若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N2O排放通量研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法,测定了若尔盖高原沼泽N₂O排放能量,测定期为该地植物生长期,即2004年4月末至10月初。结果表明,若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量平均值为0.010mg·m^-2h^-1,最大值为0.079mg·m^-2h^-1,最小值为-0.051mg·m^-2h^-1。高峰排放期为5月,最低排放期为地表水深最大的6月。沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量季节变化与沼泽湿地水深呈负相关关系。沼泽湿地N₂O排放通量日变化与大气温度呈正相关关系,排放高值出现在午后。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地在植物生长期的年排放总量约为0.159Gg·a^-1。     

滨海湿地合成微生物生态学与微生物组工程

滨海湿地是重要的蓝碳生态系统,在调控气候变化、保护生物多样性等方面起着不可或缺的作用。微生物是生物地球化学循环的重要驱动者,通过耦合碳、氮、硫等循环维持生态系统功能和稳定。合成微生物生态学旨在揭示微生物互作机制和环境应用。本文针对滨海湿地关键问题,聚焦合成微生物生态学理论研究,前瞻降低温室气体与增加碳汇微生物组工程在滨海湿地的应用,为缓解全球气候变暖提供科技支撑。     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N_2O排放通量研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法,测定了若尔盖高原沼泽N2O排放能量,测定期为该地植物生长期,即2004年4 月末至10月初。结果表明,若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N2O排放通量平均值为0.010 mg·m-2h-1,最大值为0.079 mg·m-2h-1, 最小值为-0.051mg·m-2h-1。高峰排放期为5月,最低排放期为地表水深最大的6月。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量季节变化与沼泽湿地水深呈负相关关系。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量日变化与大气温度呈正相关关系,排放高值出现在午后。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地在植物生长期的年排放总量约为0.159Gg·a-1。     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地微生物多样性及其驱动因子

微生物在湿地的生物地球化学循环和生态功能调节中发挥着重要作用,对全球气候变化具有重大影响,对维持全球生态系统的健康至关重要。以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象,通过采集代表性植被群落的土壤表层和部分植物根系,探究土壤微生物群落组成、根际微生物、环境因子及其内在的关联性和影响机制。研究结果表明不同植被覆盖地区微生物多样性存在差异,芦苇区和柽柳区微生物丰度高于泥滩区、碱蓬区和棉田,海漫滩微生物丰度高于河漫滩地和泥滩。土壤微生物菌群结构和多样性显著高于根际：土壤细菌的香农指数约为4-5.5,根际微生物的香农指数约为0-4。土壤细菌主要为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门,占样品总数的90%以上;而根际细菌主要是蓝藻门、变形菌门和放线菌门,二者在属水平上的菌群结构差异更加明显。环境因子的含量与生境类型有关,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性最高,植被覆盖区土壤中Mn⁴⁺、Fe³⁺和水解氮的含量低于滩涂裸地。冗余分析（RDA）表明,pH值在小空间尺度上对湿地土壤中细菌群落的影响较小,环境因子在门和属水平的解释率分别为89.7%和86.8%,其中K（23.4%）、NO₂^-（11.8%）、Mn⁴⁺（9.8%）和Na（8.0%）是解释门水平微生物区系结构变化和组成的主要因子。研究为理解湿地微生物多样性与湿地生态系统功能之间的影响机制提供了一个生态学视角,有助于了解黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤和植物根际的细菌分布特征,对黄河三角洲退化滨海湿地的生物修复具有重要的指导意义。     

温带草甸草原土壤N2O产生过程研究

以大量的室内模拟培养实验,以内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤为研究对象,利用AIM乙炔抑制法,模拟野外条件对原样土壤样品进行N₂O产生过程进行研究。实验结果表明:内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤N₂O产生过程以硝化作用为主。其中异养硝化作用起主导作用,自养硝化潜势和反硝化潜势在草原植物不同生长季节变化不同,总体上异养硝化潜势>自养硝化潜势>反硝化潜势。由于自养硝化作用在不同季节的发生,使得草甸草原土壤N₂O的产生潜势也高、低起伏变化。从而揭示了内蒙古温带草原土壤以异养硝化作用过程为主产生N₂O和N₂O排放通量较低的微生物学机理。     

稻麦轮作生态系统中土壤湿度对N2O产生与排放的影响

通过对太湖地区稻麦轮作生态系统的Ｎ２Ｏ排放及土壤湿度进行系统观测和开展一系列模拟实验,研究了降雨和土壤湿度对Ｎ２Ｏ排放和产生过程的影响．结果表明,春季和秋季麦田Ｎ２Ｏ排放与降雨量呈明显正相关,但水稻田和冬季麦田的Ｎ２Ｏ排放不受降雨影响．稻麦轮作周期内的Ｎ２Ｏ排放较强烈地受土壤湿度制约,土壤湿度为田间持水量的９７～１００％或８４～８６％ＷＦＰＳ（土壤体积含水量与总孔隙度的百分比）时,Ｎ２Ｏ排放最强,低于此湿度范围时,Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量与土壤湿度呈正相关,反之,则呈负相关．田间Ｎ２Ｏ排放随土壤湿度的变化形式与模拟条件下培养土壤样品的Ｎ２Ｏ产生率变化非常相似,但前者的最佳湿度范围比后者窄,而且偏小．     

真菌对土壤N2O释放的贡献及其研究方法

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,而土壤作为N₂O的重要来源之一,其N₂O主要产生于硝化和反硝化作用的生物过程.研究表明细菌和古菌是这些生物过程的主要参与者,然而在特定土壤生态系统中,真菌在N循环过程中起主要作用.但真菌对土壤N₂O释放贡献的研究报道甚少.本文阐述了土壤真菌N₂O产生机制的研究进展,介绍了自养硝化、异养硝化和反硝化过程的发生机理、关键微生物和功能基因.详细介绍了与真菌有关的N₂O产生过程,真菌的异养硝化作用和反硝化作用,并且比较了真菌和细菌反硝化系统的差异.此外,本文重点总结了研究土壤真菌N₂O产生的主要方法,包括选择抑制剂法、^15N标记、分离和纯培养以及免培养的分子生态学方法,对各种方法的优势和弊端进行了探讨,并对今后的研究工作提出了展望.     

鼎湖山主要森林土壤N2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应

研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)土壤N₂O排放特征及其对氮沉降增加的响应。在1999~2002年期间,3种森林土壤N₂O排放速率均表现明显的季节性变化特点,但这种季节性变化因年份和森林类型不同而异,总的来说,3种森林土壤N₂O排放速率呈现夏秋季较高而冬春季较低的变化。土壤N₂O排放速率在3年观测期间的平均值分别为(g·hm^-2·d^-1):14.2±3.1(季风林),5.8±0.9(混交林)和5.1±0.9(马尾松林)。土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度之间在季风林呈现显著的指数正相关关系,但在混交林和马尾松林中它们之间的关系则均不明显。经3个月的模拟氮沉降试验后,氮沉降增加对季风林和马尾松林土壤N₂O的排放均具有明显的促进作用,且这种促进作用随氮沉降水平的升高而增强,但对混交林土壤N₂O排放的影响则不明显。     

垃圾填埋场氧化亚氮排放控制研究进展

填埋是国内外城市生活垃圾处理的一种主要方式.垃圾填埋场是温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)的重要排放源.作为一种高效痕量的温室气体,N2O具有极高的潜在增温效应,其每分子潜在的增温作用是二氧化碳(CO2)的296倍.而且N2O能在大气中长期稳定存在,对臭氧层具有较强的破坏作用.本文针对垃圾填埋场N2O排放的控制研究,概述了垃圾填埋处理过程中主要排放源的N2O排放及其影响因素,提出了现阶段适应我国垃圾填埋场N2O排放控制的一系列措施,并展望了垃圾填埋场温室气体N2O排放控制理论和技术的研究方向.     

树木N2O排放速率的测定

 采用封闭罩法,对长白山阔叶红松林的几个主要树种——水曲柳 (Fraxinus mandshurica)、红松 (Pinus koraiensis)、毛赤杨（Alnus hirsuta）和椴树（Tilia amurensis）的连体枝叶排放N2O的速率进行了原位测定, 并考察了树木的N2O排放速率与土壤含水量的关系。结果表明：在观测期间,4种树木的N2O排放速率的变化范围分别为：水曲柳9.46～152.85 ng N2O·g－1 DW·h－1、红松1.37～64.51 ng N2O·g－1 DW·h－1、赤     

Impact of COD/N ratio on nitrous oxide emission from microcosm wetlands and their performance in removing nitrogen from wastewater

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are considered to be important sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O). In order to investigate the effect of influent COD/N ratio on N₂O emission and control excess emission from nitrogen removal, free water surface microcosm wetlands were used and fed with different influent. In addition, the transformation of nitrogen was examined for better understanding of the mechanism of N₂O production under different operating COD/N ratios. It was found that N₂O emission and the performance of microcosm wetlands were significantly affected by COD/N ratio of wastewater influent. Strong relationships exist between N₂O production rate and nitrite (r = 0.421, p < 0.01). During denitrification process, DO concentration crucially influences N₂O production rate. An optimal influent COD/N ratio was obtained by adjusting external carbon sources for most effective N₂O emission control and best performance of the CWs in nitrogen removal from wastewater. It is concluded that under the operating condition of COD/N ratio = 5, total N₂O emission is minimum and the microcosm wetland is most effective in wastewater nitrogen removal.     

稻麦轮作生态系统中土壤湿度对N2O产生与排放的影响

通过对太湖地区稻麦轮作生态系统的N₂O排放及土壤湿度进行系统观测和开展一系列模拟实验,研究了降雨和土壤湿度对N₂O排放和产生过程的影响.结果表明,春季和秋季麦田N₂O排放与降雨量呈明显正相关,但水稻田和冬季麦田的N₂O排放不受降雨影响.稻麦轮作周期内的N₂O排放较强烈地受土壤湿度制约,土壤湿度为田间持水量的97～100%或84～86%WFPS(土壤体积含水量与总孔隙度的百分比)时,N₂O排放最强,低于此湿度范围时,N₂O排放通量与土壤湿度呈正相关,反之,则呈负相关.田间N₂O排放随土壤湿度的变化形式与模拟条件下培养土壤样品的N₂O产生率变化非常相似,但前者的最佳湿度范围比后者窄,而且偏小.     

Greenhouse gas fluxes from the eutrophic Temmesjoki River and its Estuary in the Liminganlahti Bay (the Baltic Sea)

We studied concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the eutrophic Temmesjoki River and Estuary in the Liminganlahti Bay in 2003–2004 and evaluated the atmospheric fluxes of the gases based on measured concentrations, wind speeds and water current velocities. The Temmesjoki River was a source of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O to the atmosphere, whereas the Liminganlahti Bay was a minor source of CH₄ and a minor source or a sink of CO₂ and N₂O. The results show that the fluxes of greenhouse gases in river ecosystems are highly related to the land use in its catchment areas. The most upstream river site, surrounded by forests and drained peatlands, released significant amounts of CO₂ and CH₄, with average fluxes of 5,400 mg CO₂–C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 66 mg CH₄–C m⁻² d⁻¹, and concentrations of 210 μM and 345 nM, respectively, but N₂O concentrations, at an average of 17 nM, were close to the atmospheric equilibrium concentration. The downstream river sites surrounded by agricultural soils released significant amounts of N₂O (with an average emission of 650 μg N₂O–N m⁻² d⁻¹ and concentration of 22 nM), whereas the CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations were low compared to the upstream site (55 μM and 350 nM). In boreal regions, rivers are partly ice-covered in wintertime (approximately 5 months). A large part of the gases, i.e. 58% of CO₂, 55% of CH₄ and 36% of N₂O emissions, were found to be released during wintertime from unfrozen parts of the river.     

Simulation of Effects of Soils,Climate and Management on N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emission from Grasslands

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a high contribution from agricultural soils and emissions that depend on soil type, climate, crops and management practices. The N₂O emissions therefore need to be included as an integral part of environmental assessments of agricultural production systems. An algorithm for N₂O production and emission from agricultural soils was developed and included in the FASSET whole-farm model. The model simulated carbon and nitrogen (N) turnover on a daily basis. Both nitrification and denitrification was included in the model as sources for N₂O production, and the N₂O emissions depended on soil microbial and physical conditions. The model was tested on experimental data of N₂O emissions from grasslands in UK, Finland and Denmark, differing in climatic conditions, soil properties and management. The model simulated the general time course of N₂O emissions and captured the observed effects of fertiliser and manure management on emissions. Scenario analyses for grazed and cut grasslands were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil texture, climatic conditions, grassland management and N fertilisation on N₂O emissions. The soils varied from coarse sand to sandy loam and the climatic variation was taken to represent the climatic variation within Denmark. N fertiliser rates were varied from 0 to 500 kg N ha⁻¹. The simulated N₂O emissions showed a non-linear response to increasing N rates with increasing emission factors at higher N rates. The simulated emissions increased with increasing soil clay contents. N₂O emissions were slightly increased at higher temperatures, whereas increasing annual rainfall generally lead to decreasing emissions. Emissions were slightly higher from grazed grasslands compared with cut grasslands at similar rates of total N input (fertiliser and animal excreta). The results indicate higher emission factors and thus higher potentials for reducing N₂O emissions for intensively grazed grasslands on fine textured soils than for extensive cut-based grasslands on sandy soils.     

Soils,a sink for N2O? A review

Soils are the main sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O). The N₂O emission at the soil surface is the result of production and consumption processes. So far, research has concentrated on net N₂O production. However, in the literature, there are numerous reports of net negative fluxes of N₂O, (i.e. fluxes from the atmosphere to the soil). Such fluxes are frequent and substantial and cannot simply be dismissed as experimental noise.
Net N₂O consumption has been measured under various conditions from the tropics to temperate areas, in natural and agricultural systems. Low mineral N and large moisture contents have sometimes been found to favour N₂O consumption. This fits in with denitrification as the responsible process, reducing N₂O to N₂. However, it has also been reported that nitrifiers consume N₂O in nitrifier denitrification. A contribution of various processes could explain the wide range of conditions found to allow N₂O consumption, ranging from low to high temperatures, wet to dry soils, and fertilized to unfertilized plots. Generally, conditions interfering with N₂O diffusion in the soil seem to enhance N₂O consumption. However, the factors regulating N₂O consumption are not yet well understood and merit further study.
Frequent literature reports of net N₂O consumption suggest that a soil sink could help account for the current imbalance in estimated global budgets of N₂O. Therefore, a systematic investigation into N₂O consumption is necessary. This should concentrate on the organisms, reactions, and environmental factors involved.