Fruit structure and generic delimitation of Athanasia (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) and related South African genera

Within South African Asteraceae-Anthemideae there is a group of genera containing furanosesquiterpenes rather than the common polyacetylenes. Of these genera, Asaemia (Harv.) Ham. ex Benth. & Hook., Athanasia L., Eumorphia DC., Gymno-pcnfzia Benth., Phymaspermum Less. and Sfilpnophyfon Less. have been investigated morphologically especially with respect to fruit structure. As a result of the investigations Stilpnophyton has been reduced to synonomy under Athanasia L. emend. Källersjö (with 36 spp.) and five species of Athanasia , together with Phaeocephalus S. Moore., are placed in the revived genus Hymenolepis Cass. (with 7 spp.). Brachymerk DC. and four misplaced species of Aihanasia are included in Phymaspermum Less. emend. Källersjö (with 17 spp.). Nine other misplaced species of Athanasia and one Pentzia Thunb. species have been described as a new genus Inulanihera Källersjö (with 10 spp.), a group without furanosesquiterpenes. The two monotypic genera Asaemia and Gymnopentzia , and Eumorphia (with 6 spp.) remain unchanged. The interrelationships of the genera possessing furanosesquiterpenes are shown in a cladogram. There are 25 new combinations in Afhanasia, Znulanthera, Hymenolepis and Phymaspermum .     

Taxonomic notes on Hymenolepis (Asteraceae-Anthemideae)

The South African genus Hymenolepis Cass. was recently distinguished from Athanasia L. by Källersjö. It differs by its slender capitula and a pappus of scales. A key to the 7 species is presented and the new species H. cynopus Bremer & Källersjö is described.     

Some generic concepts in Compositae – Gnaphaliinae

The species of Gnaphalium, Helichrysum and related genera in southern Africa have been surveyed and a number of groups of allied species detected in which the ratio of female to hermaphrodite flowers ranges from a majority of female to a majority of hermaphrodite and in some groups there are even homogamous species. Thus, the failure of the old sex-ratio character used to separate Gnaphalium and Helichrysum is confirmed. The validity of these groupings has been tested by studying detailed characters such as the structure of the stereome (whether undivided or fenestrated) and the type of achenial hair, as well as the more usual floral characters. Most of these plants have leaves with flat or revolute margins and the occasional occurrence of involute margins is taxonomically important. Gnaphalium L. (type G. uliginosum L.) has been redefined to include Amphidoxa DC. and Demidium DC. (female flowers epappose) and species with more hermaphrodite flowers then female. The stereome is undivided. Helichrysum remains a massive and highly diverse genus and includes Leontonyx Cass. The stereome is normally fenestrated and the receptacle epaleate. One or two species have paleae, but Rhynea with receptacle paleate and stereome undivided is maintained. A small group of species with undivided stereomes, centred on H. marifolium D.C., has had to be retained in Helichrysum because of the existence of linking species. Undivided stereome and subglobose achenial hairs enjoin the transfer of H. vestitum (L.) Willd. and two allies, as well as the group of species centred on H. paniculatum (Thunb.) Thunb., to Helipterum, despite the lack of plumose pappus. Edmondia Cass. (H. sesamoides (L.) Willd.) with distinctive habit, involute leaves and no close relatives in Helichrysum is reinstated. Pseudognaphalium Kirp., to which only P. oxyphyllum (DC.) Kirp. had previously been assigned, is extended to include, in its typical subgenus, Hypelichrysum Kirp. and a number of American species of Gnaphalium, as well as the African G. undulatum L. and G. oligandrum (DC.) Hilliard & Burtt, and the Asiatic G. hypoleucum DC. and G. chrysocephalum Franch. A new subgenus, Laphangium, is created to accommodate G. luteo-album L. and its allies. Achyrocline (Less.) DC. has been maintained, as is done in South America, and some African species placed under Helichrysum by Moesert 1910) are returned to it. Two new genera are recognized among gnaphalioid plants with undivided stereomes: Troglophyton (based on G. capillaceum Thunb.) with about seven species and Plecostachys (based on G. serpyllifolium Berg, and including G. polifolium Thunb.). Both genera straddle the old numerical boundary between Gnaphalium and Helichrysum. The monotypic Helichrysopsis Kirp. is maintained. Plants of gnaphalioid aspect with fenestrated stereomes necessitate a further new genus: Vellereophyton (type G. dealbatum Thunb., better known as G. candidissimum Lam.) with seven species. Eriosphaera Less, and Lasiopogon Cass, are redefined and enlarged to include species previously placed in Gnaphalium. Metalasia and Lachnospermum are redefined, with the transfer of the only large-headed species remaining in Metalasia to Lachnospermum. Two new genera are created for plants in this affinity previously misplaced in Helichrysum. Atrichantha is based on H. gemmiferum Bol. and one new species is described. Dolichothrix is established for the anomalous H. ericoides (Lam.) Pers. Ifloga is briefly investigated and it is shown that the distinction between sect. Ifloga and sect. Eutrichogyne Bentham must be based on characters of the capitulum, not just on annual versus subshrubby habit. Lasiopogon molluginoides DC. (=Comptonanthus Nordenstam) is transferred to Ifloga and the structure of the capitulum in the genus is discussed. Some earlier work on this group of plants is briefly summarized, the phytogeographical interest of the proposed arrangement is discussed and some general conclusions offered.     

On the Classification of Ixeris Group (Compositae) from China

Ixeris Cass., strinctly speaking, is confined to plants which have achenes with sharply winged ribs. Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. contains plants which have persistent radical leaves at anthesis and achenes with obtuse ribs and a fine rostrum at its apex. Paraixeris Nakai is restricted to plants which are of the same achenes as in the genus Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvel., but rostra of achenes are robust and radical leaves deciduous in flowering in the former. The Chorisis DC., a monotypic genus, is characterized by ternate palatisect leaves. In the light of the above mentioned understanding of these genera, the author thinks that the division of Chinese Ixeris group, a comparatively complex one, into four genera would be more reasonable than merging them into one genus, namely, Ixeris Cass. Based on the examination of specimens in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (PE), the author found that there are four species in the genus Ixeris Cass., including one new combination in China. They are I. polycephala Cass., I. dissecta (Makino) Shih, I. japonica (Burm. f. ) Nakai and I. stolonifera A. Gray. The genus Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. has 13 species, including five new combinations and three new species in China, namely, I. sagittaroides (C. B. Clarke) Shih, I. gramineum (Ledb.) Tzvel., I. yunnarense Shih,I. graminifolium(Ledb.)Tzvel.,I, biparum Shih,I.aculeolatum Shih,I. chinense( Thunb. ) Tzvel., I. strigosum( Fisch. ) Tzvel., I. elegans( Franeh. ) Shih, I. sonchifolium (Maxim.)Shih,I. laevigatum (BI.)Shih,I. dentatum(Thunb. )Nakai and I. gracile(DC.)Shih, in China. There are six species in the genus Paraixeris Nakai, including One new combination, namely, P. denticulata(Houtt.) Nakai, P. humifusa(Dunn) Shih, P. cheldonifolia( Makino) Nakai, P. saxatilis( Baran. ) Tzvel., P.pinnatipartita (Makino)Tzvel. and P.serotina(Maxim.)Tzvel.in China.     

福建种子植物地理分布新记录

报导了福建种子植物地理分布新记录种10个、属2个,其中华东地理分布新记录种有2个(全部标本存放于华东师范大学生物系标本室)     

Karyomorphology of six taxa in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) in Egypt and their genetic relationships by Giemsa C‐banding

Abstract Giemsa C‐banding was applied to the chromosome complements of six diploid species belonging to six genera in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) distributed in Egypt. Four types of C‐banding distribution were observed in the taxa as follows: (i) negative C‐banding in Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell.; (ii) all bands in terminal regions in Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip, which showed 32 bands on 18 chromosomes; (iii) all eight bands at centromeric regions on eight chromosomes in Matricaria recutita L.; and (iv) bands at terminal and centromeric regions in Brocchia cinerea Vis. (12 terminal and six centromeric bands on 12 chromosomes), Cotula barbata DC. (four terminal, six centromeric, and eight short arm bands on 16 chromosomes), and Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach. (eight terminal on the short arms and four large bands in centromeric regions on 12 chromosomes).     

安徽植物增补及地理新分布II

本文第二次增补《安徽植物志》未记入的植物22种5变种。其中20种3变种为安徽地理新分布, 3属(白屈菜属、离子芥属和石莲属)为安徽地理新分布属。本文所引用的植物标本,全部收藏于安微大学资源植物标本室。     

山西维管植物新资料

报道了分布于中条山地区的山西省新记录维管植物14种,即鞘舌卷柏、华北薄鳞蕨、叉裂铁角蕨、秦岭耳蕨、榆钱菠菜、露蕊乌头、乌拉特绣线菊、小叶三点金草、奇异堇菜、纤弱黄芩、白透骨消、弯齿盾果草、野塘蒿、钻叶紫菀,隶属于12科14属。     

三角草属和冠毛草属的系统关系与地理分布的初步研究

根据外部形态上小穗的结构特征分析了针茅族中三角草属和冠毛草属的系统发育关系,并结合地理分布和生境条件对两属植物的起源中心进行了探讨。结果表明:三角草属和冠毛草属是针茅族中亲缘关系最近的类群;冠毛草属高级于三角草属;三角草属中的三角草是两属植物中最原始的种型,它可能既派生了属内的假冠毛草,同时又派生了属外绝灭了的黑穗茅祖种,而黑穗茅祖种又在自身属内间接衍生出了冠毛草和单蕊冠毛草;冠毛草属和三角草属皆起源于我国的西藏地区,其中三角草属可能源于西藏西部,冠毛草属可能源于西藏东部。     

A Revision of the Genus Ligusticum (Umbelliferae) in China

Ligusticum is a highly specialized genus in the tribe Ammineae Koch of the subfamily Apioideae. It is transitional between the tribe Ammineae Koch and the tribe Peucedaneae DC., and shows a very close affinity to the genus Selinum. In the present paper, the taxonomic history is reviewed; the external morphology, pollen morphology and geographic distribution are analysed, and its evolutionary tendencies are discussed. In addition, a key to the 34 species is provided, and economic uses reported in the literature are summarized. Ligusticum consists of over 60 species widely distributed in Eurasia and North America; the genus is typically temperate. There are two principal distribution centers, one in the Himalayas, including the Hengduan Mountains of western China, and the other in North America. Thirty-four species occur in China, most of which are distributed in the alpine belt of south-western China, with only a few species occurring in northern China. They usually grow in alpine thicket meadows or in alpine meadows. Among them are 28 species endemic to China, 4 of which are described as new in the present paper, i. e. L.yuayuanense, L.litanense, L.filifolium, and L.yunnanense. L.elatum (Edgew.) C. B. Clarke, a species of India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and L. thomsonii C.B.Clarke var. evolutior C. B. Clarke, of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, are reported from China for the first time. Some species are important in traditional Chinese medicine, for example, L. sinense Oliv., L. sinense Oliv. cv. Chuanxiong, L. sinense Oliv. cv. Fuxiong, L. delavayi Franch., L. jeholense (Nakai et Kitagawa) Nakai et Kitagawa, L. tachiroei (Franch. et Sav.) Hiroe et Constance, etc. The genus Tilingia was established by Regel in 1858, based on Tilingia ajanensis. The chief characters of the genus are distinct calyx teeth and carpels bearing a solitary vitta in each furrow. However, these characters do not differentiate Tilingia from Ligusticum, so that Tilingia was transferred to Ligusticum by Kozo-Poljansky in 1916. Tilingia tachiroei (Franch. et Sav.) Kitagawa was transferred to Ligusticum by Hiroe et Constance in 1958. Shan et Sheh in “F1. Reip. Pop. Sin.” Tom. 55 supported the treatment by Kozo-Poljansky and Hiroe and Constance The genus Ligusticopsis was separated from Ligusticum by Leute in 1969, based on the prominent calyx teeth of the former. Ligusticopsis included 14 species, all confined to China. But this genus has not been accepted by any other botanists since its establishment. The subdivision of Ligusticum in this paper is based mainly on the characters of involucel bracteoles and mericarps, combined with the shape and aperture types of pollen grains. The genus is divided into the following two sections. Sect.1 Ligusticum, Bracteoles linear or lanceolate, entire; mericarps slightly lateral-compressed to slightly dorsal-compressed; vittae solitary to numerous in each furrow; leaf-segments ovate, lanceolate, or linear; pollen grains mainly rhomboidal or ellipsoidal; apertures gonitreme. Sect. 2 Pinnatibracteola Pu. Bracteoles 1-3-pinnatisect or 2-3-lobed at apex; mericarps dorsal-compressed; vittae usually numerous in each furrow; leaf-segments usually linear, rarely ovate or lanceolate; pollen grains rectangular, elongate-rhomboidal, or equatorially constricted; apertures mainly peritreme, rarely gonitreme or intermediate.     

短胖孢属、菌绒孢属和假尾孢属的几个新组合

本文报道5个新组合：金银忍冬短胖孢(Cercosporidium diervilae (Ell. Et Ev) Baiet Cheng,comb．Nov．);紫穗槐菌绒孢(Mvcovelloslclla passaloroidzs(Winte r)Bai et Chengcomb．Nov．);朝鲜槐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora cladrastidis(Jacz.) Bai et Cheng·comb. Nov);白头翁假尾孢(pscudoccrco spora]ilitormis(D;vi s)Bai et Chengt comb·nOV·)荚燕假尾孢(Pseudocercospora varia(Peck)Bai et Cheng。Comb．nOV·)这5个新组合是从Cercospora属转来修正的。     

The genus Asteriscus (Asteraceae-Inuleae)

Asteriscus Mill. is a genus belonging to the Inula -group of the Asteraceae-Inuleae. It is here delimited to contain three species, A. maritimus (L.) Less., A. hierochunticus (Michon) Wikl. (generally known as A. pygmaeus (DC.) Coss & Dur.) and A. spinosus (L.) Sch. Bip. (generally known as Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.), growing largely in the Mediterranean and N African regions. The morphology, phytogeography, phylogeny and systematic position of all three species are discussed and a cladogram of the genus is presented.     

Phylogenetic relationships and generic realignments in the early diverging subtribe Pentziinae (Asteraceae,Anthemideae)

Pentziinae are a subtribe of tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae), comprising seven almost exclusively southern African endemic genera and c. 60 species. Generic delimitations and relationships in the subtribe are explored using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) and plastid (ndhF, psbA‐trnH, trnK‐rps16 and rpl32‐trnL) DNA regions, with morphological and fruit anatomical studies. Phylogenetic analyses for 72 accessions (43 species) representing 72% of the subtribe indicate that several of the genera are not monophyletic as currently circumscribed. Pentzia tortuosa differs from its congeners in its inconspicuously three‐ribbed fruits and in several other distinctive morphological characters. In the phylogenetic trees based on the nuclear dataset, P. tortuosa is recovered in the perennial clade with its congeners, but in the plastid data set, it is strongly placed among the early diverging lineages comprising annual taxa with three‐ribbed fruits. Even with the exclusion of P. tortuosa, Pentzia remains paraphyletic by the inclusion of at least Rennera and possibly also Cymbopappus and Marasmodes. A possible sister relationship between Marasmodes and Pentzia, however, cannot be excluded. The four Rennera specise are therefore here transferred to Pentzia, whereas Marasmodes and Cymbopappus are retained pending further investigation. Among the annual lineages, Foveolina is also found to be polyphyletic, with F. dichotoma (the type species) and F. tenella clearly allied with Oncosiphon, and the anomolous species, F. burchellii, recovered with Myxopappus in the nuclear trees. Both Myxopappus species share the disciform capitula and heteromorphic fruits with Foveolina burchellii (characters previously overlooked in Myxopappus and reported here for the first time). © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 633–647.     

On the nomenclature of Chinese drug “Cangzhu”

This paper is the documentation of specimens and literature reffered to Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. etc. As a result, it is found that, in taxonomy of the genus Atractylodes, what represcents by four long-established names, i. e. Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., A. ovata (Thunb.) DC., A. chinensis (Bunge) Koidz. and A. lyrata Sieb. et Zucc., in fact, is the one and same species. According to the law of priority in nomenclature, the first name should be given to Chinese drug “Cangzhu”, while theother three names have to be treated as its synonyms.     

中国荩草属叶片表皮的微形态及其分类意义

本文报道荩草属及其邻近属共5属17种4变种的叶片表皮微形态研究,其中有些种类为首次报道。主要有以下几点: 1、荩草属叶片表皮微形态有5种类型,根据这几种类型结合小穗的外部形态,可在荩草属下分为两亚属及5个组。 2、荩草属及其哑铃形的硅细胞及三角形或圆屋顶形的气孔副卫细胞等近似须芒草属Andropogon Linn.应位于禾本科Gramineae蜀黍族Andropogoneae下,但硅细胞多为短哑铃形而且伴有其它各种类型,微毛的顶细胞远长于基细胞的独特性状,应独立成为荩草亚族Arthraxoninae Benth。 3、根据A.breviaristatus Hack.,A.quartiniana A. Rich.,A.pauciflorus Honda and A.hispidus(Thunb.)Makino 4者叶片表皮细胞类型完全相似特征,赞同P.C.van Weltzen意见,应作一种处理;根据国际命名法规优先律,应用A.hispidus (Thunb.) Makino。 4、海南荩草A. hainanensis Keng et S.L.Chen与茅坪荩草A. maopingensis S.L.Chen et Y.X.Jin应当独立成种.因其两种的叶片表皮细胞类型完全不同。     

高分辨裂解—气相色谱在前胡族系统分类中的应用

采用高分辨裂解－气相色谱法对前胡族（Peucedaneae Drude)20属35种植物的叶片成分进行分析,经过聚类分析得出以下结果：35种植物基本可分为3大类,对应于3个亚族。阿魏亚族（Ferulinae Drude)的球根阿魏属（Schumannia Kuntze)、伊犁芹属（Talassia Korov.)和簇花芹属（Soranthus Ledeb.)均应为独立属。环翅芹亚族（Tordyliinae Drude)的四带芹属[Tetrataenium(DC.)Manden.]和大瓣芹属（Semenovia Regel et Herd.)二者也作为独立属处理为宜,其中有争议的锐尖叶独活[Heracleum longilobum(Norman)Sheh et T.S.Wang]不应作为大瓣芹属成员,仍应保留于独活属。当归亚族（Angelicinae Drude)的山芎[Conioselinum chinense(L.)Britton]和东当归[Angelica acutiloba(Sieb.et Zucc.)Kitagawa]曾被作为阿米芹族（Ammineae Koch)的蛇床属（Cnidium Cuss.)或藁本属（Ligusticum L.)的成员,聚类图显示其属于前胡族的当归亚族是合适的。     

On the Identity of Trirostellum Z. P. Wang et Q. Z. Xie

According to Wang and Xie, their recently published genus Trirostellum is distinguished from its allied genera by a number of characteristics: (1) the stamens with their filaments coherent into a central column; (2) the female flowers possessing rudimentary stamens; (3) the ovary 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; (4) the fruits dehiscent, 3-rostrated at the apex; (5) the fruits possessing persistent perianth; (6) the seeds tuberculate and winged. However, upon a careful comparison of Trirostellum yixingensis Z.P. Wang et Q. Z. Xie, the type species of Trirostellum with Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Mak., the type species of Gynostemma Bl. and some other species of Gynostemma as well,we have found that the representatives of the above two genera are identical in most of the important diagnostic characteristics except that the fruits of the former genus are dehiscent with three long beaks at the apex, while the fruits of the latter genus are indehiscent with very short beaks. Besides, results obtained from chromosome counting haove shown that the somatic chromosome number of Trirostellum yixingensis is 2n=22, while that of Gynostemma pentaphyllum is 2n=28.Yet these morphological and chromosomal differences seem not sufficient for generic demarcation. We, therefore, suggest that Trirostellum bereduced to a sectional or subgeneric rank of Gynostemma Bl.