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1.
Adolfo Vásquez Trujillo Angélica E González Reina Agustín Góngora Orjuela Edgar Prieto Suárez Jairo Enrique Palomares Luz Stella Buitrago Alvarez 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(4):463-469
Lutzomyia antunesi has been commonly reported in outbreaks of
cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Orinoquia region of Colombia. The bionomics
of this species were studied in the municipality of Villavicencio (Meta,
Colombia). Sandflies were captured over the course of one week per month for one
year in intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and extradomiciliary housing areas.
The captures were performed from 06:00 pm-06:00 am using CDC light traps and the
females were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect
Leishmania spp. A total of 22,097 specimens and 19 species
were captured of which Lu. antunesi (89%) and Lutzomyia
walkeri (5%) were the most abundant. Other species recognised as
anthropophilic (Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia
gomezi, Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and
Lutzomyia fairtigi) were present in very low abundance
(< 2%). Natural infection with Leishmania spp was detected using PCR in
Lu. antunesi, Lu. panamensis and
Lu. flavicutellata, showing infection rates of 1%, 4.8% and
7.5%, respectively. The present paper provides information on various ecological
aspects of Lu. antunesi. An analysis of seasonality shows that
this species increases in abundance in the hottest months (December, January and
February), directly correlating with the maximum temperature and inversely
correlating with precipitation. The natural infection rate is associated with
the peaks of highest abundance. 相似文献
2.
3.
Andrea Gómez Bravo María Gabriela Quintana Marcelo Abril Oscar Daniel Salomón 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):1071-1073
In 2004, the urban presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was recorded
for the first time in Formosa province. In 2006, the first autochthonous case of
human urban visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was recorded in Misiones in the presence of
the vector, along with some canine VL cases. After this first case, the vector began
to spread primarily in northeast Argentina. Between 2008-2011, three human VL cases
were reported in Salta province, but the presence of Lu. longipalpis
was not recorded. Captures of Phlebotominae were made in Tartagal, Salta, in 2013,
and the presence of Lu. longipalpis was first recorded in northwest
Argentina at that time. Systematic sampling is recommended to observe the
distribution and dispersion patterns of Lu. longipalpis and consider
the risk of VL transmission in the region. 相似文献
4.
María Soledad Fernández María Soledad Santini Regino Cavia Adolfo Enrique Sandoval Adriana Alicia Pérez Soraya Acardi Oscar Daniel Salomón 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(7):817-824
This study aimed to analyse changes in the spatial distribution of Lutzomyia
longipalpis in Posadas, an urban area located in northeastern Argentina. Data
were obtained during the summer of 2007 and 2009 through two entomological surveys of
peridomiciles distributed around the city. The abundance distribution pattern for 2009 was
computed and compared with the previous pattern obtained in 2007, when the first human
visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in the city. Vector abundance was also examined
in relation to micro and macrohabitat characteristics. In 2007 and 2009, Lu.
longipalpis was distributed among 41.5% and 31% of the households in the study
area, respectively. In both years, the abundance rates at most of the trapping sites were
below 30 Lu. longipalpis per trap per night; however, for areas
exhibiting 30-60 Lu. longipalpis and more than 60 Lu.
longipalpis, the areas increased in both size and number from 2007-2009.
Lu. longipalpis was more abundant in areas with a higher tree and bush
cover (a macrohabitat characteristic) and in peridomiciles with accumulated unused
material (a microhabitat characteristic). These results will help to prioritise and focus
control efforts by defining which peridomiciles display a potentially high abundance of
Lu. longipalpis. 相似文献
5.
Veruska Nogueira de Brito Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida Luciano Nakazato Rosemere Duarte Cladson de Oliveira Souza Valéria Régia Franco Sousa 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(7):899-904
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is transmitted by the phlebotomine
Lutzomyia longipalpis and in some midwestern regions by
Lutzomyia cruzi. Studies of the phlebotomine fauna, feeding
habits and natural infection rate by Leishmania contribute to
increased understanding of the epidemiological chain of leishmaniases and their
vectorial capacity. Collections were performed in Jaciara, state of Mato Grosso from
2010-2013, during which time 2,011 phlebotomines (23 species) were captured (68.70%
Lu. cruzi and 20.52% Lutzomyia whitmani).
Lu. cruzi females were identified by observing the shapes of the
cibarium (a portion of the mouthpart) and spermatheca, from which samples were
obtained for polymerase chain reaction to determine the rates of natural infection.
Engorged phlebotomines were assessed to identify the blood-meal host by ELISA. A
moderate correlation was discovered between the number of Lu. cruzi
and the temperature and the minimum rate of infection was 6.10%. Twenty-two females
were reactive to the antisera of bird (28%), dog (3.30%) and skunk (1.60%). We
conclude that Lu. cruzi and Lu. whitmani have
adapted to the urban environment in this region and that Lu. cruzi
is the most likely vector of VL in Jaciara. Moreover, maintenance of
Leishmania in the environment is likely aided by the presence of
birds and domestic and synanthropic animals. 相似文献
6.
Tavares NM Silva RA Costa DJ Pitombo MA Fukutani KF Miranda JC Valenzuela JG Barral A de Oliveira CI Barral-Netto M Brodskyn C 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2011,5(5):e1169
Background
Leishmania transmission occurs in the presence of insect saliva. Immunity to Phlebotomus papatasi or Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary components confers protection against an infection by Leishmania in the presence of the homologous saliva. However, immunization with Lutzomyia intermedia saliva did not protect mice against Leishmania braziliensis plus Lu. intermedia saliva. In the present study, we have studied whether the immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or a DNA plasmid coding for LJM19 salivary protein would be protective against L. braziliensis infection in the presence of Lu. intermedia saliva, the natural vector for L. braziliensis.Methodology/Principal Findings
Immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or with LJM19 DNA plasmid induced a Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) response against Lu. longipalpis as well as against a Lu. intermedia saliva challenge. Immunized and unimmunized control hamsters were then intradermally infected in the ears with L. braziliensis in the presence of Lu. longipalpis or Lu. intermedia saliva. Animals immunized with Lu. longipalpis saliva exhibited smaller lesion sizes as well as reduced disease burdens both at lesion site and in the draining lymph nodes. These alterations were associated with a significant decrease in the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Animals immunized with LJM19 DNA plasmid presented similar findings in protection and immune response and additionally increased IFN-γ expression.Conclusions/Significance
Immunization with Lu. longipalpis saliva or with a DNA plasmid coding LJM19 salivary protein induced protection in hamsters challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. intermedia saliva. These findings point out an important role of immune response against saliva components, suggesting the possibility to develop a vaccine using a single component of Lu. longipalpis saliva to generate protection against different species of Leishmania, even those transmitted by a different vector. 相似文献7.
Enrique Alejandro Szelag Matías Ariel Parras Mariela Fabiani Juan Ramón Rosa Oscar Daniel Salomón 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(4):488-491
Lutzomyia longipalpis was recorded for the first time in Argentina
in 2004, in the province of Formosa. In the following years, the vector spread to the
south and west in the country and was recorded in the province of Chaco in 2010. From
November 2010-May 2012, captures of Phlebotominae were made in the city of
Resistencia and its surroundings, to monitor the spread and possible colonisation
of Lu. longipalpis in the province of Chaco. In this monitoring,
Lu. longipalpis was absent in urban sampling sites and its
presence was restricted to Barrio de los Pescadores. This suggests that the incipient
colonisation observed in 2010 was not followed by continuous installation of vector
populations and expansion of their spatial distribution as in other urban centres of
Argentina. 相似文献
8.
Everton Falc?o de Oliveira Aline Etelvina Casaril Nathália Lopes Fontoura Mateus Paula Guerra Murat Wagner Souza Fernandes Elisa Teruya Oshiro Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(8):1051-1057
Studies on natural infection by Leishmania spp of sandflies
collected in endemic and nonendemic areas can provide important information on the
distribution and intensity of the transmission of these parasites. This study sought
to investigate the natural infection by Leishmaniain wild female
sandflies. The specimens were caught in the city of Corumbá, state of Mato Grosso do
Sul (Brazil) between October 2012-March 2014, and dissected to investigate
flagellates and/or submitted to molecular analysis to detect
Leishmania DNA. A total of 1,164 females (77.56% of which were
Lutzomyia cruzi) representing 11 species were investigated using
molecular analysis; 126 specimens of Lu. cruziwere dissected and
also submitted to molecular analysis. The infection rate based on the presence of
Leishmania DNA considering all the sandfly species analysed was
0.69%; only Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was identified in
Lu. cruzi by the molecular analysis. The dissections were
negative for flagellates. This is the first record of the presence of L. (L.)
amazonensis DNA in Lu. cruzi, and the first record of
this parasite in this area. These findings point to the need for further
investigation into the possible role of this sandfly as vector of this parasite. 相似文献
9.
Natalia Cadaxo Rochael Luize Gon?alves Lima Sandra Maria Pereira de Oliveira Marcello André Barcinski Elvira Maria Saraiva Robson Queiroz Monteiro Lucia Helena Pinto-da-Silva 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(6):679-685
Leishmania parasites expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on their
surface, a process that has been associated with regulation of host''s immune
responses. In this study we demonstrate that PS exposure by metacyclic
promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis favours blood
coagulation. L. amazonensis accelerates in vitro coagulation of
human plasma. In addition, L. amazonensis supports the assembly
of the prothrombinase complex, thus promoting thrombin formation. This process
was reversed by annexin V which blocks PS binding sites. During blood meal,
Lutzomyia longipalpis sandfly inject saliva in the bite
site, which has a series of pharmacologically active compounds that inhibit
blood coagulation. Since saliva and parasites are co-injected in the host during
natural transmission, we evaluated the anticoagulant properties of sandfly
saliva in counteracting the procoagulant activity of L.
amazonensis . Lu. longipalpis saliva reverses
plasma clotting promoted by promastigotes. It also inhibits thrombin formation
by the prothrombinase complex assembled either in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/PS
vesicles or in L. amazonensis . Sandfly saliva inhibits factor
X activation by the intrinsic tenase complex assembled on PC/PS vesicles and
blocks factor Xa catalytic activity. Altogether our results show that metacyclic
promastigotes of L. amazonensis are procoagulant due to PS
exposure. Notably, this effect is efficiently counteracted by sandfly
saliva. 相似文献
10.
Lorena G. Caligiuri Soraya A. Acardi María Soledad Santini Oscar D. Salomón Christina B. McCarthy 《Journal of vector ecology》2014,39(1):83-93
Gregarines that parasitise phlebotomine sand flies belong to the genus Psychodiella and, even though they are highly host‐specific, only five species have been described to date. Their most outstanding features include the unique localisation of the oocysts in the accessory glands of the female host, which ensures contamination of the egg surface during oviposition, and the fact that they naturally parasitise the vectors of Leishmania, causal agent of leishmaniasis. The type species, Ps. chagasi, was first described in Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), from Brazil. We recently reported Ps. chagasi sequences in Lu. longipalpis from Posadas (Misiones, Argentina), an endemic VL location where this gregarine had not been previously recorded. In order to analyse the incidence of Ps. chagasi infections in Lu. longipalpis from this location, the aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic assay for sand fly gregarine parasites in Lu. longipalpis. For this, we designed primers using the Ps. chagasi sequences we previously identified and performed an in vitro validation by PCR amplification of the original sand fly samples. Their specificity and sensitivity as diagnostic primers were subsequently confirmed by PCR reactions using total DNA extracted from naturally infected Lu. longipalpis from the same location (Posadas, Argentina). 相似文献
11.
Entomological surveys of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and other vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities with records of Leishmania amazonensis within the Bragança region of Pará State,Brazil 下载免费PDF全文
Bruno M. Carvalho Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos Iorlando da R. Barata José Aprígio N. Lima Fernando T. Silveira Mariana M. Vale Paul D. Ready Elizabeth F. Rangel 《Journal of vector ecology》2018,43(1):168-178
In southeast Amazon, Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata is the incriminated vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The optimal methods for surveying Lu. flaviscutellata were investigated in the Bragança region, northeast Pará State, Brazil, selected for the presence of Le. amazonensis. The performances of modified Disney traps and CDC light traps were compared in four ecotopes within and around four village transects during the wet and dry seasons. The physiological age of female sand flies was estimated and natural infection by flagellates was evaluated by dissection. Disney traps were better for detecting the presence of Lu. flaviscutellata, while CDC traps performed well for detecting Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) antunesi, suspected vector of Leishmania lindenbergi. The former was more abundant during the wet season, when female flies were naturally infected with Le. amazonensis. These findings identified the environments of local transmission. In order to improve surveys of Lu. flaviscutellata as part of integrated epidemiological surveillance of CL, our recommendations include focusing vector surveys with Disney traps on forest fragments where people work, during the seasonal peak of the vector. Further field studies are required to make model‐based predictions of seasonal variations in the vectorial capacity of vector populations. 相似文献
12.
Clarissa Teixeira Regis Gomes Nicolas Collin David Reynoso Ryan Jochim Fabiano Oliveira Amy Seitz Dia-Eldin Elnaiem Arlene Caldas Ana Paula de Souza Cláudia I. Brodskyn Camila Indiani de Oliveira Ivete Mendonca Carlos H. N. Costa Petr Volf Aldina Barral Shaden Kamhawi Jesus G. Valenzuela 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2010,4(3)
13.
Paulo Silva de Almeida Alan Sciamarelli Paulo Mira Batista Ademar Dimas Ferreira Jo?o Nascimento Josué Raizer José Dilermando Andrade Filho Rodrigo Gurgel-Gon?alves 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):992-996
To understand the geographic distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the state
of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, both the climatic niches of Lutzomyia
longipalpis and VL cases were analysed. Distributional data were obtained
from 55 of the 79 counties of MS between 2003-2012. Ecological niche models (ENM) of
Lu. longipalpis and VL cases were produced using the maximum
entropy algorithm based on eight climatic variables. Lu. longipalpis
showed a wide distribution in MS. The highest climatic suitability for Lu.
longipalpis was observed in southern MS. Temperature seasonality and
annual mean precipitation were the variables that most influenced these models. Two
areas of high climatic suitability for the occurrence of VL cases were predicted: one
near Aquidauana and another encompassing several municipalities in the southeast
region of MS. As expected, a large overlap between the models for Lu.
longipalpis and VL cases was detected. Northern and northwestern areas of
MS were suitable for the occurrence of cases, but did not show high climatic
suitability for Lu. longipalpis . ENM of vectors and human cases
provided a greater understanding of the geographic distribution of VL in MS, which
can be applied to the development of future surveillance strategies. 相似文献
14.
ALON WARBURG JAMES MONTOYA-LERMA CONSUELO JARAMILLO ANA LUISA CRUZ-RUIZ KATHERINE OSTROVSKA 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1991,5(1):9-16
Potential vectors of Leishmania braziliensis Vianna were assessed at four study sites in the mountainous Valle del Cauca, western Colombia, from March to June 1989. In an active focus of transmission at 1450 m altitude, a coffee plantation at Versalles, there were high densities of antropophilic phlebotomines: Lutzomyia columbiana (Ritorcelli & Van Ty) and Lu.townsendi (Ortiz), both in the verrucarum species group, and of Lu.pia (Fairchild & Hertig). At a comparable altitude in a forest reserve at Yotoco where leishmaniasis is unknown, Lu.pia was the prevalent species and Lu.townsendi was absent. In two localities at 1150 m altitude, there were plentiful Lu.lichyi (Floch & Abonnenc) plus both species in the verrucarum group, but Lu.pia was absent. One of these localities, a coffee plantation at Villa Hermosa where a leishmaniasis outbreak occurred in 1986, was compared with a leishmaniasis-free, partly wooded nature reserve at Mateguadua. No natural infections of Leishmania were found in a total of 1896 wild-caught female phlebotomines belonging to at least seven species. It remains unclear why Leishmaniasis transmission is associated with coffee plantations in this part of Colombia. Laboratory-bred Lu.lichyi females were invariably autogenous, and blood-seeking females of this species were always parous. Parity rates in wild-caught females of other species were 55% Lu.pia, 24% Lu.columbiana and 14% Lu.townsendi. Female Lutzomyia infected artificially with Le.braziliensis promastigotes developed peripylarian infections. Higher proportions of Lu.townsendi (96%) and Lu.columbiana (78%) became infected but these species developed lower rates of stomodaeal infections (P less than 0.1) than Lu.lichyi (37%) or Lu.pia (44%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
15.
J. T. Magalhes‐Junior A. De A. Oliva‐Filho H. O. Novais P. R. R. Mesquita F. M. Rodrigues M. C. Pinto S. M. Barrouin‐Melo 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2019,33(2):322-325
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the primary vector of Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Americas. Studies have been carried out to identify new alternatives for monitoring and controlling this sandfly species, particularly with the use of chemical baits. The attractiveness of odours emitted by foxes and alcohols found in some plants has already been demonstrated in laboratory tests with Lu. longipalpis. However, no studies have evaluated the responses of these insects to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by dogs. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects on Lu. longipalpis of individual and blends of VOCs identified in hair from dogs infected with L. infantum. Effects in male and female Lu. longipalpis were assessed using wind tunnel methodology. Individual compounds including octanal, nonanal, decanal and heptadecane showed capacity for activating and/or attracting male Lu. longipalpis. Only decanal and nonanal showed effects on females. The combination of octanal, decanal and heptadecane increased activation and attraction behaviour in male sandflies, as did the blend of octanal and decanal. These findings indicate that VOCs emitted by dogs may be an interesting source of new attractants of sandflies. 相似文献
16.
17.
Kárita Cláudia Freitas-Lidani Iara J de Messias-Reason Edna Aoba Y Ishikawa 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(4):442-447
The aim of the present study was to detect natural infection by Leishmania
(Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis captured
in Barcarena, state of Pará, Brazil, through the use of three primer sets. With this
approach, it is unnecessary to previously dissect the sandfly specimens. DNA of
280 Lu. longipalpis female specimens were extracted from the
whole insects. PCR primers for kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA), the mini-exon gene
and the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene of Leishmania
were used, generating fragments of 400 bp, 780 bp and 603 bp, respectively.
Infection by the parasite was found with the kDNA primer in 8.6% of the cases, with
the mini-exon gene primer in 7.1% of the cases and with the SSU-rRNA gene primer in
5.3% of the cases. These data show the importance of polymerase chain reaction as a
tool for investigating the molecular epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis by
estimating the risk of disease transmission in endemic areas, with the kDNA primer
representing the most reliable marker for the parasite. 相似文献
18.
L. RYAN R. LAINSON J. J. SHAW R. R. BRAGA E. A. Y. ISHIKAWA 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1987,1(4):383-395
Leishmania of the braziliensis complex were isolated from various members of the squamiventris series sandflies, including Psychodopygus chagasi (Costa Lima), P.s.maripaensis (Ready et al.), P.s.squamiventris (Lutz & Neiva), and also P.ayrozai (Barreto & Coutinho) and Lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha. Three different serodemes of Le.b.guyanensis Floch were isolated from Lu.anduzei Rozeboom, Lu.umbratilis and Lu.whitmani Antunes & Coutinho, simultaneously captured in the same area. Unidentified Leishmania were isolated from P.claustrei Abonnenc et al., and trypanosomes from Lu.pinottii Damasceno & Arouck and an unidentified species of Lutzomyia. A naturally infected female P.s.maripaensis transmitted a braziliensis complex Leishmania, by bite, to a hamster. 相似文献
19.
A. PECH‐MAY F. J. ESCOBEDO‐ORTEGÓN M. BERZUNZA‐CRUZ E. A. REBOLLAR‐TÉLLEZ 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2010,24(2):150-161
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The main causative agent is the parasite Leishmania mexicana (Biagi) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and, based on the classic work of Dr Biagi's research team, it has been generally accepted and frequently reported that the only vector of L. mexicana in the region is the sandfly Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca (Vargas & Diáz‐Nájera) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Evidence gathered from recent entomological studies conducted mainly in Calakmul, Campeche, however, suggests that other species may also be vectors of L. mexicana. We conducted a field study in two villages in Calakmul, Campeche in the Yucatan Peninsula, where recent cases of CL have been reported, to document the species composition and relative abundances of the sandfly fauna and to identify which species are likely to be the main vectors by assessing the biting rates and parasite infection rates of the suspected vector species. Sandfly catches were conducted from November 2005 to February 2006 in Unión 20 de Junio and Dos Lagunas Sur. Sandflies were captured using Shannon (18.00–22.00 hours), Disney and CDC light traps (18.00–06.00 hours). Biting and infection rates were calculated for the four most abundant species: Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillett), Lu. o. olmeca, Lutzomyia panamensis (Shannon) and Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). In Dos Lagunas Sur, Lu. panamensis and Lu. o. olmeca exhibited the highest biting rates throughout the sampling period. In Unión 20 de Junio, Lu. cruciata and Lu. o. olmeca had the highest biting rates over the same period. Regarding infection rates, we report herein the establishment of a polymerase chain reaction protocol and validation of IR1 and LM17 oligonucleotides to analyse the infection rates of sandflies. Out of 769 females analysed, the overall infection rates were 1.4% in Dos Lagunas Sur and 5.3% in Unión 20 de Junio. In Dos Lagunas Sur we found L. mexicana infections in two sandfly species, Lu. shannoni and Lutzomyia ylephiletor (Fairchild & Hertig), whereas in Unión 20 de Junio we found infections in Lu. shannoni, Lu. cruciata, Lu. o. olmeca and Lu. panamensis. The possible role of these four sandfly species in relation to L. mexicana transmission in Calakmul is discussed. 相似文献
20.
P. C. Watts E. Boyland H. A. Noyes R. Maingon S. J. Kemp 《Molecular ecology resources》2002,2(1):62-64
The sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis, an important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World, is believed to be a species complex. In an effort to better understand population dynamics and speciation in this vector we developed a panel of dinucleotide — (CA)n— microsatellite loci using an enrichment technique. Eleven polymorphic loci that produced consistent allelic banding patterns were characterized using a laboratory population of L. longipalpis. These dinucleotide microsatellite loci were more polymorphic than trinucleotide microsatellites characterized in wild‐caught samples of two other sandfly species; the variability of these loci was unexpected because the laboratory flies were believed to be inbred. 相似文献