瑞香属和荛花属的数量分类研究

瑞香属和荛花属为瑞香科瑞香亚科的落叶或常绿灌木,中国西南部是瑞香属和荛花属的重要分化中心。全世界共有瑞香属95种、荛花属70种,中国分布有瑞香属52种、荛花属49种。瑞香属和荛花属的分类学研究一直存在不同程度的分歧。花盘形状和果实类型在传统分类中一直是区分瑞香属和荛花属的典型特征,而花盘形态和果实类型在2个属中存在交叉和过渡,部分植物分类学家根据这些特征将两个属进行过不同程度的归并。该研究采用数量分类法对瑞香属77种(变种)和荛花属62种(变种)植物,选取32个形态学性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:聚类分析和主成分分析均显示两属均未形成单系类群。在主成分分析中,前3个主成分分析的贡献值为35.56%,传统分类中用来区分两属的花盘形状、叶序及果实类型等特征对前3个主成分贡献相对较小,因此,传统分类学中对这两个属进行区分的性状并没有典型的分类学意义。同时,聚类图和主成分分析得到的散点图均不能将这两个属区分开来。数量分类研究结果显示两属植物存在明显的交叉,支持瑞香属和荛花属不是两个独立自然类群的观点。     

中国唐松草属植物的化学系统学初探

本文根据唐松草植物所含化学成分并结合其外部形态及地理分布对属内各群的亲缘关系进行了 探讨。结果表明：(1)从化学系统学角度看,中国植物志中所安排的属内各组植物间的关系是适宜的。(2)植物中所含生物碱的种类及含量与植物的进化有一定关系。在较原始的组中,成分的类型和含量相对较少;而在较进化的组中,各种结构类型得到较大发展。(3)唐松草属在毛茛科中有较特殊的地位。在科内,它是联系蓇葖果和瘦果植物群的过渡类群;在科外,它使毛茛科与小檗科、防己科和罂粟科发生联系,使其成为一个自然的分类群。     

柳叶拟沉香所产沉香的化学成分研究

采用ODS、硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱技术从瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)拟沉香属(Gyrinops)植物柳叶拟沉香(Gyrinops salicifolia Ridl)根部所产沉香中分离得到8个2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物,运用波谱学方法解析鉴定为:2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(1)、5,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(2)、5,8-二羟基-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(3)、6,8-二羟基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(4)、6-羟基-7-甲氧基-2-[2-(4-羟基苯)乙基]色酮(5)、6-甲氧基-7-羟基-2-[2-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(6)、6-羟基-7-甲氧基-2-[2-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮(7)和6-羟基-2-[2-(3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯)乙基]色酮(8)。以上化合物均为首次从拟沉香属植物所产沉香中分离得到。采用Elman比色法对全部化合物进行活性测试,结果表明化合物2~4、7对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。     

瑞香属和荛花属(瑞香科)植物叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

选取瑞香科瑞香属(Daphne)植物56种(变种)、荛花属(Wikstroemia)植物45种(变种),及12种外类群植物,进行叶表皮微形态解剖学研究。结果表明,瑞香属和荛花属植物叶表皮细胞大多为多边形和不规则形,垂周壁大多为平直、弯曲和浅波状,大小为30~40μm×10~20μm,部分具毛。气孔呈随机分布,大小为20~36μm×17~25μm,宽椭圆形或窄椭圆形,气孔密度为100~250 S/mm2,气孔主要类型为无规则型(anomocytic)。瑞香属与荛花属的叶表皮性状整体具有一致性,两属间没有典型区别特征,很多性状在两个属中呈交叉分布,不反映瑞香属和荛花属分别是自然(单系)类群。毛管花属(Eriosolena)植物特有的乳突(papillae)特征在瑞香属和荛花属植物中均不存在,不支持将其并入瑞香属的分类处理。通过气孔器类型比较分析认为,瑞香属和荛花属与瑞香亚科中的其他属,如鼠皮树属(Rhamnoneuron)、毛管花属、假狼毒属(Stelleropsis)、Daphnopsis、结香属(Edgeworthia)相比具衍生性状,是衍生类群。     

王二包自然保护区蔷薇科植物区系特征研究

在对王二包自然保护区蔷薇科植物详细调查的基础上,对其亚科、属、种组成,分布区类型及其区系特征等进行了统计和分析。结果表明：（1）区内蔷薇科属种组成较为丰富,包含有蔷薇科植物4亚科、20属、83种;（2）本区蔷薇科植物地理成分较为复杂、区系成分古老与进化并存;（3）优势属明显;（4）植物区系具明显的温带性质。     

中国伞形科天胡荽亚科果实解剖特征及其系统学意义

经对中国伞形科天胡荽亚科 (Hydrocotyloideae)中天胡荽属 (HydrocotyleL .)积雪草属 (CentellaL .)和马蹄芹属(DickinsiaFranch .) 10种植物果实解剖结构的观察比较 ,发现 3属的果实横切面以合生面为基准可以分成 2个类型 ,即两侧压扁类型 (天胡荽属和积雪草属 )和背腹压扁类型 (马蹄芹属 )。除此之外 ,中果皮的外侧是否有色素块沉积、内侧是否有木化细胞层或厚壁细胞层以及最内层是否形成晶体细胞层 ,内果皮细胞的层数、排列方向以及有无棱槽油管等性状 ,可以作为区分 3属的重要解剖学特征。在此基础上 ,结合外部形态特征 ,讨论了该亚科及其内部各属的解剖学特征、属间区别及其演化关系。认为马蹄芹属应归属于Mulineae族 ,另外 2个属应归属于天胡荽族(Hydrocotyleae) ;3属中积雪草属原始而马蹄芹属进化 ;天胡荽亚科可能不是自然的类群 ,它的分类系统和演化地位有待深入研究。     

基于rbpL片段对瑞香科沉香基原植物系统发育研究

以NCBI数据库中瑞香科植物叶绿体rbpL基因为目标片段,构建该科植物的系统发育关系树,并结合已报道的沉香基原植物对瑞香科中潜在结香树种进行探讨。研究明确了结香树种在瑞香科系统发育关系中的地位,同时也获得与结香树种亲缘关系较近的种属(Octolepis、Lethedon、Arnhemia、Daphnopsis、Solmsia、 Deltaria),为扩大结香树木种质资源提供依据。     

杉科的染色体资料及在系统演化研究中的作用

杉科共由10属(包括金松属)、20种(变种)组成。本文整理了19种(占95％,隶10属)植物的染色体数目和16种(占80％,隶9属)的核型资料,核型的模式图如图1所示。通过对这些细胞学资料的分析,笔者支持2n=20、x=10的金松属从杉科(2n=22、x=11)分立成金松科。根据其他各属间的亲缘关系,本作者认为可以把它们分隶于5个亚科:Ⅰ.柳杉亚科:Cryptomerioideae(Cryptomeria);Ⅱ.落羽杉亚科Taxodioideae(Glyptostroous,Taxodium);Ⅲ.红杉亚科Sequoideae(Metasequoia,Sequoiadendron,Sequoia);Ⅳ.杉木亚科Cunninghamioideae(Cunninghamia,还可能有:Athrotaxis);Ⅴ.台湾杉亚科Taiwainoideae(Taiwania)。这些亚科和属的进化水平依序渐增,它们分别位于进化路线A(亚科Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ)和进化路线L(亚科Ⅲ、Ⅳ)上。这些结果是前人的演化系统所没有涉及的,表明了染色体资料在杉科的系统演化研究中起着重要的作用。     

椿亚科和麻楝亚科植物化学成分和生物活性的研究进展

本文简要综述了楝科椿亚科香椿属(Toona)和洋椿属(Cedrela)以及麻楝亚科麻楝属(Chukrasia)、桃花心木属(Swietenia)和非洲楝属(Khaya)植物的化学成分和生物活性的研究情况。     

20种山茶科植物的叶表皮微形态研究

为解决一些山茶科(Theaceae)的分类学问题,该研究在光学显微镜下对山茶科2亚科6属共20种植物的13种叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察,并利用聚类分析和主成分分析对这些特征进行分析,为山茶科的科学分类提供参考资料。结果表明:(1)山茶科20种植物的13种叶表皮微形态特征能够区分种间差异和分类等级,显示了比较全面的分类价值。(2)基于微形态特征的聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,20个种分为2个大类群以及10个分支,很好地区分了山茶亚科(Theoideae)与厚皮香亚科(Ternstroemoideae),并将大部分分类地位相近的物种归类到一起,较好地反映了物种之间的亲缘关系。(3)该研究结果支持将小黄花茶组(Sect.Luteoflora)作为独立的一个组;支持将重庆山茶(Camellia chungkingensis Chang)从瘤果茶组(Sect.Tuberculata Chang Tax.)中分离;支持将山茶亚科与厚皮香亚科划分为两个较大类群,认为将厚皮香亚科并入五列木科(Pentaphylacaceae)的观点还有待更多实验证据的支持。     

Pollen morphology of the Thymelaeaceae in relation to its taxonomy

 Pollen morphology of the four subfamilies of Thymelaeaceae sensu Domke (1934) was examined using LM, SEM and TEM. The variation of the exine architecture allows to distinguish four pollen types and three subtypes. Distribution of pollen types proves to be widely correlated with the occurrence of characters from wood anatomy and flower morphology. If pollen types are connected with subfamilies sensu Domke (1934), Gonystyloideae, Thymelaeoideae and Synandrodaphnoideae are stenopalynous, whereas Aquilarioideae are eurypalynous. Based on pollen morphology as well as on other characters it is evident that Aquilarioideae are not monophyletic. Its genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops are more closely related to Thymelaeoideae and Synandrodaphnoideae than to other genera of Aquilarioideae sensu Domke (1934). The remaining genera of Aquilarioideae Deltaria, Solmsia and Lethedon are most similar to Gonystyloideae and therefore are included in this subfamily, as it was suggested by Airy Shaw (1979). Furthermore, palynological and other characters favour the transfer of Octolepis from Aquilarioideae to Gonystyloideae. The re-circumscribed Aquilarioideae together with Thymelaeoideae and Synandrodaphnoideae are shown to form a monophyletic group. Received August 8, 2001 Accepted December 7, 2001     

六种沉香属植物叶片解剖结构研究

为比较沉香属不同种植物间的叶片形态解剖特征,将不同来源的六种沉香属植物在海南省兴隆南药园种植,运用石蜡切片法和撕片法对其成熟叶片的解剖特征进行观察,并对叶片的上下表皮,叶脉和叶横切面等12项数量性状进行统计分析。结果表明:六种沉香属植物叶片解剖结构基本一致,均为典型的异面叶,由表皮、叶肉和叶脉组成,表现出典型的旱生形态特点。表皮细胞单层,气孔微下陷,仅分布在下表皮,上下表皮上零星分布着表皮毛。叶肉组织发达,栅栏组织由1~2层排列紧密地圆柱状细胞组成,其间分布着大量的长方晶体,海绵组织内有一层排列较整齐,染色较深的异细胞组成的下皮层。主脉维管束双韧型,呈圆环状,内含大量异细胞。方差分析表明,除栅海比外,叶片厚度、叶脉条数、主脉厚度等其余11项数量指标在六种植物间差异均达到显著水平。聚类分析将这六种植物聚成3类,Aquilaria sinensis(白木香),A.crassna和A.banaensis聚为一类,A.baillonii和A.malaccensis聚为一类;A.yunnanensis(云南沉香)单独为一类。该研究结果为沉香属植物的物种鉴定提供了解剖学依据,同时对沉香属植物合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

A review of chemistry,quality and analysis of infected agarwood tree (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aquilaria</Emphasis> sp.)

Agarwood is a valuable oleoresin obtained from wounded tree of various genus of Thymelaeaceae family especially from Aquilaria species. Agarwood is regarded as most treasured non-timber forest product used in fragrances as well as medicines. Quality of agarwood plays an important role to define its commercial value. Different countries use different grading pattern to define the quality of agarwood. More than 250 compounds have been identified so far, mostly sesquiterpenoids, chromones and volatile aromatic compounds. GC–MS is the considered as a best method for the identification of chemical profile of the agarwood by various authors. Present review discusses the various methods used to determine quality of agarwood and chemical constituents of infected agarwood tree.     

TrnL-trnF sequence data imply paraphyly of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and provide new perspectives for agarwood identification

The genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae, Malvales) are well known for the production of agarwood which is a highly wanted forest product of substantial economic value. The taxonomic status of Aquilaria and Gyrinops as separate genera is doubted as they are only distinguished by the number of stamens. We investigated their status by conducting phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the plastid trnL-trnF spacer. Control of international trade of agarwood is currently hampered by the failure of traditional methods such as microscopy to identify samples to species level. We therefore evaluated the potential of molecular identification of agarwood by searching for species- and region-specific plastid DNA polymorphisms. DNA sequences were obtained from 31 Thymelaeaceae accessions encompassing 20 different species in six genera. Aquilaria and Gyrinops appear to be paraphyletic. Success in sequencing wood samples demonstrates that molecular markers provide new perspectives for agarwood identification.     

不同施肥方法对马来沉香和土沉香苗期根系生长的影响

以珍贵树种马来沉香、土沉香1年生播种苗木为材料进行试验,研究指数施肥、平均施肥对2种沉香苗期根系生长动态及对N的响应特征。结果表明,经氮素处理的马来沉香、土沉香的根系生物量、根系长度、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根体积等指标均显著高于对照处理(P<0.05)。经指数施肥处理的苗木根系生长及各形态指标均高于平均施肥处理。同一时期在相同施肥处理方式下,马来沉香苗根系生长及根系形态指标值均高于土沉香。洛伦兹模型对不同施肥方法处理下马来沉香、土沉香苗木生长指标与根系生物量进行拟合,具有较高的R²(0.95-0.99)和较低的RSMD(0.538-2.352);抛物面模型对不同施肥方法处理下马来沉香、土沉香苗木生长指标与比根长进行拟合,具有较高的R²(0.92-0.99)和较低的RSMD(3.218-6.692)。     

蓝堇草属(毛茛科)花形态发生的扫描电子显微镜观察

花的发生和发育过程研究可以发现早期进化的轨迹,为系统发育的研究提供重要线索。蓝堇草属(Leptopyrum)为毛茛科唐松草亚科一单种属,仅包含蓝堇草一种,其花的发生和发育过程仍为空白。为了深入理解唐松草亚科乃至毛茛科花发育多样性和演化规律,该文运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了蓝堇草各轮花器官的形态发生和发育过程。结果表明:该属植物所有的萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊均为螺旋状发生,花器官排列式样也为螺旋状; 5枚萼片原基宽阔,5枚花瓣原基圆球形、位于萼片原基的间隔,且在后期表现为延迟发育现象,雄蕊原基较小、为圆球形; 花瓣原基和雄蕊原基连续发生,无明显的时空间隔,但与萼片原基有时空间隔; 心皮原基为马蹄形对折,柱头组织由单细胞乳突组成; 胚珠倒生、具单珠被。该属花器官螺旋状排列、胚珠具单珠被在唐松草亚科中是独有的性状,花发育形态学证据支持了该属的特殊性。     

Phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with a reclassification of Eulophinae and the recognition that Elasmidae are derived eulophids

Eulophidae is a large and biologically varied family of parasitoid wasps, traditionally split into four subfamilies; Elasmidae is a uniform (single genus) and morphologically distinct family of wasps that are thought to be related to Eulophidae. The D2 region of the 28S rDNA gene (≈ 560 bp) of eighty‐seven species of eulophid, three species of elasmid and sixteen outgroup species in five families was sequenced. Cladograms were constructed, and the results compared with conclusions drawn from morphological studies. The gene was most informative at the level of subfamily and tribe. The monophyly of both Eulophinae and Tetrastichinae is supported; that of Entedoninae and Euderinae is less clear. Results indicate that Eulophinae is a derived group within Eulophidae, rather than an ancestral group as previously thought, and that Elasmus, the sole genus of Elasmidae, belongs within this subfamily. The tribes of Eulophinae are reassessed and only three accepted: Eulophini (including Euplectrini and Elachertini), Elasmini and Cirrospilini LaSalle trib.n. for Bou?ek's Ophelimini with Ophelimus and Australsecodes excluded. Three small Australian tribes, Anselmellini, Ophelimini and Platytetracampini, are removed from Eulophinae and Entedoninae, respectively, but their exact relationships and subfamily status cannot as yet be decided. Another tribe, Keryini, known from a single Australian genus, is excluded from both Eulophinae and Eulophidae.     

Molecular Evolution of Satellite DNA CLsat in Lizards from the Genus Darevskia (Sauria: Lacertidae): Correlation with Species Diversity

The structure and evolution of a satellite DNA family was examined in lizards from the genus Darevskia(family Lacertidae). Comparison of tandem units of repeated DNA (satDNA), CLsat, in all species from the genus Darevskiahas shown that their variability is largely explained by single-nucleotide substitutions, which form about 50 diagnostic positions underlying classification of the family into three subfamilies. Maximum differences between the subfamilies reached 25%. At this level of tandem unit divergence in the subfamilies, no cross-hybridization between them was observed (at 65°C). The individual variability within one subfamily within the species was on average 5% while the variability between species consensuses within a subfamily was 10%. The presence of highly conserved regions in all monomers and some features of their organization show that satellites of all Darevskia species belong to one satDNA family. The organization of unit sequences of satellites CLsat and Agi160 also detected by us in another lizard genus, Lacerta s. str. was compared. Similarity that was found between these satellites suggests their relatedness and common origin. A possible pathway of evolution of these two satDNA families is proposed. The distribution and content of CLsat repeat subfamilies in all species of the genus was examined by Southern hybridization. Seven species had mainly CLsatI (83 to 96%); three species, approximately equal amounts of CLsatI and CLsatIII (the admixture of CLsatII was 2–5%); and five species, a combination of all three subfamilies in highly varying proportions. Based on these results as well as on zoogeographic views on the taxonomy and phylogeny of theDarevskia species, hypotheses on the evolution of molecular-genetic relationships within this genus are advanced.     

Molecular phylogeny of Neotropical bioluminescent beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) in southern and central Brazil

Bioluminescence in beetles is found mainly in the Elateroidea superfamily (Elateridae, Lampyridae and Phengodidae). The Neotropical region accounts for the richest diversity of bioluminescent species in the world with about 500 described species, most occurring in the Amazon, Atlantic rainforest and Cerrado (savanna) ecosystems in Brazil. The origin and evolution of bioluminescence, as well as the taxonomic status of several Neotropical taxa in these families remains unclear. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of bioluminescent Elateroidea we sequenced and analyzed sequences of mitochondrial NADH2 and the nuclear 28S genes and of the cloned luciferase sequences of Brazilian species belonging to the following genera: (Lampyridae) Macrolampis, Photuris, Amydetes, Bicellonycha, Aspisoma, Lucidota, Cratomorphus; (Elateridae) Conoderus, Pyrophorus, Hapsodrilus, Pyrearinus, Fulgeochlizus; and (Phengodidae) Pseudophengodes, Phrixothrix, Euryopa and Brasilocerus. Our study supports a closer phylogenetic relationship between Elateridae and Phengodidae as other molecular studies, in contrast with previous morphologic and molecular studies that clustered Lampyridae/Phengodidae. Molecular data also supported division of the Phengodinae subfamily into the tribes Phengodini and Mastinocerini. The position of the genus Amydetes supports the status of the Amydetinae as a subfamily. The genus Euryopa is included in the Mastinocerini tribe within the Phengodinae/Phengodidae. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phylogeny, Evolution and Historical Zoogeography of Ticks: A Review of Recent Progress

There has been much progress in our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of ticks, particularly hard ticks, in the past 5 years. Indeed, a consensus about the phylogeny of the hard ticks has emerged. Our current working hypothesis for the phylogeny of ticks is quite different to the working hypothesis of 5 years ago. So that the classification reflects our knowledge of ticks, several changes to the nomenclature of ticks are imminent. One subfamily, the Hyalomminae, will probably be sunk, yet another, the Bothriocrotoninae n. subfamily, will be created. Bothriocrotoninae n. subfamily, and Bothriocroton n. genus, are being created to house an early-diverging (‘basal’) lineage of endemic Australian ticks that used to be in the genus Aponomma (ticks of reptiles). There has been progress in our understanding of the subfamily Rhipicephalinae. The genus Rhipicephalus is almost certainly paraphyletic with respect to the genus Boophilus. Thus, the genus Boophilus will probably become a subgenus of Rhipicephalus. This change to the nomenclature, unlike other options, will keep the name Boophilus in common usage. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus may still called B. microplus, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus may still be called B. annulatus, but the nomenclature will have been changed to reflect our knowledge of the phylogeny and evolution of these ticks. New insights into the historical zoogeography of ticks will also be presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.