Anatomical features, monomer lignin composition and accumulation of phenolics in 1-year-old branches of the Mediterranean Cistus ladanifer L.

Mediterranean shrub species are described as having phenology, habitus , reproductive biology and anatomical alterations in certain tissues, allowing their survival during the dry season and protecting them from herbivory. Anatomical and chemical analyses were conducted in 1-year-old branches of Cistus ladanifer L. in order to investigate the role played by shoot structure in the adaptive strategies of this species in the Mediterranean environment. Results showed that both xylem and pith underwent lignification. Pith parenchyma cells had thickened walls, higher lignin content than xylem and different monomer composition. Xylem presented features aiding safe water transport. A large accumulation of phenolic substances was found in xylem, pith and cortical parenchyma. Observations reported in this paper suggest the occurrence of adaptive strategies in 1-year-old branches of C. ladanifer whose structural features: (1) allow mechanical reinforcement of tissues to withstand drought without suffering permanent damage; (2) favour safety rather than efficiency in water transport; (3) defend the plants from animal predation and pathogens by accumulating phenolics in various tissues, and (4) protect inner tissues against UV-B radiation through deposition of phenolic compounds in cortical layers.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155 , 361–371.     

Shoot anatomy and secretory structures in Hypericum species (Hypericaceae)

The anatomy and ultrastructure of internodes, leaves and petals were compared in Hypericum elegans, H. inodorum, H. olympicum, H. forrestii and two genotypes of H. perforatum. Internode anatomy was variable between species with respect to the structure of the cortical and pith parenchyma, including the presence of secretory reservoirs. Also, the secondary growth was more extensive in shrubs, i.e. H. inodorum and H. forrestii. In leaves, phloem secretory reservoirs were formed in all species, mesophyll secretory reservoirs were absent only in H. elegans and internal nodules were present only in H. elegans and H. perforatum. The petals differed between species in the mesophyll structure and the occurrence and location of secretory structures. The phloem secretory reservoirs lacked sheaths, whereas these were distinct in the mesophyll reservoirs. Other ultrastructural traits of the reservoirs were similar in all the species studied, with the exception of the leucoplast ultrastructure. In internal nodules, the inner cells vs. sheath cells differed in the number of vesicles and other membranous structures and plastid ultrastructure. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163 , 70–86.     

珊瑚菜植株分泌道发育和分布的解剖学观察

利用植物解剖学方法对珊瑚菜（Glehnia littoralis Fr．Schmidt ex Miq．）体内分泌道的发育和分布进行了观察。结果表明,珊瑚菜的分泌道有分枝,为溶生型,由1层分泌细胞围绕腔道而成。珊瑚菜叶片的分泌道发育较早,在幼叶阶段即发育成形。在根的次生韧皮部、根状茎的皮层和靠近初生木质部的髓部、叶脉的薄壁组织、叶柄维管束周围和厚角组织内侧的薄壁组织、花序轴正对维管束的皮层薄壁组织中以及果实的果壁维管束内外侧的薄壁组织中均分布有分泌道,分泌道在珊瑚菜体内分布广泛。     

Radial secondary growth and formation of successive cambia and their products in Ipomoea hederifolia L. (Convolvulaceae)

Ipomoea hederifolia stems increase in thickness using a combination of different types of cambial variant, such as the discontinuous concentric rings of cambia, the development of included phloem, the reverse orientation of discontinuous cambial segments, the internal phloem, the formation of secondary xylem and phloem from the internal cambium, and differentiation of cork in the pith. After primary growth, the first ring of cambium arises between the external primary phloem and primary xylem, producing secondary phloem centrifugally and secondary xylem centripetally. The stem becomes lobed, flat, undulating, or irregular in shape as a result of the formation of both discontinuous and continuous concentric rings of cambia. As the formation of secondary xylem is greater in one region than in another, this results in the formation of a grooved stem. Successive cambia formed after the first ring are of two distinct functional types: (1) functionally normal successive cambia that divide to form secondary xylem centripetally and secondary phloem centrifugally, like other dicotyledons that show successive rings, and (2) abnormal cambia with reverse orientation. The former type of successive rings originates from the parenchyma cells located outside the phloem produced by previous cambium. The latter type of cambium develops from the conjunctive tissue located at the base of the secondary xylem formed by functionally normal cambia. This cambium is functionally inverted, producing secondary xylem centrifugally and secondary phloem centripetally. In later secondary growth, xylem parenchyma situated deep inside the secondary xylem undergoes de‐differentiation, and re‐differentiates into included phloem islands in secondary xylem. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 30–40.     

西洋参根的发育解剖学研究

西洋主根顶端的原分生组织由三群原始细胞组成。初生木质部为三原型。维管形成层产生的次生维管组织中薄壁细胞占主导地位;维管分子量少、聚集成群,分散在薄壁组织中。周皮加、周皮发生较迟,其木栓形成层由紧靠内皮层的皮层细胞产生。不同年龄西洋参主根随着龄龄的增加,周皮、次生真心皮部和木质部面积均呈增加趋势,但韧皮部与木质部面积比值自５：１下降至１：１。一年生根由中柱鞘产生初生分泌道,由维管形成层产生一圈次生分     

掌叶大黄根茎大黄多糖的贮藏和分布特征

采用组织化学方法和苯酚硫酸比色法研究了大黄多糖在掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum)根茎中的贮藏分布特征及其含量变化规律。结果表明: 大黄多糖在根茎中呈多位点贮藏, 在根茎的周皮、皮层、次生维管组织的薄壁细胞以及髓内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的大黄多糖, 次生木质部的木薄壁细胞以及次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞是大黄多糖的主要贮藏和积累部位; 不同发育时期根茎中大黄多糖含量的变化规律为: 随着植物的生长, 根茎及其各组织中大黄多糖的总含量表现为逐渐增高的趋势, 但在发育的后期略有下降; 与木薄壁细胞相比, 韧皮薄壁细胞贮藏大黄多糖量相对较多, 大黄多糖的贮藏和积累方式为逐渐累积。次生维管组织为大黄多糖贮藏和积累的主要组织。     

Stipular extranuptial nectaries new to Polygala: morphology and ontogeny

Although taxonomic studies indicate that approximately one‐third of the genera of Polygalaceae have nodal glands, few anatomical data are available on the structure and ontogeny of these secretory organs. We studied the as yet unknown origin, structure and function of such glands in Polygala laureola. During field observations, we detected glucose in the secretion using Glicofita Plus® and visitors were recorded. Vegetative shoot apices and nodal glands were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of glucose in the secretion allowed us to identify these nodal glands as extranuptial nectaries. Secretory cells occupy a medullary position and are surrounded by phloem. Vascular bundles are concentric, and xylem is only observed at the basal region of the nectary. Nectar is released during the daytime through a pore at the top of the nectary. A stipular origin was confirmed by the fact that the procambial strand is connected to the leaf trace, opposite the leaf gap. The occurrence of stipular extranuptial nectaries in a nodal position is new to Polygala. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166 , 40–50.     

栽培太子参块根的发育解剖学研究

应用石蜡制片技术研究了栽培太子参纺锤状块根的发育过程。结果表明,栽培太子参的块根是由其不定根发育而成。太子参不定根的初生结构与次生结构的发育可分为4个阶段:原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构与次生结构阶段,类似一般草本双子叶植物根的发育。其特点是初生结构的皮层细胞大,仅3 ~4层,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;初生木质部多为三原型,少数为二原型、四原型与五原型。次生结构中次生木质部约占根面积80 %,主要为薄壁组织细胞,导管呈稀疏的放射状分布其中。由不定根发育成块根过程中,根据从根头至根尾不同距离的各组成部分的面积及细胞层数分析,从上向下其维管形成层活动强度不同,从而根的直径大小不同,使根发育成上粗下细的纺锤状肉质块根。高碘酸-Schiff反应显示,在成熟的块根中次生韧皮部的薄壁组织细胞和次生木质部射线间的木薄壁组织细胞内富含淀粉粒,在有些木薄壁组织细胞中还含有草酸钙簇晶。     

白鲜根的发育解剖学研究

应用半薄切片、常规石蜡切片并结合离析法,对药用植物白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.)根的发生发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:白鲜根的发生发育过程包括4个阶段,即原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构阶段以及次生结构阶段。原分生组织位于根冠内侧及初生分生组织之间,衍生细胞分化为初生分生组织。初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织以及中柱原组成。原表皮分化为表皮,基本分生组织分化为皮层,中柱原分化为维管柱,共同组成根的初生结构;在初生结构中,部分表皮细胞外壁向外延伸形成根毛,皮层中分布有油细胞,内皮层有凯氏带,初生木质部为二原型或偶见三原型,外始式;根初生结构有髓或无。次生结构来源于原形成层起源的维管形成层的活动以及中柱鞘起源的木栓形成层的活动;白鲜次生韧皮部宽广,其中多年生根中可占根横切面积的85%,另外除基本组成分子外,还分布有油细胞;周皮发达,木栓层厚;初生皮层、次生木质部和次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中常充满丰富的淀粉粒。     

掌叶大黄根茎大黄多糖的贮藏和分布特征

采用组织化学方法和苯酚硫酸比色法研究了大黄多糖在掌叶大黄（Rheum palmatum）根茎中的贮藏分布特征及其含量变化规律。结果表明：大黄多糖在根茎中呈多位点贮藏,在根茎的周皮、皮层、次生维管组织的薄壁细胞以及髓内不同程度地贮藏和积累了一定数量的大黄多糖,次生木质部的木薄壁细胞以及次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞是大黄多糖的主要贮藏和积累部位;不同发育时期根茎中大黄多糖含量的变化规律为：随着植物的生长,根茎及其各组织中大黄多糖的总含量表现为逐渐增高的趋势,但在发育的后期略有下降;与木薄壁细胞相比,韧皮薄壁细胞贮藏大黄多糖量相对较多,大黄多糖的贮藏和积累方式为逐渐累积。次生维管组织为大黄多糖贮藏和积累的主要组织。     

Structure and ultrastructure of leaf and calyx glands in Galphimia brasiliensis (Malpighiaceae)

The present study describes the anatomical structure of calyx and leaf glands in Galphimia brasiliensis and analyzes the mechanism of secretion. The glands are marginal and suprabasal, cup-shaped, sessile, and scarcely visible with the naked eye. Light microscopy reveals the following features: a thin, smooth cuticle; unistratified secretory cells; subglandular parenchyma; and vascular bundle supply composed of phloem and xylem with abundant druses of calcium oxalate. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of secretory cells with conspicuous nuclei, dense cytoplasm, lipid droplets, numerous vesicles, mitochondria, Golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and elongated plastids with osmiophilic contents. The secretion reaches the apoplastic space and accumulates beneath the cuticle. Finally, the viscous, translucent exudate is eliminated by mechanical rupture of the cuticle. Histochemical analysis confirms that lipids are the main constituent. Small amounts of polysaccharides were also identified.     

虎杖根茎蒽酯类化合物细胞化学定位和含量测定（简报）

Anthraquinones were histochemically locayed and content were determined in rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum. Anthraquinones were located in the parenchyma cells of rhizome, including vascular ray, part of parenchyma cell in phloem, cortex and pith. Phelloderm and ray initial also accumulated a small amount anthraquinones. The content of total anthraquinones was highest in pith that consisted of parenchyma cells, and higher in bark (including phloem, cortex and periderm) than in xylem. The content of total anthraquinones was highest in three-year-old rhizome, and higher in biennial rhizome than in annual rhizome. It suggests that correlation exist between accumulation of anthraquinones and the growth age of rhizome.     

野葛地下器官的解剖学研究

野葛（Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉ９ａ ｌｏｂａｔａ（ｗｉｌｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ．）的地下器官包括初生根、块根、不定根和根状茎４部分。初生根为四原型,内皮层明显,可见到凯氏带。块根的次生木质部发达,民管周转存在额外形成层。成熟块根中积累丰富的淀粉。不定根为三原型,具次生结构。根状茎作为营养繁殖器官,产生不定根,其中不定根可发展成蓼根。无论初生根、收缩不定根或根状茎的细胞中均示发现淀粉积累,这可能与贮藏器官块根的发达     

珍稀植物扇脉杓兰营养器官的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术对扇脉杓兰营养器官的解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明：根状茎的薄壁细胞中含丰富的淀粉粒,维管柱中分布着排列紧凑的周木维管束;根的皮层发达,有的皮层细胞中存在真菌菌丝团,木质部与韧皮部呈辐射状相间排列,根和根状茎的内皮层细胞都形成马蹄形加厚结构。茎的表面分布气孔,皮层面积较小,皮层内部的基本组织发达,外韧维管束散生分布其中,茎和叶上都附有非腺性毛;叶为等面叶,叶肉细胞排列疏松,气孔主要分布于远轴面,略外凸,保卫细胞中含有叶绿体,叶缘处的叶肉组织中含有气腔结构。扇脉杓兰营养器官的这些特征与其荫蔽湿润的生境是相适应的。     

SECRETORY RESERVOIRS (DUCTS) OF TWO KINDS IN GIANT RAGWEED (AMBROSIA TRIFIDA; ASTERACEAE)

Two types of tubular secretory reservoirs occur in Ambrosia trifida, the first such example known in plants. Paraffin and resin sections, and clearings showed that, although each type consists of many separate unbranched tubes, they differ in anatomy, secretory contents, distribution, and length. Reservoirs (PAR) containing a red substance (presumably a polyacetylene) and lined with a biseriate epithelium parallel the largest leaf and stem vascular bundles. One PAR arises near the base of each leaf lobe midrib and extends through the petiole to the node or continues in the stem cortex to the node below. Other PARs start at the cotyledonary node or in cotyledons and extend down into the primary root, where they have only a single layer of unspecialized epithelium. PARs realign themselves, and more form de novo, until the primary root has two to four separate arrays of PARs abutting the endodermis, each with three to six parallel PARs. Branch roots have similar PAR arrays but unconnected to PARs of the parent root. Inflorescence PARs occur only in bracts, and in petals of male flowers. The second type of reservoir (OR) has a uniseriate epithelium and contains an unidentified oil. ORs occur in phloem, and in pith next to xylem, of stem and large leaf bundles. They dwindle in successively smaller veins until the two smallest orders lack them. ORs occur only in phloem in the hypocotyl; none occur in cotyledons, roots, or floral parts.     

虎杖根茎蒽醌类化合物细胞化学定位和含量测定(简报)

虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sidb.et Zucc.)为蓼科多年生灌木状草本。其根茎入药。主要化学成分有蒽醌、萘醌、酚类和多糖化合物;其中蒽醌类化合物是虎杖的主要药用有效成分,包括大黄素、大黄酚,大黄素甲醚和大黄酸等。虎杖的蒽醌类化合物具显著的抗病毒、抗菌和消炎作用;并可保护心肌,防止血栓形成,改善微循环,提高细胞免疫力,也是致癌基因转导信号的抑制因子。关于虎杖蒽醌类化合物细胞化学研究尚未见报道。刘文哲等曾对贯叶连翘分泌结构中金丝桃素和大黄中蒽醌类同化合物进行了组织化学研究。本文对不同生长期虎杖的根茎以及同     

地黄叶和茎的解剖学及组织化学研究

采用解剖学和组织化学方法对地黄叶和茎的显微结构以及梓醇、多糖的分布进行观察研究,以明确梓醇和多糖在地黄叶和茎中的分布特征。结果显示:(1)地黄叶的上、下表皮均分布有腺毛和非腺毛,腺毛都属于头状腺毛,包括长柄和短柄的头状腺毛,两类腺毛的分泌物化学成分主要是黄酮和多糖;叶的上、下表皮上都分布有无规则型气孔,下表皮的气孔密度比上表皮的大,但气孔指数相差不大;栅栏组织由2～3层薄壁细胞构成,排列紧密,海绵组织薄壁细胞形状无规则,细胞间隙大。(2)组织化学研究表明,海绵组织中黄斑样的薄壁细胞是梓醇和多糖的贮存场所,这类薄壁细胞在叶片边缘的齿末端处最为集中,茎的皮层、韧皮部和木质部的薄壁细胞也都是梓醇和多糖的贮存场所。     

乌拉尔甘草根与根状茎发育解剖学研究

应用常规石蜡切片方法,对乌拉尔甘草根和根状茎的结构及其发育进程进行研究.结果显示:(1)乌拉尔甘草根的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原分生组织由3层原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织细胞的特征;初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成;初生结构包括表皮、皮层和中柱,初生木质部为4原型,偶见3原型,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;次生生长依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层活动完成,维管形成层源于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞,而木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞脱分化产生;次生结构由次生维管组织和周皮共同组成,根中央不具髓.(2)根状茎发育过程与地上茎类似,包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原生分生组织由原套和原体组成,其衍生细胞分化成由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成的初生分生组织;初生结构包括表皮、皮层、外韧维管束、髓和髓射线,维管束呈环形排列;位于维管束中的原形成层细胞恢复活动产生次生木质部和次生韧皮部,束间形成层产生射线细胞;靠近维管束内侧的皮层薄壁组织细胞脱分化产生木栓形成层,以后形成周皮.周皮、次生维管束、射线和髓共同构成根状茎的次生结构.     

矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎次生结构异常发育的解剖学研究

矩镰荚苜蓿是中国特有植物,分布于青藏高原东缘,具有发达的地下扩展茎。为探明矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎异常发育与高原气候适应的关系,该研究采用常规石蜡切片法对地下茎初生结构与次生结构进行解剖观察。结果表明：(1)与初生结构相比,矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎次生结构发育不均衡,仅有少量维管束正常发育,木质部发达。(2)地下茎次生生长会产生内、外两种周皮,外周皮由靠近韧皮部的内皮层细胞形成,内周皮由靠近木质部的髓细胞形成,内、外周皮形成后取代了表皮和初生结构中的主要薄壁组织,形成了较复杂的新防护系统。(3)外周皮向内隘缩或内周皮向外延伸都会引起地下茎的分裂,但暂未观察到两种分裂方式同时发生。研究认为,矩镰荚苜蓿地下茎形成内、外周皮与异常分裂,可以增强对干旱和寒冷胁迫的抵御能力,是矩镰荚苜蓿对青藏高原寒旱环境的适应策略。     

Formation of successive cambia and stem anatomy of Sesuvium sesuvioides (Aizoaceae)

Mature stems of Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc. were found to be composed of successive rings of xylem alternating with phloem. Repeated periclinal divisions in the parenchyma outside the primary phloem gave rise to conjunctive tissue and the lateral meristem that differentiate into the vascular cambium on its inner side. After the formation of the vascular cambium, the lateral meristem external to it became indistinct as long as the cambium was functional. As the cambium ceased to divide, the lateral meristem again became apparent prior to the initiation of the next cambial ring. The cambium was exclusively composed of fusiform cambial cells with no rays. In the young saplings, the number of cambial cylinders in the axis varied from the apex to the base, indicating formation of several rings within the year. In each successive ring of the lateral meristem, small segments differentiated into the vascular cambium and gave rise to vessels, axial parenchyma, fibres and fibriform vessels towards the inside, and secondary phloem on the outer side. In the old stems, non‐functional phloem of the innermost rings was replaced by a new set of sieve tube elements formed by periclinal divisions in the cambial segments associated with the non‐functional phloem. In some places the cambial segments completely differentiate into derivatives leaving no cambial cells between the xylem and phloem. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 548–555.