非离子型去垢剂与细胞色素P-450的相互作用

细胞色素P-450与底物结合后,可产生底物诱导光谱。我们发现非离子型去垢剂Lubrol PX也可诱导细胞色素P-460产生Ⅰ型底物诱导光谱。这是由于Lubrol PX与细胞色素P-450的位点Ⅰ产生了结合,这种结合对Ⅰ型底物的羟化有竞争抑制作用。Lubrol PX对重组的细胞色素P-450酶系活力也有抑制作用。     

野葛葡糖基转移酶PlUGTs的同源建模及其活性位点分析

本文对PIUGTs进行同源建模,并分析其与底物结合的构象及活性位点。通过SWISS-MODEL在线对P1UGTs进行模板预测和选择,运用Swiss—PdbViewer软件显示和优化,利用ACDLABS绘制糖基供体小分子（酶结合底物）,最后通过AutoDock_ADT进行分子对接,并分析PIUGTs酶与不同底物结合的整体构象及分析活性位点。研究结果表明PIUGT1、PIUGT2及PIUGT3均能得到较好的三级构象,并且PIUGT1、PIUGT2与三种底物均可进行较好对接,H18,R278,N359为PIUGTI与三种对接构象活性中心所共有的氨基残基;而G16,H17,V19,T148,N370,E374,E390为PIUGT2与三种对接构象活性中心所共有的氨基残基,但PIUGT3未能得到较好的对接构象。由此推测PIUGT1和PIUGT2均能合成葛根素．而PIUGT3不能催化葛根素的合成。     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

过氧化氢驱动的细胞色素P450酶研究进展

细胞色素P450酶在自然界中广泛存在,能催化多种类型的氧化反应,在有机合成和生物化工方面具有重要的应用潜力。尽管大多数P450酶通常需要辅酶和复杂的电子传递体系协助活化氧分子,一些P450酶也可以利用过氧化氢作为末端氧化剂,这极大地简化了催化循环,为P450酶的合成应用提供了一条新的简便途径。本文系统地介绍了几类过氧化氢驱动的P450酶催化体系,包括脂肪酸羟化酶P450SPα和P450BSβ、脂肪酸脱羧酶P450OleTJE、人工改造的羟化酶P450BM3和P450cam突变体、以及基于底物误识别策略的P450-H2O2体系。通过分析催化反应机制,本文探讨了P450-H2O2催化体系在目前存在的挑战和可能的解决途径,并对其进一步应用前景进行了展望。     

VD_3羟基化酶的定向研究进展

维生素D3羟基化酶(Vdh)作为细胞色素酶P450s(CYP)蛋白家族成员,催化VD3形成有生物活性的1α,25(OH)2VD3。但是,由于VD3并不是Vdh的天然底物,Vdh羟基化活性较低。采用定向构建Vdh重组质粒的方法对Vdh催化活性位点给予优化,从而提高其羟基化能力。就目前对Vdh的结构特性和定向研究进行综述。     

细胞外酶MnP降解聚乙烯的分子动力学研究

MnP酶(manganese peroxidase)已被鉴定为降解聚乙烯的关键酶,通过设计不同长度的碳链聚乙烯蜡为实验底物,分别与MnP结合分析.采用Auto dock分子对接软件进行结合能的预测.并用Gromacs软件模拟了水、离子环境下,底物复合物能量、空间构象的变化等情况.研究结果表明MnP酶只能催化C56以下的聚乙烯蜡,随着碳链长度的增加酶与底物结合越不稳定;能量分析表明随着碳链长度的增加,其动能逐渐降低,而总能量亦有降低的趋势.     

细胞色素P450酶催化反应动力学研究进展

细胞色素P450是内质网膜上混合功能氧化酶系统的末端氧化酶,在生物体内分布广泛,主要催化机体内源和外源性物质在体内的氧化反应.细胞色素P450种类的多样性、催化反应类型的多样性以及底物的广谱性使其成为自然界最具催化作用的生物催化剂.在临床药物的生物学转化中,它参与大部分药物的生物氧化,因此具有重要的生物学意义.本文主要对细胞色素P450的催化反应机理,尤其是细胞色素P45催化下乙醇氧化的反应机理,及其在药代动力学方面的研究进行了综述.     

细胞色素P450 2B4的结构及其催化反应

细胞色素P450是广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中的含亚铁血红素单加氧酶,参与致癌作用和药物代谢、类固醇激素合成、脂溶性维生素代谢、多不饱和脂肪酸转换为生物活性分子等生理过程。P450能够催化完成伯、仲碳氢键羟基化、烯烃和芳烃环氧化、碳碳键耦合和断裂、α羟基化(去烷基化和杂原子氧化)、还原、1,2-迁移(卤素、氢和苯)等有机反应。本文综述了P450 2B4的结构与功能,讨论了细胞色素P450 2B4的活性中心和底物识别位点、与底物反应和产物释放的机理,以及P450在有机合成中的应用。     

P450酶在植物三萜化合物生物合成中的催化与调控

植物三萜化合物是一类具有6个C₅异戊二烯单元的高附加值天然化合物,具有抗炎、护肝、抗肿瘤、抗氧化和降血压等重要药理活性。在三萜化合物生物合成过程中,细胞色素P450酶通过引入羟基、羧基、羰基以及环氧基等官能团,为丰富三萜结构的多样性起到了重要的作用。然而,目前P450酶底物催化特异性机制仍不清晰,异源底盘细胞中表达率低、与细胞色素氧化还原酶(CPR)的适配性差限制了其在植物三萜化合物微生物异源合成中的应用。本文系统地介绍了植物三萜化合物的合成途径、P450酶的催化系统组成和催化机制。通过P450酶的理性与非理性的分子改造,P450酶及其CPR的适应性匹配以及关键代谢途径的区室化研究,以期为P450酶在高效合成三萜化合物的应用提供研究思路。     

来源于瘤胃菌Ruminococcus sp.的D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的底物结合位点分析

【目的】研究来源于瘤胃菌Ruminococcus sp.的D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的底物结合机制。【方法】通过同源模拟和同源序列比对,筛选与其底物结合相关的关键位点,进而通过定点突变构建突变体并对其动力学性质进行研究。【结果】筛选得到关键位点Y6和A109,构建了突变体Y6F、Y6I、A109P及A109L。【结论】Y6既与底物结合又与催化能力相关,其-OH只与底物结合相关,芳香环则与催化能力和结合能力均相关;而A109则只是底物结合的位点。该研究结果为D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的催化机理研究及分子改造提供了借鉴。     

Regio- and stereoselective regulation of monooxygenase activities by isoenzyme-selective phosphorylation of cytochrome P450

The phosphorylation of the two major phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 isoenzymes IIB1 and IIB2 was increased in hepatocytes by the action of the membrane permeating cAMP derivatives N6-dibutyryl-cAMP and 8-thiomethyl-cAMP. Under these conditions the dealkylation of 7-pentoxyresorufin, a selective substrate of cytochrome P450IIB1 and P450IIB2 was markedly reduced. 16 beta-Hydroxylation of testosterone which is catalyzed specifically only by cytochrome P450IIB1 and IIB2 was strongly reduced; for 16 alpha-hydroxylation which is also catalyzed by cytochrome P450IIB1 and IIB2 but additionally by 3 further cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, this reduction was less pronounced; for the oxidation of the 17 beta-hydroxyl group which besides cytochromes P450IIB1 and IIB2 is additionally catalyzed not only by other cytochromes P450 but also by 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase there was a clear tendency of reduction which, however, no longer reached statistical significance. Hydroxylation at other positions of testosterone which are catalyzed by other cytochrome P450 isoenzymes were not significantly changed. Hence isoenzyme-selective phosphorylation of cytochrome P450 leads to a corresponding isoenzyme-selective modulation of monooxygenase activity which holds promise to be especially important as a fast regulation of the control of genotoxic metabolites.     

A constitutive form of guinea pig liver cytochrome P450 closely related to phenobarbital inducible P450b(e)

In order to provide evidence that a cytochrome P450 belonging to the IIB subfamily is expressed as a constitutive form in the guinea pig, we tried to purify an isozyme from liver microsomes of untreated guinea pigs by assessing its reactivity with anti-P450b antibody in the present study. One form of cytochrome P450, named P450GP-1, was obtained. The minimum molecular weight of this isozyme was estimated to be 52,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino terminal sequence up to the 33rd amino acid of P450GP-1 was determined. As expected, comparison of the amino acid sequence with those of cytochrome P450 isozymes from other species reported so far indicated that P450GP-1 was highly homologous to P450s categorized in the IIB subfamily; that is, 67% similarity to rat P450b, 82% to rabbit LM2, 76% to dog PBD-2, 70% to mouse pf 3/46, and 73% to human IIB1. On the other hand, P450GP-1 showed only low similarity, less than 41%, to other cytochrome P450s of the II subfamily and those of the I, III, and IV families. Affinity of P450GP-1 to anti-P450b immunoglobulin G was confirmed to be comparable with that of a principal antigen, P450b. Immunoblot analysis revealed that P450GP-1 in the guinea pig liver microsomes was induced by phenobarbital treatment, but the increase was not as large as in the rat. P450GP-1 efficiently catalyzed benzphetamine N-demethylation, strychnine 2-hydroxylation, and testosterone 16 beta-hydroxylation, all of which are also catalyzed by P450b. Based on these results, it was strongly suggested that the IIB-type of cytochrome P450 in guinea pigs, at least one of them, is a constitutive form which is moderately induced by phenobarbital.     

Cytochrome P450-catalyzed brassinosteroid pathway activation through synthesis of castasterone and brassinolide in Phaseolus vulgaris

The last reaction in the biosynthesis of brassinolide has been examined enzymatically. A microsomal enzyme preparation from cultured cells of Phaseolus vulgaris catalyzed a conversion from castasterone to brassinolide, indicating that castasterone 6-oxidase (brassinolide synthase) is membrane associated. This enzyme preparation also catalyzed the conversions of 6-deoxocastasterone and typhasterol to castasterone which have been reported to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450s, CYP85A1 of tomato and CYP92A6 of pea, respectively. The activities of these enzymes require molecular oxygen as well as NADPH as a cofactor. The enzyme activities were strongly inhibited by carbon monoxide, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450, and this inhibition was recovered by blue light irradiation in the presence of oxygen. Commercial cytochrome P450 inhibitors including cytochrome c, SKF 525A, 1-aminobenzotriazole and ketoconazole also inhibited the enzyme activities. The present work presents unanimous enzymological evidence that cytochrome P450s are responsible for the synthesis of brassinolide from castasterone as well as of castasterone from typhasterol and 6-deoxocastasterone, which have been deemed activation steps of BRs.     

Biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by a rabbit liver cytochrome P450: insight into the mechanism of RDX biodegradation by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22

A unique metabolite with a molecular mass of 119 Da (C(2)H(5)N(3)O(3)) accumulated during biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 (D. Fournier, A. Halasz, J. C. Spain, P. Fiurasek, and J. Hawari, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:166-172, 2002). The structure of the molecule and the reactions that led to its synthesis were not known. In the present study, we produced and purified the unknown metabolite by biotransformation of RDX with Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 and identified the molecule as 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal using nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analyses. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that a cytochrome P450 enzyme was responsible for RDX biotransformation by strain DN22. A cytochrome P450 2B4 from rabbit liver catalyzed a very similar biotransformation of RDX to 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal. Both the cytochrome P450 2B4 and intact cells of Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 catalyzed the release of two nitrite ions from each reacted RDX molecule. A comparative study of cytochrome P450 2B4 and Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 revealed substantial similarities in the product distribution and inhibition by cytochrome P450 inhibitors. The experimental evidence led us to propose that cytochrome P450 2B4 can catalyze two single electron transfers to RDX, thereby causing double denitration, which leads to spontaneous hydrolytic ring cleavage and decomposition to produce 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal. Our results provide strong evidence that a cytochrome P450 enzyme is the key enzyme responsible for RDX biotransformation by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22.     

Uroporphyrinogen oxidation catalyzed by reconstituted cytochrome P450IA2.

Previous work suggested that the oxidation of uroporphyrinogen to uroporphyrin is catalyzed by cytochrome P450IA2. Here we determined whether purified reconstituted mouse P450IA1 and IA2 oxidize uroporphyrinogen. Cytochromes P450IA1 and IA2 were purified from hepatic microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated C57BL/6 mice, using a combination of affinity chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Reconstituted P450IA1 was more active than P450IA2 in catalyzing ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, whereas P450IA2 was more active than P450IA1 in catalyzing uroporphyrinogen oxidation (UROX). Both reactions required NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, and either P450IA1 or IA2. Ketoconazole competitively inhibited both EROD and UROX activities, in microsomes from MC-treated mice. Ketoconazole also inhibited UROX catalyzed by reconstituted P450IA2. In contrast, ketoconazole did not inhibit UROX catalyzed by xanthine oxidase in the presence of iron-EDTA. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol inhibited UROX catalyzed by xanthine oxidase/iron-EDTA, but did not affect UROX catalyzed by either microsomes or reconstituted P450IA2. These results suggest that UROX catalyzed by P450IA2 in microsomes and reconstituted systems does not involve free reactive oxygen species. Two known substrates of cytochrome P450IA2, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazole[4,5-f]quinoline and phenacetin, were shown to inhibit the microsomal UROX reaction, suggesting that uroporphyrinogen binds to a substrate-binding site on the cytochrome P450.     

10-Undecynoic acid, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 4A1, inhibits ethanolamine-specific phospholipid base exchange reaction in rat liver microsomes.

1,12-Dodecanedioic acid, the end-product of omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid, stimulates in a concentration dependent manner, phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis via ethanolamine-specific phospholipid base exchange reaction in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, administration to rats of 10-undecynoic acid, a specific inhibitor of omega-hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 4A1, inhibits the ethanolamine-specific phospholipid base exchange activity by 30%. This is accompanied by a small but significant decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine content in the endoplasmic reticulum and inhibition of cytochrome P450 4A1. On the basis of these results it can be proposed that a functional relationship between cytochrome P450 4A1 and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis exists in rat liver. Cytochrome P450 4A1 modulates the cellular level of lauric acid, an inhibitor of phospholipid synthesis. In turn, ethanolamine-specific phospholipid base exchange reaction provides molecular species of phospholipids, containing mainly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid moieties, required for the optimal activity of cytochrome P450 4A1.     

A comparative immunological investigation of the alkane hydroxylating cytochrome P-450 from the yeast Candida maltosa

The immunological relations of the cytochrome P-450 from the n-alkane utilizing yeast Candida maltosa to cytochrome P-450 forms of other organisms - yeasts, bacteria and mammalia - were investigated using a solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Only the microsomal fraction of other n-alkane utilizing yeasts shows a distinct cross-reaction with an antiserum against cytochrome P-450 from Candida maltosa. Neither the tested bacterial nor the mammalian cytochromes P-450 cross-react with the antiserum.     

Rearrangement reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450s

Cytochrome P450s promote a variety of rearrangement reactions both as a consequence of the nature of the radical and other intermediates generated during catalysis, and of the neighboring structures in the substrate that can interact either with the initial radical intermediates or with further downstream products of the reactions. This article will review several kinds of previously published cytochrome P450-catalyzed rearrangement reactions, including changes in stereochemistry, radical clock reactions, allylic rearrangements, “NIH” and related shifts, ring contractions and expansions, and cyclizations that result from neighboring group interactions. Although most of these reactions can be carried out by many members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, some have only been observed with select P450s, including some reactions that are catalyzed by specific endoperoxidases and cytochrome P450s found in plants.     

Reduction of 7-alkoxyresorufins by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and its differential effects on their O-dealkylation by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450

Antibody-inhibition experiments established that the induction of cytochrome P450c is largely responsible for the marked increase in liver microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation in rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene, whereas the induction of cytochrome P450b and/or P450e is largely responsible for the marked increase in 7-pentoxy- and 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation in rats treated with phenobarbital. When reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and lipid, purified cytochrome P450c catalyzed the O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin at a rate of approximately 30 nmol/nmol P450/min, which far exceeded the rate catalyzed by either purified cytochromes P450b and P450e or microsomal cytochrome P450c. In contrast, purified cytochrome P450b and P450e were poor catalysts of the O-dealkylation of 7-pentoxy- and 7-benzyloxyresorufin. However, purified cytochrome P450b is an excellent catalyst of several other reactions, such as the N-demethylation of benzphetamine, the hydroxylation of testosterone, and the O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. The low rate of 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation catalyzed by purified cytochrome P450b did not reflect a requirement for cytochrome b5, and could not be ascribed to an artifact of the method used to measure the formation of resourufin. The catalytic activity of purified cytochrome P450b toward 7-pentoxyresorufin was consistently low over a range of substrate and lipid concentrations, and was not stimulated by sodium deoxycholate (which stimulates the N-demethylation of benzphatamine by purified cytochrome P450b). Evidence is presented which indicates that cytochrome P450c catalyzes the O-dealkylation of both the oxidized and reduced forms of 7-ethoxyresorufin, with perhaps a slight preference for the reduced form. In contrast, cytochrome P450b preferentially catalyzes the O-dealkylation of the oxidized form of 7-pentoxyresorufin. Conditions that favored formation of the reduced form of 7-ethoxyresorufin tended to stimulate its O-dealkylation by purified cytochrome P450c, whereas conditions that favored formation of the reduced form of 7-pentoxyresorufin decreased its rate of O-dealkylation by purified cytochrome P450b. Such conditions included a molar excess of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase over cytochrome P450, the presence of superoxide dismutase, and the presence of DT-diaphorase (liver cytosol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)