永州野生绞股蓝中稀土元素与活性物质的含量及其在沸水中的释出规律

本研究测定了永州野生绞股蓝中活性物质与稀土元素的含量,并探究了它们在持续煮沸与沸水冲泡两种方式下的释出规律,为永州野生绞股蓝的开发及人们日常保健提供参考。结果发现,(1)所有元素种类的含量极低,其中Sc、Pm、Tm、Lu未被检出,另13种元素含量CeLaNdEuYSmGdPrDyErTbYbHo,所有稀土元素的总含量为0.1377 mg/Kg;沸水处理下,各元素在持续煮沸方式释出量均较自然冷却方式高,两种方式下总释放量分别为0.0223与0.0414 mg/Kg。(2)皂苷、黄酮、多糖含量分别为20.8、28.1、52.5mg/g。三种活性物质在沸水处理下均有释出,且释出量随时间增加呈逐渐增加趋势,但在自然冷却和持续煮沸两种不同方式下,各活性物质的释出规律差异明显。两种方式下三者释出总量分别为26.12与48.94 mg/g。(3)在沸水处理的两种方式下,三种活性物质的释出量间均表现出显著正相关(P0.01)。结果表明,永州野生绞股蓝活性物质含量较高,且在沸水中释出明显,且稀土元素的含量及其在沸水中的释出量极低,不会对人体健康产生毒害效应,因此具有显著的保健价值。     

饲料中添加不同含量的微量元素锌对河蟹雄性生殖腺的影响

通过投喂不同锌含量的人工配合饲料,研究饵料微量元素锌对雄性中华绒螯蟹性腺发育的影响。以ZnSO4为锌源,对照组投喂未添加锌的基础饲料,实验1组至实验4组分别投喂:添加50mg/kg饲料、100mg/kg饲料、200mg/kg饲料、400mg/kg饲料的配合饲料。实验为期70d,结果如下:精巢和副性腺锌含量均以实验2组最高,分别为300mg/kg和150mg/kg,对照组分别为85mg/kg和67mg/kg。睾酮含量和性腺指数亦以实验2组最高,分别为0.835ng/mL和25.94×10-3。精巢碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性在整个实验过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以30d时达到最高,而同一时间各组间的活性均以实验2组最高。副性腺碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性分别在50d和70d时出现两个峰值,而同一时间各组间酶活性均以实验2组最高,其中碱性磷酸酶在达到峰值后急剧下降,实验结束时活性极低。结果表明:随着饵料锌含量的增加,河蟹生殖器官内锌的积累量也逐渐上升,但若超出最适添加量,则积累量反而下降。饵料中适量添加锌可促进河蟹生殖器官的发育和睾酮的分泌,河蟹精巢和副性腺中乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性明显与其锌含量相关。     

桔梗多糖抗疲劳活性研究北大核心CSCD

利用水提醇沉法提取桔梗多糖,以西洋参为阳性对照,蒸馏水为空白对照,分析了桔梗多糖对小鼠抗疲劳作用效果及有效剂量。三种浓度的桔梗多糖(0.2、0.5、0.8 mg/m L)作用于小鼠,21 d后测定小鼠负重游泳时间、肝糖原含量、血尿素氮和血乳酸含量。结果表明:小鼠负重游泳时间明显延长,血尿素氮显著下降,肝糖原的含量明显升高(P<0.01),血乳酸含量下降。桔梗多糖的高、中、低浓度组能有效提高小鼠的抗疲劳能力,其中多糖0.8 mg/m L浓度组效果最好。     

桔梗多糖抗疲劳活性研究

利用水提醇沉法提取桔梗多糖,以西洋参为阳性对照,蒸馏水为空白对照,分析了桔梗多糖对小鼠抗疲劳作用效果及有效剂量。三种浓度的桔梗多糖(0.2、0.5、0.8 mg/m L)作用于小鼠,21 d后测定小鼠负重游泳时间、肝糖原含量、血尿素氮和血乳酸含量。结果表明:小鼠负重游泳时间明显延长,血尿素氮显著下降,肝糖原的含量明显升高(P0.01),血乳酸含量下降。桔梗多糖的高、中、低浓度组能有效提高小鼠的抗疲劳能力,其中多糖0.8 mg/m L浓度组效果最好。     

粽叶中黄酮的提取工艺及其与稀土元素在沸水中的析出规律

为更好进行粽叶的综合开发与利用,本研究关注了粽叶黄酮的提取工艺、稀土元素含量以及二者在沸水中的析出规律。结果发现,(1)粽叶黄酮的最佳提取工艺为提取温度90℃,提取时间1.5 h,乙醇浓度80%,料液比1∶15。(2)粽叶中稀土元素的含量极低,Pm、Tb、Ho、Tm、Lu未被检出,其他12种元素含量顺序为CeLaNdYScPrGdSmEuDyErYb,总含量为0.0907 mg/Kg。(3)持续煮沸条件下,黄酮集中在10~20 min析出,煮液中黄酮含量达0.091 mg/m L,而稀土元素的析出十分微少,其中Pm、Tb、Ho、Tm、Lu、Er、Yb无析出,其余元素析出量CeLaNdYScPrGdEuSmDy,析出总量为0.1192 ng/g。结果表明,粽叶的黄酮含量较高,提取工艺简易,沸水中有明显析出,而稀土元素含量极其稀少,沸水中析出甚微。     

羧甲基茯苓多糖抗疲劳作用研究

研究羧甲基茯苓多糖(CMP)对小鼠抗疲劳作用。将雄性小鼠随机分为5组,分别为空白对照组、阳性对照组、CMP低剂量组(35 mg/(kg bw·d))、CMP中剂量组(70 mg/(kg bw·d))、CMP高剂量组(140 mg/(kg bw·d)),灌胃给药30 d后,测定小鼠负重的游泳时间、血清尿素氮和血乳酸等指标。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,CMP可以延长小鼠负重游泳时间(P0.05);CMP中、高剂量组可以显著降低血清尿素氮、血乳酸含量并提高肝脏SOD活性(P0.05)。CMP对小鼠具有很好的抗疲劳作用,其机制可能与降低血清尿氮素、血乳酸含量以及提高肝脏SOD活性有关。     

牛大力多糖对小鼠抗疲劳作用的研究

本文以牛大力(Millettia speciosa Champ.)为对象,利用小鼠爬杆和负重游泳为实验模型,研究了其多糖的抗疲劳作用。实验随机将小鼠分为五组,分别为空白对照组、阳性药(人参蜂王浆,7 mL/kg)对照组、牛大力多糖低剂量组[212.5 mg/(kg·d)]、中剂量组[425 mg/(kg·d)]、高剂量组[850 mg/(kg·d)],灌胃给药14 d后,考察其对小鼠爬杆时间、负重游泳时间以及血乳酸(LD)、血乳酸脱氢酶(LD-H)、血中尿素氮(BUN)含量的影响。结果表明,牛大力多糖能延长小鼠爬杆时间,增加小鼠游泳耐力,降低LD、BUN的含量、提高血中LD-H含量。且中剂量的药效与阳性药对照组的基本相当。     

蛹虫草对锌的耐性与富集特征

在培养基内添加不同量的锌,研究其对蛹虫草子实体的形成、子实体和菌丝体生物量、子实体多糖含量和葡萄糖含量的影响,以及蛹虫草子实体和菌丝体对锌的富集能力。结果表明锌对上述各项都有影响。液体培养条件下,锌浓度在453906mg/L范围内可以促进菌丝体生长,锌浓度超过4077mg/L时,菌丝生长受到抑制。培养基锌的浓度在4077mg/L以下时,蛹虫草菌丝体锌的富集量随着液体培养基锌浓度的提高而提高。固体培养条件下,锌含量在226453mg/kg范围内可以促进蛹虫草子实体生长,并且在此含量范围内,蛹虫草子实体中葡萄糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在680906mg/kg时,子实体多糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在2038mg/kg以下时,蛹虫草子实体中锌的富集量随着培养基锌含量的提高而提高,在培养基锌含量为2038mg/kg时,子实体中锌的含量达到28570mg/kg(干重)。     

不同提取方法对豫产白花蛇舌草多糖及抗氧化活性的影响

为评价不同提取方法对河南地区白花蛇舌草粗多糖的得率、总碳水化合物含量、杂质含量和抗氧化活性的影响,本实验分别以传统热水提取法、超声波辅助提取法、纤维素酶提取法从该药材中提取多糖。同时测定了粗多糖中总碳水化合物含量、杂质含量(总蛋白和总酚含量)以及羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清能力、还原力等抗氧化能力。实验结果显示三种提取法所得粗多糖相对于原药材的得率分别为6.77±0.09%、6.37±0.01%和4.81±0.90%;粗多糖中的总碳水化合物含量分别为289.14±1.33、246.83±2.33和278.92±2.92mg/g。粗多糖中总蛋白含量分别为28.59±2.21、23.26±2.43和4.96±0.18mg/g,总酚类成分含量分别为5.9±0.08、5.31±0.40和2.82±0.07mg/g。抗氧化活性实验结果表明,三种粗多糖的羟基自由基清除能力呈现出浓度依赖性,且均在3.0mg/mL时达到最大,对应最大清除率分别为89.13%、85.87%和74.71%。另外,三种粗多糖的DPPH自由基清除率分别在0.75~3.0mg/mL的浓度区间内达到最大并保持稳定,对应清除率的稳定区间分别为77.02%~77.90%、77.06%~77.96%和83.16%~85.73%。综上所述,以上三种不同提取方法对白花蛇舌草多糖的品质影响较大,可以为豫产白花蛇舌草的品质鉴别、多糖质量控制和开发利用提供依据。     

微波-纤维素酶法提取枸杞多糖的工艺研究

枸杞为常用的中药材,其多糖含量高。枸杞多糖在保健、医疗方面应用广泛,目前已有不少枸杞多糖提取方法的研究,但尚无微波-纤维素酶法提取枸杞多糖的研究。为了更好地提取枸杞多糖,满足日益增长的需求,进行了相关研究。最佳工艺条件为：微波功率450 W,微波处理时间6 min,物料为80目,液料比25∶1（mL/g）,纤维素酶用量1.5%,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间60 min,酶解体系pH值4.8,在此工艺条件下,枸杞多糖得率为13.2%。     

植物对氨基酸的吸收研究进展

氨基酸在提高植物产量、改善产品品质、增强植株抗逆性、保护生态环境等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用,在农业生产中越来越受到重视。本文简述了氨基酸含量、氨基酸种类和植物种类对植物吸收氨基酸的影响,并对氨基酸营养研究进行展望,以期提高人们对植物氨基酸营养的认识,促进氨基酸在农业中的应用和发展。     

扇脉杓兰花粉超微结构及花粉管生长的观察

为明确扇脉杓兰花粉形态结构及雄性生殖特性,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和荧光显微镜对花粉形态和超微结构及花粉管生长过程进行观察。结果表明:(1)扇脉杓兰单粒花粉长球形,表面光滑无特征纹饰,有少量胶黏物质,一些表面有2个或以上的深凹陷,凹陷内有球形突起的内容物。(2)花粉壁分为由棒状的基柱小单元组成的外壁和纤维素果胶组成的内壁,有覆盖层;生殖细胞近圆形,细胞核大而致密;营养细胞多弧形,核质分散;花粉粒细胞质含有大量的线粒体、质体和小泡等细胞器,淀粉、蛋白质和多糖含量丰富。(3)花粉管萌发后沿子房壁方向伸长,授粉20d花粉管伸长生长并不明显,授粉30d伸长的花粉管中出现大量胼胝质塞,并且伸长方向转为胚珠中间,花粉管逐渐接近胚珠,在授粉后50d基本完成受精作用。研究认为,扇脉杓兰花粉发育正常,不阻碍有性生殖过程。     

Micromorphological and chemotaxonomical traits of Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott

A study on the types and distribution of trichomes, pollen morphology, chemical composition of essential oil (analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS), and the content of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Al, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Hg, and As) analyzed by ICP-AES (=inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) was conducted on Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott. Non-glandular trichomes, peltate trichomes (typical hairs of Lamiaceae), small capitate trichomes (composed of one basal epidermal cell and one head cell), and larger capitate trichomes (composed of one basal epidermal cell, two to three stalk cells, and one head cell with subcuticular space) were observed on leaves, stems, the calyx, and corolla. Pollen of M. croatica had six apertures (hexacolpate) which were set in the equatorial pollen belt (zonocolpate) and showed medium reticulate ornamentation (hetrobrochate type). The essential oil contained from 27 to 39?constituents, the most representative of which were caryophyllene oxide and E-caryophyllene. Among the investigated macroelements, the content of K was highest (8730-10080?mg/kg). The content of trace elements ranged from 0.12?mg/kg (Cr) to 78.00?mg/kg (Fe), while the content of Cd, Ni, Hg, and As were lower than the limit of quantification.     

Collection and storage of pollen from Salix (Salicaceae)

Genetic improvement of willows through traditional breeding can be facilitated by pollen collection and storage so that female flower receptivity need not be synchronized with pollen shed for breeding. Two experiments were completed to test the effectiveness of various organic solvents for willow pollen collection. In the first experiment, seven pollen collection treatments and an untreated control were tested with two willow clones. The other experiment tested three treatments that showed promise in the initial experiment and an untreated control with eight willow clones. Toluene and carbon tetrachloride were effective for pollen extraction, with average pollen germination percentages that were >15%, but both chemicals reduced pollen viability by 10-20% compared with an untreated control based on in vitro germination tests. Pollen extracted with carbon tetrachloride or toluene was successfully used in controlled pollination, and >100 new families were produced with this technique. Pollen viability remained high after 18 mo of storage at -20°C. Based on our results, toluene is the preferred solvent for future willow pollen extractions because it is as effective as carbon tetrachloride, is not a known carcinogen, and is less expensive.     

油菜花粉总黄酮的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

采用微波辅助提取法提取油菜花粉总黄酮,通过单因素和正交试验,得到最佳提取条件：80％的乙醇、1：20的料液比、提取时间140s、微波功率242W、提取3次,总黄酮质量分数为（2．64±0．05）％。同时还研究提取物对羟自由基、DPPH自由基的清除作用,以及对小鼠肝组织脂质过氧化的抑制作用,自由基半清除质量浓度和脂质过氧化丰抑制盾奄浓度分剐为0．115、0．325和0．065mg／mL。     

Pollen morphology of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skimmia</Emphasis> (Rutaceae) and its taxonomic implications

Pollen morphology of the genus Skimmia was studied. Of six species of the genus, five species were investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of Skimmia had striate to striate-reticulate sculpture and variable aperture number (3-7), and these characters differed from even the phylogenetically closest relatives such as Dictamnus and Casimiroa which have 3-colporate pollen grains with reticulate exine. In Skimmia laureola, pollen dimorphism is suggested in the aperture number in accordance with the floral system. Pollen grains of Skimmia japonica, a morphologically very variable species, were extensively surveyed covering its whole distribution area. The grains were also striate to striate-reticulate, and the exine sculpture was not different between varieties. However, the aperture number of S. japonica showed a geographical variation ranging from 4 to 6; in Sakhalin, Hokkaido, most part of Honshu and Taiwan, grains with 4-5 apertures were dominant, while in the southern part of Japan, including the Ryukyu Islands and the Izu Islands, those with 5-6 apertures were common.     

Effect of graded levels of rare earth elements in diets of fattening bulls on growing and slaughtering performance, and on nutrient digestibility of wethers

The aim of the present dose response study was to examine the long-term effects of increasing the amounts of rare earth elements (REE) in the diet on growth and slaughtering performance of fattening bulls. A total of 48 bulls of German Holstein with an average initial live weight (LW) of 119 + 13 kg were divided into four dietary treatment groups (n = 12): a control group and three REE-treated groups, which were fed a supplement of 100, 200 and 300 mg REE-citrate per kg dry matter (DM) containing mainly cerium (57.9%), lanthanum (34.0%) and praseodymium (6.5%). The feeding trial was divided into a growing period for 8 weeks and a fattening period for 39 weeks. The growing diet consisted of concentrate, grass silage and grass hay, while the fattening diet consisted of concentrate and maize silage. The animals were slaughtered at approximately 556 kg LW. The intake of grass hay and maize silage (0.55-0.31 kg/d and 6.09-5.44 kg/d, respectively) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing REE-citrate supplementation, while LW gain showed only a numerical decrease during the growing (2-4%) and the fattening period (4-5%). The feed-to-gain ratio and ME-to-gain ratio were not significantly affected by REE treatment during the whole feeding trial. The most striking effect of REE on carcass characteristics was a significantly higher dressing percentage in Group C (200 mg REE citrate kg/DM) compared to the other groups, while no effects were found on liver, kidneys, heart, thymus, pancreas, spleen and thyroid gland weights. The digestibility trials with wethers indicate that a supplementation of 300 mg REE-citrate per kg DM to a ration consisting of concentrate and straw does not enhance the digestibility of nutrients. These results suggest that, under the conditions of the present study, the supplementation of fattening bull diets with REE cannot be recommended.     

苏铁属花粉萌发及保存条件研究

以不同浓度梯度的蔗糖与硼酸组合在不同pH条件下用悬浮培养法测定德保苏铁、叉叶苏铁、元江苏铁和越南篦齿苏铁花粉的活力;将元江苏铁和越南篦齿苏铁花粉分别保存在不同低温、不同湿度的环境中,研究温度和湿度对保存花粉的影响。结果表明:(1)最适合苏铁属植物花粉萌发的培养液配方为蔗糖(1%～2.5%)+硼酸(100～500 mg/L),pH6.0～7.0;(2)在室温下,将苏铁花粉密封保存在有干燥剂的容器中,可存活30 d以上;(3)在0℃条件下,不加干燥剂,花粉可保存4个月以上;(4)用液氮保存后的越南篦齿苏铁花粉进行人工授粉,结实率高达90.3%,与用新鲜花粉人工授粉的结实率无明显差异;(5)将花粉含水率降低到15.5%～13.2%后,能在液氮中进行长期保存,表明花粉液氮保存可以作为苏铁花粉长期和超长期保存的方法。     

Analysis of protein content in pollen loads produced in north-west Spain

An analysis was made of the protein content of pollen loads produced by the bees in a hive situated in Viana do Bolo (Ourense, north-west Spain), to establish whether or not the relative quantity of protein in the pollen of each plant species influences the preference made by the bee of the flowers that supply pollen to the hive. This analysis was performed on all types of pollen that formed more than 5% of the pollen spectrum. Pollen load samples were collected directly from the hive from March to September. Pollen loads were separated by colour, and their specific homogeneity was confirmed microscopically. The Bradford method has been used for protein extraction and spectrophotometry was used for the determination of protein content. The results show that the different pollen loads have high protein content. Pollen of the plant species that reached relatively higher percentages in the pollen spectrum are also those that have the highest protein content. These were Cytisus scoparius type, uncultivated Poaceae, Quercus robur type, Sanguisorba minor, Salix fragilis and Spergularia rubra type. The pollen of the systematic units, which had pollen loads that could be identified at the level of species, maintained a constant value of protein content independently of the date the samples were obtained. The pollen of the systematic units, which had pollen loads that could be identified at the level of pollen type, has varied in protein content in the analyses performed on samples obtained on different dates. This result is due to the fact that the different species that integrate the pollen type flower on different dates, and thus have a pollenkitt with different characteristics.     

红托竹荪菌托多糖提取工艺及抗氧化降血糖活性

为利用红托竹荪菌托,采用酶解法提取菌托多糖,优化多糖提取工艺,并测定多糖分子量、单糖组成、抗氧化及降血糖活性。结果表明,最佳酶解法提取工艺为纤维素酶2.5%、果胶酶0.4%、木瓜蛋白酶1.5%,50 ℃酶解1 h,料液比1:60、提取温度80 ℃、时间3 h,该条件下多糖提取率达15.37%,比热水浸提法提高39.60%。酶解法多糖分子量为3 344 Da (Mn)、522 208 Da (Mw)、2 929 Da (Mp),主要由葡萄糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖和岩藻糖等组成,葡萄糖占最高,达48.82%。菌托多糖为2.0 mg/mL时,DPPH·清除率为93.83%,Fe³⁺还原能力为0.140 7,α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率为54.62%、α-淀粉酶活性抑制率为56.45%,与热水浸提法相比差异极显著或显著。酶解法提取红托竹荪菌托多糖,提取率较高,具有较高的抗氧化、降血糖活性,具有推广应用价值。