四氢紫堇萨明对Aβ_(25-35)诱导AD细胞模型凋亡的影响及其机制研究

探讨四氢紫堇萨明(SQZJSM)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)细胞模型凋亡的影响及作用机制。采用Aβ_(25-35)诱导神经细胞PC-12损伤建立AD细胞模型,通过流式细胞仪检测凋亡率,高通量高内涵分析系统观察细胞核形态并检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)变化,Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果显示,SQZJSM可改善模型细胞受损的细胞核形态,同时显著减少模型细胞凋亡率和胞质Cyt C含量,上调MMP,降低Bax、Cleaved-Caspase 3、Cleaved-Caspase 9蛋白表达,增加Bcl-2、p-Akt/T-Akt表达(P 0. 05); PI3K/AKT抑制剂LY294002可阻断SQZJSM对模型细胞的上述改善作用。以上结果表明四氢紫堇萨明可显著改善Aβ_(25-35)诱导的AD细胞模型凋亡,其机制可能与激活PI3K/Akt信号通路调控内源性线粒体凋亡途径相关。     

利用FRET技术在活细胞内研究红景天甙对Aβ25-35诱导PCI2细胞凋亡的抑制作用

为研究红景天甙（salidroside）对β淀粉样肽25-35（β amyloid peptide25-35,Aβ25-35）诱导PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用,采用Cell Counting Kit-8（CCK-8）分析细胞的存活率,通过光镜检测细胞形态并配以Hoechst染色检测细胞核固缩,利用荧光共振能量转移（fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET）技术在单个活细胞中检测caspase-3和caspase-8活性的动态变化。结果表明,红景天甙可剂量依赖性抑制Aβ25-35引起的细胞凋亡,提高细胞的存活率;红景天甙对caspase-3的活性有明显的抑制作用,而且Aβ25-35诱导细胞凋亡不依赖于caspase-8的激活。这些结果提示抑制caspase-3的活性是红景天甙抑制Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

圣草酚对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的:探讨圣草酚对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:采用MTT法筛选圣草酚对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的有效保护浓度,进一步采用流式细胞术检测圣草酚对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡率的影响,并通过试剂盒检测圣草酚对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞胆碱能系统受体活性的影响。结果:MTT结果显示2×10~(-3)μmol/L圣草酚可显著促进Aβ2_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞增殖(P0.05)。流式细胞术结果显示2×10~(-3)μmol/L圣草酚和雌二醇均可以显著抑制Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞凋亡(P0.05),提高其乙酰胆碱及乙酰胆碱转移酶活性并且降低乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性(P0.05),且二者的作用相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:圣草酚可能通过提高Ach及ChAT的含量,降低AchE的含量,调节胆碱能系统相关酶的活性,发挥对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的PC12细胞的保护作用。     

四氢生物蝶呤对大鼠低密度脂蛋白氧化修饰的作用及其机制探讨

目的:探讨四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)治疗高脂血症(HL)大鼠对低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化修饰作用及其机制。方法:选用8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠54只,随机分为对照组(普通饮食)、高脂饮食组(HL组)和高脂饮食并腹腔注射BH4组(HL+BH4组)(n=18)。于实验前、实验8周和16周时每组各杀死6只大鼠测定血脂和血清BH4水平,测定主动脉血管活性氧(ROS)、脂质过氧化代谢终产物丙二醛(MDA)和LDL氧化修饰水平。结果:至实验8周和16周时,HL组和HL+BH4组血脂水平较对照组均明显升高(P<0.01),但HL组和HL+BH4组之间无明显差异(P>0.05);ROS和MDA明显降低(P<0.01);HL+BH4组较对照组和HL组BH4水平均明显升高(P<0.01);与对照组相比,HL组大鼠主动脉匀浆中BH4含量明显降低(P<0.01),但总喋呤水平(TB=BH4+BH2+B)无明显差异(P>0.05);HL组大鼠血清硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)生成量随周龄的增加有逐渐升高的趋势,而HL+BH4组大鼠血清TBARS生成量较HL组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:BH4可以减轻LDL氧化修饰,其机制可能与纠正NOS脱偶联、ROS生成减少及LDL脂质过氧化降低有关。     

异槲皮苷对Aβ25-35导致的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

探讨异槲皮苷对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)导致的PC12细胞氧化损伤的保护作用.首先通过分子对接技术分析异槲皮苷与AMPK的结合情况.采用Aβ25-35(20 μmol/L)损伤PC12细胞建立细胞氧化损伤模型,采用甲基噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活力,通过试剂盒检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出量、活性氧(ROS)含量、...     

蝎毒耐热蛋白对MPTP诱导的帕金森病小鼠脑内小胶质细胞的影响

目的：进一步探讨蝎毒耐热蛋白（SVHRP）改善MPTP（1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP）小鼠伴有空间学习记忆障碍的机制。方法：给予C57BL／6小鼠颈部皮下注射MPTP（20mg／kg）,连续8d,同时设立SVHRP治疗纽,观察小胶质细胞免疫反应活性的改变。结果：与盐水对照组相比,MPTP小鼠脑区OX-42免疫反应阳性小胶质细胞免疫反应活性明显增强。模型给药组与模型组相比OX-42免疫反应阳性小胶质细胞免疫反应活性明显降低。结论：SVHRP可以抑制MPTP诱发的小鼠脑内小胶质细胞的激活以减轻脑内神经炎症。     

miR-1298表达对PC-12细胞糖氧剥夺/复氧损伤的影响及其机制研究

目的：通过体外细胞培养探讨mi R-1298对缺血缺氧性神经损伤的调节作用。方法：首先通过细胞活性检测和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）细胞毒性法确定大鼠PC-12细胞糖氧剥夺/复氧（OGD/R）的造模效果,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测细胞mi R-1298的表达差异。体外转染mi R-1298mimic、mimic NC、mi R-1298 inhibitor和inhibitor NC至大鼠PC-12细胞系,检测mimic、mimic NC、inhibitor、inhibitor NC的转染效率。经过OGD/R处理后将细胞分为Control组、OGD/R组、mimic组、mimicNC组、inhibitor组和inhibitorNC组。流式细胞术检测各组PC-12细胞凋亡的情况,免疫印迹试验（Western blot）检测各组PC-12细胞凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因（BCL-2）和Bcl-2相关的x基因（Bax）表达的情况。结果：PC12细胞经过OGD/R处理后,其细胞存活率与Control组比明显下降且LDH漏出率明显上升（均P<0.05）;模型细胞中mi R-...     

分子氢对糖尿病视网膜小胶质细胞的保护作用及其机制研究

目的:研究分子氢对糖尿病视网膜小胶质细胞的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:采用100 ng/m L的LPS诱导视网膜小胶质细胞,同时将两组细胞分别置于正常培养环境和含有饱和氢培养环境下培养36小时。RT-PCR检测小胶质细胞中miR-9、miR-21和miR-199的表达。Western Blot测定TLR4信号途径相关蛋白的表达。结果:miR-9、miR-21在分子氢作用后明显下调,而miR-199在分子氢作用后下调不明显。并且,小胶质细胞活化后TLR4途径相关信号蛋白的表达增加,在分子氢处理后Myd88和IKKβ蛋白的表达明显减少,而NF-κB蛋白的表达前后没有明显的变化。结论:分子氢对视网膜小胶质细胞的炎症损伤具有明显的保护作用,氢作为一种信号分子对Myd88介导的TLR4炎症信号通路的调节及通路中部分miRNA的调节作用可能是其抗炎作用的机制。     

利用FRET技术在活细胞内研究红景天甙对Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用

为研究红景天甙(salidroside)对-淀粉样肽25-35(.amyloidpeptide25-35,A/25-3)5诱导PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用,采用CellCountingKit-8(CCK-8)分析细胞的存活率,通过光镜检测细胞形态并配以Hoechst染色检测细胞核固缩,利用荧光共振能量转移(fluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer,FRET)技术在单个活细胞中检测caspase-3和caspase-8活性的动态变化。结果表明,红景天甙可剂量依赖性抑制A025-35引起的细胞凋亡,提高细胞的存活率;红景天甙对caspase-3的活性有明显的抑制作用,而且A125-35诱导细胞凋亡不依赖于caspase-8的激活。这些结果提示抑制caspase-3的活性是红景天甙抑制A225-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

靶向探针追踪Aβ25-35的亚细胞定位并基于Nrf2通路探讨阿里红多糖对线粒体损伤的保护机制

用靶向探针追踪淀粉样蛋白(Aβ_25-35)的亚细胞定位情况,同时基于Nrf2信号通路探讨阿里红多糖组分（FOAPs-a）和（FOAPs-b）对Aβ_25-35诱导的PC12细胞线粒体损伤通路的保护作用机制。采用40μmol/L Aβ_25-35诱导PC12细胞建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）细胞模型,将PC12细胞分为空白组、模型组(加40μmol/L Aβ_25-35)、阳性组（加50μmol/L盐酸多奈哌齐）、不同浓度的FOAPs-a和FOAPs-b干预组（各50、100、200μg/mL）。以靶向探针追踪Aβ_25-35在各组PC12细胞中的亚细胞定位情况;通过试剂盒检测PC12细胞中活性氧自由基ROS的变化情况;Western blotting法测定细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax及Bcl-2的表达量以及和Nrf2通路相关的Nrf2、APK1和磷酸化的APK1蛋白的表达情况。结果发现,Aβ_25-35处理PC12细胞会影响线粒体的完整性;在200μg/mL FOAPs-a/b预处理PC12细胞后,能够显著缓解Aβ_25-35对线粒体的损伤,同时使Aβ_25-35的亚细胞共定位减弱;与空白组比较,模型组细胞中ROS含量增加,与模型组比较,FOAPs-a及FOAPs-b干预组均能降低ROS的沉积,差异有统计学意义;Western blotting结果显示:与模型组比较FOAPs-a及FOAPs-b均能减少APK1的磷酸化水平,上调Nrf2的蛋白表达水平。总之Aβ_25-35可进入到PC12细胞的线粒体中引起其损伤,阿里红多糖组分能够通过激活Nrf2信号通路显著缓解Aβ_25-35对PC12细胞线粒体的损伤。     

多奈哌齐对AD大鼠海马结构神经元的保护作用

目的探讨多奈哌齐(DN)对Aβ所致AD大鼠海马结构损伤的保护作用。方法 36只3月龄Wistar大鼠分为对照组、模型组(侧脑室注射10μg Aβ25-35)、治疗组在模型组基础上腹腔注射多奈哌齐1.5mg/kg/d,持续4w,免疫组化方法观察3组大鼠海马结构3个亚区caspase-3的表达;Western blot方法检测3组大鼠海马结构T-Akt和P-Akt的表达。水迷宫行为学测试3组大鼠的逃避潜伏期。结果模型组与对照组相比大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长(P<0.01),治疗组较模型组明显缩短(P<0.01)。模型组海马结构3个亚区的caspase-3平均光密度值均较对照组明显增高(P<0.01);而治疗组较模型组减少(P<0.05)。3组之间T-Akt的表达没有差异,但模型组P-Akt的表达量较对照组下调(P<0.05),治疗组P-Akt的表达量较模型组呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论多奈哌齐可能是通过上调Akt的磷酸化水平而减少caspase-3的表达,改善大鼠的学习记忆功能。     

Glutamate treatment and p25 transfection increase Cdk5 mediated tau phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the tau phosphorylating kinases with pathological relevance in AD has been suggested to be the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). The proposed mechanism leading to pathological Cdk5 activity is through induced cleavage of p35 to a proteolytic product, p25. To further study activation of Cdk5 and its role in tau phosphorylation in vitro, we used differentiated SH-SY5Y cells treated with neurotoxic stimuli or transfected with p25. We show that glutamate increased tau phosphorylation, concomitant with an increased Cdk5 activity achieved by upregulation of Cdk5 and p35 protein levels. Treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 generated the calpain cleaved p25 fragment but only in toxic conditions that caused dephosphorylation and loss of tau. When p25 was transfected to the cells, increased tau phosphorylation was achieved. However, application of the Cdk5 inhibitor Roscovitine did not result in inhibition of tau phosphorylation possibly due to activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), which also is capable of phosphorylating tau. Cdk5 and Erk1/2 kinases share some common substrates but impact of their cross talk on tau phosphorylation has not previously been demonstrated. We also show that p25 is degraded via the proteasome in Roscovitine treated cells.     

Amyloid beta-mediated cell death of cultured hippocampal neurons reveals extensive Tau fragmentation without increased full-length tau phosphorylation

A variety of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers promote downstream errors in Tau action, in turn inducing neuronal dysfunction and cell death in Alzheimer and related dementias. To better understand molecular mechanisms involved in Aβ-mediated neuronal cell death, we have treated primary rat hippocampal cultures with Aβ oligomers and examined the resulting cellular changes occurring before and during the induction of cell death with a focus on altered Tau biochemistry. The most rapid neuronal responses upon Aβ administration are activation of caspase 3/7 and calpain proteases. Aβ also appears to reduce Akt and Erk1/2 kinase activities while increasing GSK3β and Cdk5 activities. Shortly thereafter, substantial Tau degradation begins, generating relatively stable Tau fragments. Only a very small fraction of full-length Tau remains intact after 4 h of Aβ treatment. In conflict with expectations based on suggested increases of GSK3β and Cdk5 activities, Aβ does not cause any major increases in phosphorylation of full-length Tau as assayed by immunoblotting one-dimensional gels with 11 independent site- and phospho-specific anti-Tau antibodies as well as by immunoblotting two-dimensional gels probed with a pan-Tau antibody. There are, however, subtle and transient increases in Tau phosphorylation at 3-4 specific sites before its degradation. Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that Aβ-mediated neuronal cell death involves the loss of full-length Tau and/or the generation of toxic fragments but does not involve or require hyperphosphorylation of full-length Tau.     

Site-specific phosphorylation of Tau protein is associated with deacetylation of microtubules in mouse spermatogenic cells during meiosis

Tau is one of the microtubule-associated proteins and a major component of paired helical filaments, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Its expression has also been indicated in the testis. However, its function and modification in the testis have not been established. Here, we analyzed the dynamics of phosphorylation patterns during spermatogenesis. The expression of Tau protein and its phosphorylation were shown in the mouse testis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the phosphorylation was strongly detected during meiosis. Correspondingly, the expression of acetylated tubulin was inversely weakened during meiosis. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Tau protein contributes to spermatogenesis, especially in meiosis.     

Tau/APP/PS1三转基因小鼠模型的建立及生物学特征

目的:建立Tau/APP/PS1三转基因小鼠模型,从分子生物学、行为学及病理学角度研究其生物学特征。方法:将自行建立的Tau转基因小鼠与Jackson实验室引种的APP/PS1双转基因小鼠杂交、传代;PCR鉴定小鼠基因型;RT-PCR检测外源基因的转录;Western blot测定外源基因的蛋白表达;Bielschowsky氏染色法和ABC免疫组化法观察大脑神经纤维缠结和老年斑等病理改变;Morris水迷宫观测学习记忆的改变。结果:Tau/APP/PS1三转基因小鼠的大脑可转录和表达Tau、APP和PS1三种外源基因,6~8月龄时大脑皮层和海马可见神经元纤维缠结和老年斑,其学习记忆获得能力在6月龄开始受损。结论:建立的Tau/APP/PS1三转基因小鼠具有Tau和Aβ两种病理改变和学习记忆障碍,为深入探究Tau与Aβ的关系、阐明AD的发病机制以及研发靶点治疗药物提供实验工具。     

Activation of Asparaginyl Endopeptidase Leads to Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer Disease

Neurofibrillary pathology of abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau is a key lesion of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, and its density in the brain directly correlates with dementia. The phosphorylation of Tau is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn is regulated by inhibitor 2, I₂^PP2A. In acidic conditions such as generated by brain ischemia and hypoxia, especially in association with hyperglycemia as in diabetes, I₂^PP2A is cleaved by asparaginyl endopeptidase at Asn-175 into the N-terminal fragment (I_2NTF) and the C-terminal fragment (I_2CTF). Both I_2NTF and I_2CTF are known to bind to the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A and inhibit its activity. Here we show that the level of activated asparaginyl endopeptidase is significantly increased, and this enzyme and I₂^PP2A translocate, respectively, from neuronal lysosomes and nucleus to the cytoplasm where they interact and are associated with hyperphosphorylated Tau in Alzheimer disease brain. Asparaginyl endopeptidase from Alzheimer disease brain could cleave GST-I₂^PP2A, except when I₂^PP2A was mutated at the cleavage site Asn-175 to Gln. Finally, an induction of acidosis by treatment with kainic acid or pH 6.0 medium activated asparaginyl endopeptidase and consequently produced the cleavage of I₂^PP2A, inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A, and hyperphosphorylation of Tau, and the knockdown of asparaginyl endopeptidase with siRNA abolished this pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest the involvement of brain acidosis in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, and asparaginyl endopeptidase-I₂^PP2A-protein phosphatase 2A-Tau hyperphosphorylation pathway as a therapeutic target.     

An age-and-cyclin-structured cell population model for healthy and tumoral tissues

We present a nonlinear model of the dynamics of a cell population divided into proliferative and quiescent compartments. The proliferative phase represents the complete cell cycle (G ₁−S−G ₂−M) of a population committed to divide at its end. The model is structured by the time spent by a cell in the proliferative phase, and by the amount of Cyclin D/(CDK4 or 6) complexes. Cells can transit from one compartment to the other, following transition rules which differ according to the tissue state: healthy or tumoral. The asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the nonlinear model is analysed in two cases, exhibiting tissue homeostasis or tumour exponential growth. The model is simulated and its analytic predictions are confirmed numerically.     

Nerve growth factor-induced phosphorylation of SNAP-25 in PC12 cells: a possible involvement in the regulation of SNAP-25 localization

Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a t-SNARE protein essential for neurotransmitter release, is phosphorylated at Ser187 following activation of cellular protein kinase C by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. However, it remains unclear whether neuronal activity or an endogenous ligand induces the phosphorylation of SNAP-25. Here we studied the phosphorylation of SNAP-25 in PC12 cells using a specific antibody for SNAP-25 phosphorylated at Ser187. A small fraction of SNAP-25 was phosphorylated when cells were grown in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). A brief treatment with NGF that was enough to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway did not increase the phosphorylation of SNAP-25; however, phosphorylation was up-regulated after a prolonged incubation with NGF. Up-regulation was transitory, and maximum phosphorylation (a fourfold increase over basal phosphorylation) was achieved between 36 and 48 h after the addition of NGF. Immunofluorescent microscopy showed that SNAP-25 was localized primarily in the plasma membrane, although a significant population was also present in the cytoplasm. Quantitative microfluorometry revealed that prolonged treatment with NGF resulted in a preferential localization of SNAP-25 in the plasma membrane. A mutational study using a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein as a tag indicated that the point mutation of Ser187 to Ala abolished the NGF-dependent relocalization. A population of SNAP-25 in the plasma membrane was not increased by a point mutation at Ser187 to Glu; however, it was increased by prolonged treatment with NGF, indicating that the SNAP-25 phosphorylation is essential, but not sufficient, for the NGF-induced relocation to the plasma membrane. Our results suggest a close temporal relationship between the up-regulation of SNAP-25 phosphorylation and its relocation, and NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells.