New Zealand. Analysis revealed strong linear relationships between ground‐based and ALS metrics, indicating that ALS data could be used to generate accurate, high‐resolution digital maps of Grey Willow height and canopy density. These maps coupled with computer‐guided variable flow rate technologies, which enable optimal placement of herbicide, could maximise Grey Willow mortality while reducing the mortality of nontarget indigenous plants. We recommend the application of ALS‐derived maps and computer‐guided variable flow rate technology is investigated for more targeted large‐scale tree weed control.     

Interactions between national and local strategies for the management of aquatic weeds

Management of aquatic weeds is often handled primarily at the local level. However, both water and water weeds do not recognise political boundaries even when these coincide with rivers or catchment areas. Thus potentially effective management of a weed in one area may be undermined by absence of a complementary program of management in an adjacent area. Authorities in each of the eight States or Territories that make up Australia are separately responsible for managing water weeds in their own State or Territory. Originally there was little coordination of these programs, but during the 1980s a national strategy for control of Australian water weeds has been progressively devised and put into practice. This stresses prevention and includes policies on plant importation, nomination of noxious weeds, development of a research strategy, a public awareness campaign, guidelines on the use of herbicides in or near water, and a field guide. This strategy is currently being incorporated into a National Weeds Strategy.     

基于Web of Science分析的生态创新研究进展

生态创新是实现绿色发展的重要举措。为了深入了解生态创新的研究进展,基于Web of Science引文数据库,系统收集了2007—2018年间615篇符合生态创新主题的论文,采用文献计量、内容分析等方法对文献进行了科学和系统分析,构建了生态创新研究的整合框架。结果发现:生态创新的研究基础围绕\"基础理论、竞争优势、环境政策工具\"三个方面,其研究热点包括生态创新的绩效评估、生态创新与企业绩效的关系,以及生态创新的驱动因素。最后,基于分析结果,本研究勾勒出了生态创新领域未来的研究方向。     

进境美国高粱截获杂草种子现状分析

【目的】近年来,美国高粱开始大量进入我国,其携带的杂草种子状况尚未有相关研究。通过对进境美国高粱携带的杂草种子现状进行分析,可为出入境检验检疫机构的检疫监管和后续监测提供依据。【方法】通过对2014—2016年进境美国高粱截获的杂草种子的研究,了解其携带的杂草种子状况。【结果】黄埔检验检疫局和南沙检验检疫局从进境的美国高粱中截获的杂草种子种类共涉及19个科106种。主要包括禾本科27种、菊科14种、大戟科3种、茄科2种、苋科15种、豆科10种、蓼科7种、锦葵科4种、旋花科7种、十字花科4种、藜科4种等,其中检疫性杂草共涉及5科25种,检出率高。【结论】美国高粱携带的杂草种子数量大,种类丰富,检疫性杂草含量大,应予以高度重视。     

The Impact of a Funded Research Program on Music Education Policy

Sounds of Learning: The Impact of Music Education is a research program designed to allow researchers to examine the roles of music education in the lives of school-aged children to expand the understanding of music's role in a quality education. The NAMM Foundation, the sponsoring organization, has provided more than $1,000,000 to fund research on the impact of music education on student achievement and success in school; all aspects of a child's growth and development; the uses and functions of music in daily life; and home, school, and community environments. Quality research about the role and impact of music education conducted by experienced researchers who publish in rigorous, peer-reviewed, scientific research journals plays a vital role in moving a public policy agenda forward to achieve expanded access to music education for all children. The goal is that this research will inform policy debates and development to achieve policies that support opportunities for every child to experience the power and benefits of learning music.     

The effect of temperature on viability of imbibed weed seeds

Imbibed seed of 10 common arable weeds were placed in trays in initially moist soil and, after imbibing for 2h, heated in ovens/incubators set to 31^oC, 42^oC, 56^oC, 75^oC or 100^oC for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 days or at 102^oC, 155^oC, 204^oC or 262^oC for 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7.5 or 10 min. After heating, seeds were incubated for 28 days at 10/20^oC or 20/30^oC on a 12 h dark/light regime, depending on species, and germination recorded. At the lower temperatures, germination of all species was prevented by temperatures of 75^oC or higher for periods of 0.5 days or more. Germination was lower after treatment at 56^oC than at 31^oC or 42^oC for all species except Rumex obtusifolius. The maximum temperature required to prevent germination varied among species and was of greater importance than the duration of heating. Germination was variable with duration of heating. At the higher temperatures, there was very little germination of any species after heating at 204^oC for 7.5 min or 262^oC for 5 min or more. Seeds were greatly buffered from the air temperature by 3 mm of soil, throughout the shorter duration of heating. The average temperature of the soil, over the 10 min heating required to prevent over 90% germination, varied among species and ranged from 48^oC for Avena fatua to 65^oC for R. obtusifolius. This work implies that composting systems maintained at 65^oC are unlikely to provide an efficient method of weed control. Recommendations for improvement of the laboratory technique are suggested.     

与环境管理有关的生态学研究展望

当今世界 ,自然资源和环境管理间有许多问题需要解决。决策者们不断寻求能够实现环境质量改善和有效、持续利用资源的途径和手段。而环境资源的有限性和稀缺性也决定了必须进行有效的环境管理 ,这就需要借助生态学知识作出有效可行的管理决策 [10 ,11]。然而 ,在我国目前的条件下 ,生态学家和环境管理人员之间通常缺乏联系 ,在许多方面难以达成共识。其原因 ,既有人为造成的 ,也有历史发展的原因。在解决有关生态保护、环境管理和可持续发展之间的种种问题时 ,对生态学研究所处的地位和作用缺乏理论上的探索。另一方面 ,生态系统管理比我们…     

Linking reductionist science and holistic policy using systematic reviews: unpacking environmental policy questions to construct an evidence-based framework

1. There is a mismatch between broad holistic questions typically posed in policy formation and narrow reductionist questions that are susceptible to scientific method. This inhibits the two-way flow of information at the science-policy interface and weakens the impact of applied ecology on environmental policy.
2. We investigate the approaches to building policy in the health services as a model to help establish a framework in applied ecology and environmental management by which reductionist science can underpin decision making at the policy level.
3. A comparison of policy documents in the health and environmental sectors reveals many similarities in identifying approaches and specific interventions that might achieve policy objectives. The difference is that in the health services, information on the effectiveness of potential interventions is far more readily available through the collaborative process of systematic review.
4. Synthesis and applications . Decision makers are increasingly looking to produce policies that are shaped by evidence through evidence-based policy making. The approach that we outline here provides a framework for structuring systematic reviews to deliver the evidence on key policy issues in a way that will see a faster return and provide better use of the systematic review methodology in environmental management.     

Farm characteristics and the vegetative diversity of grasslands in the North of England: a policy perspective

A survey of 36 fields across 11 farms in the North of England was conducted to record the plant species diversity of grassland communities under various base conditions. Data pertaining to topographical advantage, farm management strategy and soil type were also collected for each field site. The relationship between management inputs and base environmental conditions and the resultant diversity of flora were identified through ordination techniques. The results show a total of 111 species being observed across the sample and some expected relationship emerge, but they also suggest that complementary management techniques can have opposing or conflicting effects on species prevalence. The study argues that provision or use of such information should be paramount within environmental policy formulation where site-specific management plans are used to produce environmental goods.     

杂草科学管理——理论基础与实施途径

Scientific management of weeds is theoretically based on ecology.The implementation methods incladeIntensifying the weed biology and ecology research, especially those of the heavy weeds;Intensifying the research of developing competition between the crop and the weed;Utilizing a allelopathy the gene engineering and breeding against the weeds;Utilizing allelopathy between the crop and the weed, and utilizing biological and agricultural measurements to control the weeds.     

Impact of introduced native herbivores on a Pistia stratiotes infestation close to the Paraná Delta in Argentina

Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is an important weed in many waterways worldwide. The South American weevil Neohydronomus affinis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the planthopper Lepidelphax pistiae Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) are specific herbivores of P. stratiotes. Both species, plus the oligophagous moth Samea multiplicalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were released in a P. stratiotes-infested lake in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where previous sampling indicated that specific herbivores were absent. The weevil and the planthopper established and covered the whole lake in under two months. The moth may have also established but its numbers were very low and erratic. Plant cover, biomass per square metre, and individual plant size decreased markedly within a year after the release of the insects. Concomitantly, other floating macrophytes appeared in the lake. Insect abundance was related to mean monthly temperature and light hours, but not the other insect species. However, insect damage levels and the state of the plant population suggest that herbivory was the main factor in lowering the P. stratiotes populations. N. affinis and L. pistiae could be specific, damaging and compatible as biocontrol agents for P. stratiotes.