冬小麦旺盛生长期间CO2浓度升高对根际呼吸的影响

依托FACE（free air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术平台,利用阻断根法,采用H6400红外气体分析仪（IRGA）-田间原位测定的方法,研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对水稻／小麦轮作制中冬小麦旺盛生长期间根际呼吸的影响。结果表明,在整个测定期间,大气CO2浓度升高增强了根际呼吸速率,提高了根际呼吸排放量。在高N和低N处理中,高CO2浓度下的根际呼吸总排放量分别比Ambient极显著增加117．0％和90．8％。根际呼吸速率在孕穗初期达到最大值;使根际呼吸在土壤呼吸中的比重由24．5％（LN）～26．7（HN）提高到39．8％（LN）～47．1％（HN）。CO2浓度升高与氮肥用量对根际呼吸产生交互效应。表明大气CO2浓度升高将加快土壤向大气的CO2排放,结果将有助于评价未来高CO2浓度背景下农田生态系统土壤碳的固定潜力。     

生物黑炭对旱地土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放及其环境效益的影响

采用土柱室内模拟的方法,通过添加0%、0.5%、2%、4%、6%、8%生物黑炭于土壤中,测定土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放通量,探讨生物黑炭对旱地土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放及其环境效益的影响。结果表明:室内模拟土柱培养期内,施用生物黑炭能显著增加CO2排放,且生物黑炭添加百分数(x)与CO2累积排放量(y)之间满足线性方程:y=12.591x+235.02(R2=0.834,n=24);当生物黑炭添加量达到2%及以上时,基本抑制了CH4的排放和显著减少土壤N2O排放,并显著减少CH4和N2O的综合温室效应,当其达到4%以上时,CH4和N2O的综合温室效应降幅更大并趋于稳定,但施用少量生物黑炭(0.5%)可显著促进N2O排放,对减少CH4和N2O综合温室效应并无明显效果。生物黑炭表观分解率随其添加量的增加逐渐减少,生物黑炭添加比例越高,积累于土壤中的碳越多,从投入生物黑炭量与固碳量和减排比角度综合考虑,农业生产中推荐生物黑炭施用量为20 t/hm2,其固碳减排效果俱佳。     

应用DNDC模型分析管理措施对稻麦轮作系统CH4和N2O综合温室效应的影响

以南京地区稻麦轮作体系为对象,研究了不同农业管理措施对CH4和N2O排放通量及年度动态变化的影响,用田间观测数据验证生物地球化学循环模型(DNDC)在该耕作制度下的适用性;利用DNDC模型模拟不同环境因子和管理措施对CH4和N2O综合温室效应(GWP)的影响.结果表明:除了对照和麦季对CH4排放的模拟偏差较大外,DNDC对其余各处理模拟的CH4和N2O累积排放量与田间观测结果基本吻合,相对偏差变幅7.1%～26.3%,可以直接应用DNDC模型模拟环境因子和主要管理措施对CH4和N2O累积排放量引起GWP的影响.模型灵敏度检验结果表明,年均温度、土壤容重、土壤有机碳、土壤质地、土壤pH等环境因子对GWP的影响显著;施用氮肥、秸秆还田量和烤田期长短等管理因子对GWP的影响明显.在估算我国稻麦轮作制度下温室气体的点或区域排放规律时,应考虑上述这些影响因子.     

复合稻田生态系统温室气体交换及其综合增温潜势

研究稻田CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体的综合增温潜势,有助于科学评价复合稻田生态系统在减少温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖方面的作用,为稻鸭、稻鱼复合种养模式的发展提供依据。2006年采用静态箱法研究了养鸭稻田（RD）、养鱼稻田（RF）和常规淹水稻田（CK）的CH4、N2O的排放量。水稻整个生育期间,RD、CK和RF的CH4排放量分别是19.11、26.71g/m^2和25.01g/m^2;N2O排放量分别是0.237、0.229、0.237g/m^2。采用干物质积累法测得,水稻整个生长期内RD处理地上稻株对CO2的净固定量为2766.4g/m2,RF为2759.59g/m^2,CK为2533.9g/m^2。采用土壤有机碳库的变化估算土壤CO2净交换通量,水稻整个生育期间,三类稻田土壤亚系统均表现为对CO2的净固定,相当于固定CO2量分别为RD675.55g/m^2、CK575.43g/m^2、RF562.62g/m^2。三类稻田温室气体的交换均表现为CO2的净吸收、CH4、N2O的净排放,综合增温潜势以RD为最低。稻田养鸭能显著减少甲烷排放,降低增温潜势,其减缓综合温室效应的潜力是常规淹水稻田的1.6倍左右。     

鼎湖山苗圃和主要森林土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收对模拟N沉降的短期响应

研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区苗圃(幼苗)、马尾松、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收的一些特征及其对模拟N沉降增加的响应.结果表明,土壤CO2日(白天)平均排放量的大小顺序为(平均值±标准误)苗圃(258±62mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(177±42 mg·m-2·h-1)＞马尾松林(162±39 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(126±30 mg·m-2·h-1).土壤CH4日(白天)平均吸收量的大小顺序为马尾松林(-0.15±0.02 mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(-0.08±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(-0.07±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞苗圃(-0.05±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1).低N(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和中N(100kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃、马尾松林和混交林样地土壤CO2日平均排放量的影响均不明显,高N(150 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃土壤CO2的日平均排放量也无显著影响,但倍高N(300kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理显著促进苗圃样地土壤CO2的排放.然而,所有N(低N、中N和高N)处理均显著促进季风林土壤CO2日平均排放量,且这种促进作用随N处理水平的升高而增加.N处理显著促进季风林和马尾松林土壤对CH4吸收速率,但对混交林土壤CH4吸收则无明显的影响.在苗圃样地,除倍高N外,N处理对土壤CH4吸收速率也无显著作用,但倍高N处理使苗圃土壤发生功能转变,即从CH4汇转变为CH4源.     

UV-B辐射增强对抗除草剂转基因水稻 CH4排放的影响

在大田条件下,研究了UV-B(ultraviolet-B)辐射增强对抗除草剂转基因水稻及亲本常规水稻甲烷(CH4)排放的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光),增强(Elevated,14.4 kJ·m-·2d-1),相当于南京地区大气臭氧耗损25%的辐射剂量。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强并没有改变稻田CH4排放通量的季节性变化规律。与对照相比,UV-B辐射增强显著提高CH4排放通量和累积排放量。水稻分蘖期CH4累积排放量最高,占全生育累积排放量的51.55%—61.01%;其次是拔节至孕穗期,占20.00%—26.64%。抗除草剂转基因水稻的CH4排放通量和累积排放量显著低于亲本常规水稻。研究说明,UV-B辐射增强下种植抗除草剂转基因水稻对于减缓稻田甲烷排放有积极意义。     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻季土壤中麦秸降解及氮素分趋的影响

利用中国唯一的稻麦轮作FACE(free-air carbon dioxide enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高)试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高对稻季土壤中小麦秸秆降解速率及其氮素分趋的影响.试验设置Ambient(目前空气对照)和FACE(Ambient+200 μmol·mol-1)两个CO2浓度以及低氮处理(LN,150 kg·hm-2)和高氮处理(HN,250 kg·hm-2)两个氮肥水平,在稻季之初按标记麦秸/土壤重量比0.3%添加15N标记小麦秸秆,根据水稻生长时期依次采样测定秸秆降解速率,并通过分析土壤全氮、植株全氮及其15N丰度来观察已降解秸秆的氮素分趋情况.结果发现,大气CO2浓度升高对高氮处理土壤中小麦秸秆降解速率没有显著影响,但显著促进了低氮处理土壤中小麦秸秆的降解(p < 0.05),使其提高到与高氮处理土壤相当水平;大气CO2浓度升高显著增加了已降解秸秆中氮素的流失,在高氮处理土壤中尤为严重,而对植物吸收已降解秸秆中的氮素没有显著影响.结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高在土壤氮素相对不足时会加速土壤中小麦秸秆的降解,而在土壤氮素相对充足时又会加大降解秸秆中氮素的流失.     

芦苇湿地温室气体甲烷(CH4)排放研究

用封闭式箱法对辽河三洲芦苇湿地温室气候CH4的观测结果表明,其排放有明显的季节规律。淹水前、土壤为CH4汇。淹水期间,有大量的CH4排放。排水后CH4排放明显减少。在测定期内,CH4排放通量为－968－2734μgCH4l/(m^2.h)。另外,土壤中中产生的CH4主要是通过芦苇植株的传输作用进入到大气中,试验结果还表明,有芦苇生长的湿地CH4排放是无芦苇生长的15倍,同时,建议芦苇田应采用间歇灌溉的水分管理措施,这样既促进植株生长,又能减少CH4排放。     

芦苇湿地温室气体甲烷(CH4)排放研究

用封闭式箱法对辽河三角洲芦苇湿地温室气体CH4的观测结果表明,其排放有明显的季节变化规律.淹水前,土壤为CH4汇.淹水期间,有大量的CH4排放.排水后,CH4排放明显减少.在测定期内,CH4排放通量为-968～2734μgCH4l/(m2*h).另外,土壤中产生的CH4主要是通过芦苇植株的传输作用进入到大气中.试验结果还表明,有芦苇生长的湿地CH4排放是无芦苇生长的15倍.同时,建议芦苇田应采用间歇灌溉的水分管理措施,这样既能促进植株生长,又能减少CH4排放.     

改变施肥管理后不同肥力稻田土壤CO2排放特征

利用一个长达30a水稻土长期定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将原化肥处理改施有机肥,原有机肥处理改施化肥或者增施有机肥。通过观测田间试验2012—2013年双季稻轮作周期内不同肥力水平稻田土壤施肥管理改变后的土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥管理对不同肥力红壤性水稻土CO2排放的影响。结果表明:变更施肥能明显改变CO2排放动态变化,其中长期施用有机肥处理改施化肥后其FCO2明显减小,长期施用化肥或有机肥处理增施有机肥后其FCO2显著增大。有机肥和土壤有机碳均可促进土体CO2排放,有机肥处理有机物料碳添加量与CO2-C年排放量呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.9015**,n=21),单施化肥处理土壤有机碳含量与土体CO2-C年排放量符合线性方程:y=10.962x-68.86(R2=0.7507,n=9,P0.01)。长期施用有机肥土壤改施化肥会导致其有机碳矿化损失,土壤有机碳含量越高,矿化损失量越多,最终其有机碳水平将与长期施用化肥的土壤有机碳平衡值一致;长期施用化肥或有机肥土壤改施或增施有机肥可促进土壤有机碳积累,外源添加碳越多,土壤积累碳越多;相同有机肥施用量下土壤有机碳含量越高,有机物料表观分解率越大,积累于土壤中的有机碳越少,不同有机碳水平土壤在相同有机肥管理下其有机碳最终会达到相同的平衡值。在有机碳水平较低(20.46 g/kg)红壤稻田上增施有机肥是提升已培肥水稻土有机碳含量的可持续发展措施,而在有机碳水平较高(14.45 g/kg)红壤稻田上应避免改施化肥。总之,在有机碳含量较高或者较低的中国南方红壤性水稻土上,持续的有机肥施用是保持或者提高其有机碳水平的必要措施。     

Crystal structures of MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2 and mixtures of MoCl2(O2)(OPPh3)2 and MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPPh3)2: allylic alcohol isomerization studies using MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2

Adding one equivalent of H₂O₂ to compounds of stoichiometry MoCl₂(O)₂(OPR₃)₂, OPR₃ = OPMePh₂ or OPPh₃, leads to the formation of oxo-peroxo compounds MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPR₃)₂. The compound MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPMePh₂)₂ crystallized with an unequal disorder, 63%:37%, between the oxo and peroxo ligands, as verified by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and can be isolated in reasonable yields. MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPPh₃)₂, was not isolated in pure form, co-crystallized with MoCl₂(O)₂(OPPh₃)₂ in two ratios, 18%:82% and 12%:88%, respectively, and did not contain any disorder in the arrangement of the oxo and peroxo groups. These complexes accomplish the isomerization of various allylic alcohols. A mechanism of this reaction has been constructed based on ¹⁸O isotopic studies and involves exchange between the alcohol and metal bonded O atoms.     

Synthesis, structure and properties of TTF-carboxylate bridged paddlewheel dirhodium complexes, Rh2(BuCO2)3(TTFCO2) and Rh2(BuCO2)2(TTFCO2)2

Reaction of tetrathiafulvalene carboxylic acid (TTFCO₂H) with paddlewheel dirhodium complex Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₄ yielded TTFCO₂-bridged complexes Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₃(TTFCO₂) (1) and cis- and trans-Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₂(TTFCO₂)₂ (cis- and trans-2). Their triethylamine adducts [1(NEt₃)₂] and cis-[2(NEt₃)₂] were purified and isolated with chromatographic separation, and characterized with single crystal X-ray analysis. Trans-[2(NEt₃)₂] is not completely separated from a mixture of cis- and trans-[2(NEt₃)₂], but its single crystals were obtained from a solution of the mixture. A three-step quasi-reversible oxidation process was observed for 1 in MeCN. The first two steps correspond to the oxidation of the TTFCO₂ moiety and the last one is the oxidation of the Rh₂ core. The oxidation of cis-2 is observed as a two-step process with very similar E_1/2 values to those of the first two processes for 1. Both 1⁺ and cis-2²⁺ in MeCN at room temperature show isotropic ESR spectra with a g value of 2.008 and a_H = 0.135 mT for two equivalent H atoms and a_H = 0.068 mT for one H atom. The redox and ESR data of cis-2 suggest that the intramolecular interaction between the TTF moieties is very small.     

New preparations and molecular structures of cis-MCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2, M = Ru,Os and trans-RuCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2

The title compounds were made by reacting bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) with reduced solutions of OsCl₆^4? and Ru₂OCl₁₀^4?. The crystal and molecular structures of these compounds have been determined form three-dimensional X-ray study. The cis-isomers crystallize with one CHCl₃ per molecule of the complex. All three compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with unit cell dimensions as follows: Cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.415(4) Å, b = 22.859(4) Å, c = 16.693(3) Å, β = 105.77(3)°, V = 4926(3) ų, Z = 4. cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.442(3) Å, b = 22.833(7) Å, c = 16.750(4) Å, β = 105.53(2)°, V = 4953(3) ų, Z = 4. trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂: a = 11.368(7) Å, b = 10.656(6) Å, c = 18.832(12) Å; β = 103.90(6)°, V = 2213(7) ų; Z = 2. The structures were refined to R = 0.044 (R_w = 0.055) for cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃; R = 0.065 (R_w = 0.079) for cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃ and R = 0.028 (R_w = 0.038) for trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂. The complexes are six coordinate with stable four-membered chelate rings. The PMP angle in the chelate rings is ca. 71° in each case.     

Solution-mediated syntheses and characterizations of two new zincophosphites [C6H14N2]0.5[Zn(H2PO3)2] and [C4H12N2]0.5[(CH3)2NH2][Zn2(HPO3)3]

Two new zincophosphites [C₆H₁₄N₂]_0.5[Zn(H₂PO₃)₂] 1 and [C₄H₁₂N₂]_0.5[(CH₃)₂NH₂][Zn₂(HPO₃)₃] 2 have been solvothermally synthesized in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-dioxane (DOA), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 exhibits a neutral inorganic chain formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₂(OH) units. Interestingly, the left- and right-handed hydrogen-bonded helical chains are alternately formed via the hydrogen-bonds between two adjacent chains. Compound 2 exhibits a layer structure with 4- and 12-MRs formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₃ units, in which two kinds of organic amine molecules both act as countercations to compensate the overall negative electrostatic charge of the anionic network.     

Syntheses and characterization of the W(II) and W(III) N2 complexes, [WCl2(PMe3)3]2N2 and [WCl3(PMe3)2]2N2

Refluxing WCl₄(PMe₃)₃ under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of two equivalents of sodium amalgam leads to a reduction to the W(II) complex [cis,mer-WCl₂(PMe₃)₃]₂N₂ (1), which can be converted to [mer,trans-WCl₃(PMe₃)₂]₂N₂ (2) via appropriate oxidation/chlorination. Structural data have been obtained for both complexes, and demonstrate significantly increased steric crowding in 1 due to PMe₃/PMe₃ interactions. The N-N bond distances in the two compounds are similar, at 1.279(4) and 1.243(18) Å, respectively.     

Comparative study of three magnetic nano-particles (FeSO4, FeSO4/SiO2, FeSO4/SiO2/TiO2) in plasmid DNA extraction

Recent updates on Magnetic Nano-Particles (MNPs) based separation of nucleic acids have received more attention due to their easy manipulation, simplicity, ease of automation and cost-effectiveness. It has been indicated that DNA molecules absorb on solid surfaces via hydrogen-bonding, and hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. These properties highly depend on the surface condition of the solid support. Therefore, surface modification of MNPs may enhance their functionality and specification. In the present study, we functionalized Fe₃O₄ nano-particle surface utilizing SiO₂ and TiO₂ layer as Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ and Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/TiO₂ and then compare their functionality in the adsorption of plasmid DNA molecules with the naked Fe₃O₄ nano-particles. The result obtained showed that the purity and amount of DNA extracted by Fe₃O₄ coated by SiO₂ or SiO₂/TiO₂ were higher than the naked Fe₃O₄ nano-particles. Furthermore, we obtained pH 8 and 1.5 M NaCl as an optimal condition for desorption of DNA from MNPs. The result further showed that, 0.2 mg nano-particle and 10 min at 55 °C are the optimal conditions for DNA desorption from nano-particles. In conclusion, we recommended Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/TiO₂ as a new MNP for separation of DNA molecules from biological sources.     

Rb2[B12(OH)12]·2H2O and Rb2[B12(OH)12]·2H2O2: Hydrate and perhydrolate of rubidium dodecahydroxo-closo-dodecaborate

The orthorhombically crystallizing salts Rb₂[B₁₂(OH)₁₂]·2H₂O (a = 1576.81(9), b = 813.08(5), c = 1245.32(7) pm) and Rb₂[B₁₂(OH)₁₂]·2H₂O₂ (a = 1616.54(9), b = 814.29(5), c = 1260.12(7) pm) could be prepared from Rb₂[B₁₂H₁₂] and hydrogen peroxide. Both crystal structures were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction and refined in the space group Cmce. They are not isostructural to the other compounds containing icosahedral dodecahydroxo-closo-dodecaborate dianions [B₁₂(OH)₁₂]²⁻ and potassium, rubidium or cesium cations already known to literature, but both title compounds crystallize quasi-isotypically exhibiting Rb⁺ cations in 10-fold oxygen coordination. The hydrogen peroxide adduct (Rb₂[B₁₂(OH)₁₂]·2H₂O₂) is explosive on shock and heat, while the hydrate (Rb₂[B₁₂(OH)₁₂]·2H₂O) is not.     

Supramolecular assemblies of new 2-D complexes: Syntheses, crystal structures, spectroscopic and magnetic properties of {[MnAu2(CN)4(NITpPy)2(H2O)2]}n and {[Co(N(CN)2)2(NITpPy)2(H2O)2]}n

Two new complexes, {[MnAu₂(CN)₄(NITpPy)₂(H₂O)₂]}_n (1) and {[Co(N(CN)₂)₂(NITpPy)₂(H₂O)₂]}_n (2), have been synthesized and characterized. The single-crystal X-ray analysis for the complexes 1 and 2 demonstrates that each M(II) (M = Mn or Co) ion assumes a distorted octahedral MN₄O₂ coordination polyhedron. Four nitrogen atoms come from the cyanide groups and the pyridyl rings in a common plane, and two oxygen atoms come from the H₂O molecules in trans-positions. The structures of complexes 1 and 2 illustrate that aurophilicity and/or hydrogen bonding interactions play important roles in increasing dimensionality. Magnetic investigations on complexes 1 and 2 show the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions.     

Synthesis and characterization of SrCu2(O2CR)3(bdmap)3 and Bi2(O2CCH3)4(bdmap)2(H2O) (R = CH3, CF3; bdmap = 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanolato)

New mixed metal complexes SrCu₂(O₂CR)₃(bdmap)₃ (R = CF₃ (1a), CH₃ (1b)) and a new dinuclear bismuth complex Bi₂(O₂CCH₃)₄(bdmap)₂(H₂O) (2) have been synthesized. Their crystal structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Thermal decomposition behaviors of these complexes have been examined by TGA and X-ray powder diffraction analyses. While compound 1a decomposes to SrF₂ and CuO at about 380°C, compound 1b decomposes to the corresponding oxides above 800°C. Compound 2 decomposes cleanly to Bi₂O₃ at 330°C. The magnetism of 1a was examined by the measurement of susceptibility from 5–300 K. Theoretical fitting for the susceptibility data revealed that 1a is an antiferromagnetically coupled system with g = 2.012(7), −2J = 34.0(8) cm⁻¹. Crystal data for 1a: C₂₇H₅₁N₆O₉F₉Cu₂Sr/THF, monoclinic space group P2₁/m, A = 10.708(6), B = 15.20(1), C = 15.404(7) Å, β = 107.94(4)°, V = 2386(2) ų, Z = 2; for 1b: C₂₇H₆₀N₆O₉Cu₂Sr/THF, orthorhombic space group Pbcn, A = 19.164(9), B = 26.829(8), C = 17.240(9) Å, V = 8864(5) ų, Z = 8; for 2: C₂₂H₄₈O₁₁N₄Bi₂, monoclinic space group P2₁/c, A = 17.614(9), B = 10.741(3), C = 18.910(7) Å, β = 109.99(3)°, V = 3362(2) ų, Z = 4.     

Effect of prostaglandins A1, A2, B1, B2, E2 and F2α on human umbilical cord vessels

The effect of six naturally occurring prostaglandins on isolated umbilical arteries and veins has been studied. All six prostaglandins had a constricting effect on the umbilical vessels. On the umbilical artery preparations the potencies in decreasing order were A₂>B₂>F_2α>B₁>E₂>A₁. Prostaglandin B₂ was more potent than PGA₂ on the umbilical vein. Polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) antagonised the constricting effect of all six prostaglandins without altering responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine.