黄顶菊的大孢子发生、雌配子体与胚胎发育

用常规石蜡制片对黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis(L.) Kuntze)大孢子发生、雌配子体和胚胎的发育过程进行了观察.黄顶菊雌蕊柱头二裂,2心皮,1室,单胚珠,基生胎座,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层.珠心表皮下分化出孢原细胞,孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直列四分体...     

宁夏枸杞大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的细胞学研究

采用半薄切片技术和组织化学染色法对宁夏枸杞大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程中的细胞结构变化及营养物质积累特征进行了观察。结果表明,(1)宁夏枸杞为中轴胎座,多室子房,倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心类型。(2)位于珠心表皮下的孢原细胞可直接发育为大孢子母细胞,减数分裂后形成直线型大孢子四分体,合点端第一个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型,具有珠被绒毡层。(3)初形成的胚囊外周组织中没有营养物质积累,成熟胚囊时期出现了大量的淀粉粒且呈珠孔端明显多于合点端的极性分布特征。(4)助细胞的珠孔端具有明显的丝状器结构,呈PAS正反应表现出多糖性质,成熟胚囊具有承珠盘结构。     

高山红景天胚胎学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)具8个雄蕊,每个雄蕊有4个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型。形成的四分体为四面体形。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、二层中层和绒毡层五层细胞组成,其发育方式为基本型。腺质型绒毡层,有些绒毡层细胞分裂形成不规则双层,少数细胞双核。二细胞型花粉。雌蕊由4心皮组成。边缘胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心,胚珠发育中形成珠心喙。大孢子四分体线形或T -形,合点大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中,卵细胞核、助细胞核均位于细胞的合点端,珠孔端具液泡;极核融合为次生核,并位于卵细胞合点端附近; 3个反足细胞退化。双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为石竹型;基细胞侵入珠孔端,形成囊状吸器。细胞型胚乳;初生胚乳核分裂形成两个细胞,其珠孔端的细胞发育成胚乳本体,合点端的细胞直接发育成具一单核的合点吸器。     

小麦雌配子体发育过程中酸性磷酸酶活性定位

在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)雌配子体发育过程中,胚囊周围邻近的珠心细胞退化降解,并出现很高的酸性磷酸酶反应,特别是合点部分最强。电镜细胞化学定位也表明退化珠心细胞质中有强烈的酸性磷酸酶活力,它们存在于多层环状的胞质结构中,而远离胚囊的非退化珠心细胞中无上述结构,酸性磷酸酶活性仅出现于液泡中。认为珠心细胞的退化是一种自溶现象。从功能大孢子至七细胞胚囊期,胚囊内部胞质酸性磷酸酶活性很低,合点与珠孔两端的反应强度无明显区別。后期成熟胚囊阶段,反足细胞中出现强烈酸性磷酸酶活性,中央细胞次之,而助细胞及卵细胞中很弱。     

EMBRYOLOGY OF CALYPSO BULBOSA. I. OVULE DEVELOPMENT

Calypso bulbosa is a terrestrial orchid that grows in north temperate regions. Like many orchids, the Calypso has ovules that are not fully developed at anthesis. After pollination, the ovule primordia divide several times to produce a nucellar filament which consists of five to six cells. The subterminal cell of the nucellar filament enlarges to become the archesporial cell. Through further enlargement and elongation, the archesporial cell becomes the megasporocyte. An unequal dyad results from the first meiotic division. A triad of one active chalazal megaspore and two inactive micropylar megaspores are the end products of meiotic division. Callose is present in the cell wall of the megaspore destined to degenerate. In the mature embryo sac the number of nuclei is reduced to six when the chalazal nuclei fail to divide after the first mitotic division. The chalazal nuclei join the polar nucleus and the male nucleus near the center of the embryo sac subsequent to fertilization.     

粉叶小檗大孢子发生和雌配子体形成

采用石蜡切片方法对粉叶小檗（Berberis pruinosa Franch.)的大孢子发生和雌配子体形成过程进行了研究。主要结果如下：雌蕊1枚,子房单心皮,边缘胎座,2枚胚珠倒生,具双珠被,厚珠心,珠孔由内外两层珠被共同形成,呈“Z”字形;单孢原,位于珠心表皮下;直线形大孢子四分体,合点端的1个大孢子发育为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型;成熟胚囊中,2个极核在受精前融合为次生核;3个反足细胞不发达,较早退化;"品"字形卵器,其中助细胞发达且具丝状器。     

Studies on the Development of Gametophytes in Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae)

The floral bud of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. began to differentiate at the end of April. In the beginning of November, female and male gametophytes reached their maturation. The flowers fell off in the following March. The wall of the microsporangium comprised epidermis, endothecium, two or three middle layers and a single layer of amoeboid tapetum with two nuclei. The extra-tapetal membrane was formed during the later stage of the development of anther. Meiosis of microspore mother-cell was normal and cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The tetrad was tetrahedral in shape. The mature pollen grains were 2-celled and 3-colporate. The ovule was unitegminous and tenuinucellate. During the development of the ovule, some special structures were formed, e. g. hypostase and obturator which originated from the integument. A single archesporium differentiated immediately below the nucellar epidermis. It functioned directly as the megaspore mother-celL This cell under went meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore was functional. The development of the embryo sac was conformed as the polygonum type. Two polar nuclei fused into the secondary nucleus and 'three antipodal cells degenerated soon after the embryo sac reached its maturation, at that time the female gametophyte had become an embryo sac which consisted of only four cells each with a nucleus just before two months of blooming. The nuclei of some synergids located in the chalazal part of the cells. Contrarily, the micropylar past of the synergids were occupied by a large vacuole. The secondary nucleus was usually located in the chalazal part of the embryo sac.     

Development of the Female Gametophyte in Hydrobryum griffithii (Podostemaceae)

The development of the female gametophyte in Hydrobryum griffithiiis of the Apinagia type. The chalazal megaspore nucleus of thetwo-nucleate embryo sac completely degenerates, and only themicropylar megaspore nucleus contributes to the four nucleipresent in the organized embryo sac. The female gametophyteconsists of two synergids, an egg and a haploid central cell.The latter degenerates before the entry of the pollen tube andthere is only syngamy. The nucellar cells below the embryo sacorganize into a nucellar plasmodium.     

Ultrastructural characterization of apospory in Panicum maximum

The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.     

鹤顶兰胚囊发育的超微结构观察

运用电子显微镜技术对鹤顶兰(Phaius tankervilliae(Aiton)BI.)胚囊发育过程中功能大孢子、二核胚囊、四核胚囊、成熟胚囊的超微结构进行观察,捕捉到了功能大孢子的三个阶段、成熟胚囊的两个阶段,进一步积累了鹤顶兰生殖生物学研究的基础资料.在功能大孢子、四核胚囊时期的合点端壁上可观察到胞间连丝,与体细胞间有物质及信息的交换,胚囊发育并非处于完全“隔离”状态.功能大孢子早期可见明显大液泡,随后进入第一次有丝分裂时大液泡消失,移向两极的染色体之间可见大量体积较小的液泡,成熟胚囊前期助细胞及卵细胞内也可见明显液泡,但当助细胞解体时,卵细胞内的大液泡也消失,液泡形态的变化可能是细胞生理状态发生改变的结果.     

水蔗草兼性无融合生殖胚胎学研究

对水蔗草 (ApludamuticaL .)的生殖方式进行研究 ,结果表明水蔗草进行兼性无融合生殖。胚囊发育分为两种类型 ,即有性生殖的蓼型和无孢子生殖的大黍型。无融合生殖胚囊频率为 6 0 .74%。在大孢子母细胞发育至四分体后 ,珠孔端的 3个大孢子解体。合点端的大孢子未解体时 ,邻近大孢子的 1个珠心细胞开始特化 ,形成无融合生殖的原始细胞 ,由该原始细胞发育形成有 1个卵细胞、1个助细胞和 2个极核的四核胚囊。     

小草蔻胚珠及雌配子体发育的研究

小草蔻（Alpinia henryi K.Schum）胚胎倒生,厚珠心,双珠被。内珠被独自成珠孔。造孢细胞,大孢子母细胞和四体时期,周缘细胞仅1层。四分体线形,少数三分体。合点在孢子具功能。成熟胚珠具有珠心冠原和承珠盘结构。胚囊发育属蓼型。成熟胚整,合点端狭长,形成盲囊。反足核不能构成细胞,是短命的。膜质假种皮的原基从外珠被和珠柄发生。     

水蔗草兼性无融合生殖胚胎学研究

对水蔗草(Apluda mutica L.)的生殖方式进行研究,结果表明水蔗草进行兼性无融合生殖.胚囊发育分为两种类型,即有性生殖的蓼型和无孢子生殖的大黍型.无融合生殖胚囊频率为60.74%.在大孢子母细胞发育至四分体后,珠孔端的3个大孢子解体.合点端的大孢子未解体时,邻近大孢子的1个珠心细胞开始特化,形成无融合生殖的原始细胞,由该原始细胞发育形成有1个卵细胞、1个助细胞和2个极核的四核胚囊.     

EMBRYO SAC LACKING ANTIPODAL CELLS IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (BRASSICACEAE)

Ultrastructure of the embryo sac lacking antipodals in prefertilization stages in Arabidopsis thaliana has been examined 2 hr before and 5 hr after manual cross pollination. The cytoplasm of both synergids before fertilization is rich in ribosomes, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and also contains several microbodies and spherosomes. The filiform apparatus includes electron-dense material and a fibrous part. Many cortical microtubules appear in the filiform apparatus area. One of the two synergids degenerates before fertilization. The synergids, the egg cell, and central cell have a rich cytoskeleton of microtubules; only the synergids appear to contain microfilaments. At the chalazal end, the antipodals are initially present but degenerate by the time of pollination in most embryo sacs in the starchless line studied. The embryo sac is completely surrounded by a wall containing an electron-dense layer, separating it from the nucellus, including the chalazal end. When the antipodals have degenerated, the electron-dense layer disappears at the chalazal end only, and the wall between the central cell and the nucellus is homogeneous. Between the central cell and nucellar cells no plasmodesmata are found. The membranes of both antipodal cells at the chalazal end of the embryo sac appear sinuous, like those of transfer cells. The central cell has plastids preferentially distributed around the nucleus, but the other organelles are randomly distributed. The central cell in the embryo sac and the adjacent chalazal nucellar cells show a transfer-cell function in the embryo sac after the antipodals degenerate.     

大叶杨配囊及胚珠的形成和发育

本文应用细胞化学方法研究了大叶杨胚珠、胚囊的形成和发育过程中核酸、蛋白质及不溶性多糖的分布和消长。大孢子母细胞、大孢子四分体及功能大孢子中含较少不溶性多糖,但却含丰富的RNA和蛋白质。功能大孢子经分裂发育成八核的蓼型胚囊。四核胚囊开始积累细胞质多糖,成熟胚囊中除反足细胞外充满淀粉粒。反足细胞形成后不久即退化。助细胞具多糖性质的丝状器,受精前两个助细胞退化。卵细胞核对Feulgen反应呈负反应。二极核受精前由胚囊中部移向卵器,与卵器接触后融合形成次生核。发育早期的胚珠为厚珠心,双珠被。晚期,内珠被退化,故成熟胚珠为单珠被。四核胚囊时期,珠孔端珠心组织退化,胚囊伸向珠孔形成胚囊喙。合点端珠心组织含丰富的蛋白质和核酸,这一性质与绒毡层性质相似,可能涉及胚囊的营养运输。胚囊的营养来源于子房和胎座细胞内贮存的淀粉粒。     

Polarity of nuclear and organellar DNA during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Plumbago zeylanica

Summary Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of Plumbago zeylanica were studied using isolated megasporocytes, megaspores, and embryo sacs labeled with Hoechst 33258 for nuclear and organellar (presumably plastid) DNA. Megasporogenesis conforms to the tetrasporic Plumbago type, producing a coenomegaspore with four megaspore nuclei. Organeller DNA is polarized in the micropylar end of the coenomegaspore and embryo sac, reflecting the site of egg cell formation. The three remaining nuclei are somewhat displaced to the chalazal pole, producing a variable number of accessory cells and a 4N secondary central cell nucleus. Ultimately, the mature embryo sac consists of two to five cells including an egg cell, a central cell, zero to two lateral cells, and zero to one antipodal cell depending on the degeneration of the lateral or chalazal nuclei during megagametogenesis.     

八角莲大孢子发生和雌配子体形成

首次报道了八角莲(Dysosma versipellis (Hance)M.cheng)大孢子发生和雌配子体形成的过程.结果:双珠被,多为厚珠心胚珠,少数为假厚珠心,胚珠多为横生,少数为弯生;边缘胎座,子房一室,多胚珠,珠孔由两层珠被共同形成,呈"之"字形;多为单孢原,位于珠心表皮下:偶见2～3个孢原细胞位于珠心表皮下;大孢子母细胞有两种发生方式;直线形大孢子四分体,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊;成熟胚囊中,二个极核在受精前合并为次生核;三个反足细胞不发达,较早退化;"品"字形卵器极性明显,其中卵细胞与助细胞极性相反;助细胞发达,其丝状器在不同发育时期形态及大小不同,且具吸器功能.     

水稻胚囊壁的形成与发育观察

通过透射电镜对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)功能大孢子形成开始至胚囊成熟期间胚囊壁的形成与发育进行观察,结果表明:水稻胚囊壁是在原有功能大孢子壁的基础上,通过与其周围退化珠心细胞留下的壁相叠合,使壁加厚。功能大孢子近合点端壁存在胞间连丝,其中个别胞间连丝可保留到八核胚囊。胚囊壁上内突最早于四核胚囊近珠孔端发生。八核胚囊形成后,内突的发育在胚囊不同的细胞中表现不同,其中以中央细胞最具特点,表现为先在中央细胞与珠心相接的近珠孔端和近合点端两个区域的胚囊壁上形成,以后近珠孔端胚囊壁上的内突大量增加,而近合点端的却增加不明显,中部胚囊壁上的内突出现的时间相对较晚。到胚囊成熟时,近珠孔端胚囊壁上内突的分布密度最大,中部次之,近合点端的最小,三个区域上内突的形态各异。反足细胞与珠心相接的胚囊壁上内突的形成时间较早,但以后的发育却相对缓慢,数量增加不明显。2个助细胞交界处胚囊壁上的丝状器在胚囊未明显膨大时已形成。卵细胞除在与助细胞交界处的壁外,其它部位不形成明显的内突结构。     

孝顺竹(Bambusa multiplex)大孢子发生与雌配子体发育研究

为了解孝顺竹（Bambusa multiplex）的大孢子及雌配子体的发育过程,利用扫描电镜对孝顺竹的雌蕊形态以及大孢子和雌配子体的发育进行了观察。结果表明,孝顺竹雌蕊单子房,1室,双珠被,薄珠心;大孢子母细胞是由1个雌性孢原细胞直接发育而成,大孢子四分体为线性,位于珠孔端的1个大孢子分化成为功能大孢子,然后由功能大孢子依次经历二核、四核、最终形成1卵细胞2助细胞2极核3反足细胞的成熟胚囊。此外,孝顺竹为雌雄同熟类型,根据雌、雄蕊发育的对应关系,从雄蕊形态可估测雌配子体发育阶段。有少数雌蕊出现败育现象,可能是孝顺竹结实率低的原因之一。