朱砂叶螨抗药性监测

本文采用药膜法建立了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus（Boisduval）对5种杀螨剂的敏感基线,并对6个不同地理种群的朱砂叶螨进行了抗药性监测,结果表明：5种药剂杀螨活性由高到低分别为阿维菌素〉丁氟螨酯〉氧化乐果〉炔螨特〉甲氰菊酯,其对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的LC50值分别为0.08、2.19、67.89、201.19和605.27mg/L;朱砂叶螨各地理种群已对甲氰菊酯和炔螨特产生了低、中水平的抗性,其抗性倍数分别介于2.93～16.22与4.85～14.35之间,其中云南种群对这2种杀螨剂抗性最高,对氧化乐果与丁氟螨酯处于敏感性降低阶段,其抗性倍数分别介于2.35～4.26与1.56～2.11之间,对阿维菌素还未产生明显抗性;对阿维菌素和甲氰菊酯的增效剂生物测定结果表明,三类解毒酶系（多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和酯酶）都不同程度地参与了朱砂叶螨抗药性的形成。     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。     

不同类型杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫触杀作用的毒力敏感基线

用点滴法和药膜法测定了多种类型杀虫剂对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)敏感品系成虫的触杀作用毒力,确定了敏感基线.点滴法测定结果表明,14种杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力从大到小顺序是甲维盐、阿维菌素、敌敌畏、高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、功夫、氯氰菊酯、灭多威、敌百虫、吡虫啉、硫丹、啶虫脒、甲氰菊酯、杀螟丹,24 h致死中量分别为1.20 ng/头、5.48 ng/头、11.33 ng/头、11.58 ng/头、14.04 ng/头、14.04 ng/头、19.81 ng/头、63.52 ng/头、94.84 ng/头、496.62 ng/头、616.55 ng/头、808.43 ng/头、942.53 ng/头、10841.97 ng/头.药膜法测定结果表明,8种杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力由大到小依次为甲维盐、高效氯氰菊酯、功夫、辛硫磷、氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、灭多威、阿维菌素,24 h致死中浓度分别为0.88 mg/L、1.86 mg/L、1.94 mg/L、2.05 mg/L、4.86 mg/L、4.93 mg/L、7.38 mg/L、12.43 mg/L.     

福建省草地贪夜蛾对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性

【目的】明确草地贪夜蛾对5种常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线及其在福建省的抗药性水平,并评价其低龄幼虫对这些药剂的敏感性。【方法】以浸叶法测定5种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾相对敏感种群1、2龄幼虫的毒力,监测福建省3个不同地区草地贪夜蛾田间种群的抗药性水平;以LC₅₀的95%置信限不重叠作为标准,判断不同种群的同一龄期幼虫或同一种群的1、2龄幼虫对同一种药剂敏感性差异显著性。【结果】5种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾相对敏感种群幼虫的毒力大小顺序依次为甲维盐>乙基多杀菌素>氯虫苯甲酰胺>虱螨脲>茚虫威,同一药剂对1龄幼虫的毒力大于2龄,其中,甲维盐、乙基多杀菌素和虱螨脲对1龄幼虫毒力测试的χ²值小于2龄,P值更大,虽然氯虫苯甲酰胺和茚虫威对1龄幼虫毒力测试的χ²值略大于2龄,但P值均大于0.9190;福建3个地区的草地贪夜蛾种群对甲维盐和茚虫威的抗性水平处于敏感性下降至低水平抗性之间,对氯虫苯甲酰胺已产生低水平抗性,对乙基多杀菌素属于敏感性水平下降阶段,而对虱螨脲仍属于敏感水平。【结论】福建省草地贪夜蛾种群对虱螨脲保持敏感水平,对其他4种常用药剂总体上处于敏感性下降至低水平抗性阶段;1、2龄幼虫均适合作为草地贪夜蛾毒力测定的靶标试虫,但相较于2龄幼虫,12 h内孵化且未喂食物的1龄幼虫适合性更好。     

陕西苹果园山楂叶螨抗药性监测

【目的】明确陕西省苹果园的山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher种群对5种药剂的抗性水平。【方法】采用玻片浸渍法,建立了山楂叶螨室内饲养的相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,同时从陕西乾县、礼泉、兴平、澄城、安塞、淳化、凤翔和扶风8个不同地区的苹果园采集山楂叶螨,分析这些田间种群的抗药性水平。【结果】山楂叶螨室内相对敏感种群对阿维菌素的敏感性最高,对毒死蜱敏感性最低;各种群对哒螨灵已产生了13.29~69.63倍的抗性;对高效氯氟氰菊酯已经产生了7.99~46.74倍的抗性;除兴平种群对阿维菌素表现为低抗水平外(抗性倍数7.63),其余种群对阿维菌素表现为敏感或者敏感性下降(抗性倍数1.89~3.94);除扶风种群对毒死蜱抗性水平处于敏感性下降的阶段外,其它7个种群对毒死蜱的均处于敏感阶段;各种群对噻虫嗪均处于敏感阶段。【结论】山楂叶螨室内相对敏感种群对5种不同杀虫剂的敏感性不同;各田间种群对哒螨灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯两种药剂已经产生了不同水平的抗药性,除兴平种群对阿维菌素产生低抗水平抗性外,其余田间种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱和噻虫嗪抗性均表现为敏感或者敏感性下降;田间防治时应该减少哒螨灵和高效氯氟氰菊酯两种药剂的使用,同时注意不同农药的轮换使用,以此延缓山楂叶螨对杀虫剂产生高水平抗药性。     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫对常用杀虫剂相对敏感基线的建立

[目的]本研究旨在建立草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线,为我国草地贪夜蛾的抗药性系统性监测提供依据.[方法]从玉米田采集草地贪夜蛾在室内不接触任何杀虫剂连续饲养5～7代,采用浸叶法和点滴法测定了草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫以及采用饲料药膜法测定了草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫对6大类共7种常用杀...     

我国韭菜主产区韭菜迟眼蕈蚊田间种群的抗药性监测

【目的】建立韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang对10种常用药剂的敏感基线,并对4省7个主要韭菜产区的田间种群进行6种常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平监测。【方法】采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫进行室内生物测定。【结果】建立了敏感品系对新烟碱类、有机磷类、菊酯类、昆虫生长调节剂类、吡咯类药剂的敏感基线。对7个地区的田间韭菜迟眼蕈蚊种群监测结果表明:其对有机磷类药剂均产生了抗药性,其中河南郑州种群对毒死蜱和辛硫磷产生了极高水平抗性;河南郑州种群对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,其他各地区均处于敏感状态;大部分种群对新烟碱类药剂处于低等或中等水平抗性,但山东李坡种群对噻虫嗪产生了高水平抗性。【结论】本文建立的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对10种杀虫剂的敏感基线及抗药性监测数据为抗性治理提供一定参考。     

稻飞虱的抗药性监测方法

抗药性监测对于指导稻飞虱防治的科学用药和评价抗性治理的效果具有非常重要的意义。目前稻飞虱的抗药性监测普遍采用点滴法和稻茎浸渍法以及稻苗浸渍法。本文以不同监测方法的适用药剂和飞虱种类为切入点,系统地介绍了3种稻飞虱的抗药性监测方法,并比较了它们之间的特点,旨在为稻飞虱的抗药性监测提供技术指导。     

7种杀虫剂对烟蚜的毒力测定

烟蚜是危害烟草的主要害虫之一,为寻找防治烟蚜的高效低毒药剂,本文采用浸叶法和浸渍法比较了藜芦碱、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、除虫菊素和双丙环虫酯7种药剂对烟蚜的毒力.结果表明,浸叶法处理后,噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对烟蚜的毒力较高,LC₅₀值分别为2.220 mg/L和2.619 mg/L;而浸渍法处理后吡虫啉和藜芦碱对烟蚜的毒力较高,LC₅₀值分别为1.203 mg/L和2.554 mg/L.吡虫啉在两种不同处理方法的试验中都显示对烟蚜有较高毒力,可以作为防治田间烟蚜的推荐使用药剂,在吡虫啉被限制使用的情况下,可选用噻虫嗪或藜芦碱防治烟蚜。研究结果可为烟蚜的有效防治提供科学的参考依据.     

棉铃虫AChE不同分子型对抑制剂的敏感度及其与抗药性的关系(英文)

在分离到的棉铃虫AChE五种不同的分子型中 ,2 .1s和 8.7sAChE抗性品系对毒扁豆碱的敏感度明显低于敏感品系 ,成虫头部I50 值分别相差 1 86.3和 84.8倍 ,幼虫I50 值分别相差 1 0 1 0 倍和 1 0 5 倍。幼虫 5.3sAChE对毒扁豆碱的敏感度抗性品系和敏感品系相差达 1 2 3倍 ,而成虫则没有差异。研究结果表明 2 .1s、5.3s和 8.7sAChE敏感度降低可能是造成棉铃虫对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂产生抗性的主要原因     

Baseline toxicity of emamectin and spinosad to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for resistance monitoring

Acute toxicity studies of emamectin and spinosad against Helicoverpa armigera revealed that the pest is highly susceptible to both the insecticides. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of emamectin is 3.86 × 10⁻³ µg per larva. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of emamectin and spinosad were found to be 0.09 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. The discriminating doses were fixed based on the LC₉₅ of the susceptible population of H. armigera as 0.80 ppm for emamectin and 10 ppm for spinosad. Resistance was not observed when the discriminating doses of emamectin and spinosad were applied on field-collected populations of H. armigera from two intensive cotton growing areas, Coimbatore and Madurai, India.     

Are Helicoverpa armigera and Tetranychus spp. populations still susceptible to pesticides? A Zimbabwean study

The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and the cotton red spider mite, Tetranychus spp., are important pests of cotton in Zimbabwe. A study to assess H. armigera resistance to fenvalerate 20 EC (Cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)benzene acetate) and Tetranychus spp. resistance to amitraz 20 EC (n’-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-n-[[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl]-n-) was conducted at the Cotton Research Institute (CRI) during the 2005/06 cotton-growing season. Field populations of H. armigera and Tetranychus spp. were collected from some of Zimbabwe’s major cotton-growing areas of Sanyati, Umguza, Chisumbanje, Chinhoyi and the CRI in Kadoma and exposed to bioassays. The African bollworm leaf disc technique and the red spider mite attached leaf-dipping technique were used to assess responses of the African bollworm and red spider mite to the pesticides. Susceptible laboratory populations served as the standard populations and their responses were compared with those of the field populations. The graphical method and MSTAT-C probit analysis computer program were used to calculate LC₅₀ values. Although the CRI field population, used as a reference population for the registration of H. armigera insecticides, had the highest LC₅₀ value (graphical?=?0.000100000; MSTAT-C?=?0.000088195) compared with all the other field populations, overall log-dose probit bioassays on all field-collected strains of the bollworm showed no resistance to the pyrethroid (RFs?=?0.04–0.54-fold). Tetranychus spp. showed very low levels of resistance (RFs?=?1.26–2.00-fold). Continuous monitoring of major cotton pests, especially H. armigera and Tetranychus spp., from all cotton districts of Zimbabwe is vital for early detection of resistance development.     

Susceptibility of Various Stages of Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja to Some Pesticides and Effect of Residues on Survival and Parasitizing Ability

The toxicity, persistence and effect on parasitism of 10 insecticides, eight fungicides and one acaricide on Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja, an egg parasitoid of a Helicoverpa armigera (Hb), were investigated in the laboratory and under field conditions. At field recommended dosages, the fungicides oxycarboxin, copperoxychloride, streptomycin sulphate + tetracycline hydrochloride and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and the acaricide dicofol were safe, while the insecticide phosalone and fungicide tridemorph were moderately toxic to adults. All other insecticides tested, namely dimethoate, fenitrothion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, endosulfan, cypermethrin, decamethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate, and the fungicides carbendazim, methyl thiophenate and carboxin were toxic to adults. A high level of parasitism was recorded for all fungicide treatments and for dicofol and fluvalinate. The larval stage of the parasitoid was more tolerant than other stages. The residual toxicity of all fungicides, and dicofol, did not affect the ability of the parasitoid to parasitize its host, while the insecticides phosalone and fluvalinate were slightly persistent, favouring 44.7% and 49.3% parasitism after 15 days. Residues of dimethoate, decamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, monocrotophos and phosphanidon were moderately persistent, while fenitrothion and endosulfan were persistent.     

新疆棉区田间棉铃虫种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性研究

为了明确新疆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性变化,本次研究采用单雌系F1/F2代诊断剂量法于2013-2019年连续监测了新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac毒蛋白的抗性频率以及种群敏感度的变化.结果表明,2013-2019年新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群...     

F1代法监测田间棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉的抗性

采用表达单价Cry1Ac毒素的转Bt基因棉棉叶喂饲法比较了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)抗、感亲本及正反交后代在Bt棉上5 d的发育速率,确定棉铃虫在Bt棉上5 d发育到2龄中期以上、体重≥0.6 mg的个体作为判别抗性纯合子的标准。2006年采用F₁代法在室内用Bt棉叶喂饲法检测河北省邱县Bt棉田棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性等位基因频率。结果表明,127头田间雄虫中24头携带抗性基因,估测抗性等位基因频率为0.94（95%CI：0.044～0.145）,该值为在国内首次检测到的高抗性等位基因频率。该地区长期大面积种植转单价Bt棉和缺少非Bt棉作为有效庇护区导致田间抗性快速进化,需要尽快采取有效的抗性治理策略。本文还讨论了影响大田产生抗性的因素以及田间存在的抗性风险等。     

SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN COTTON BOLLWORM*

Abstract The substrate specificity and developmental changes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, were investigated during 1991 to 1994. The insects were collected from Handan suburbs of Hebei Province and Guan County of Shandong Province. The results show that the specific activity and Michaelis constants (k_m) of AChE toward acetylthiocholine (ATCH) and acetyl-β-methyl-thiocholine (MeTCh) regularly varied with the developmental stage of cotton bollworm. The two peaks of the specific activity were observed respectively in the third instar and sixth instar of larvae. The specific activity of AChE in pupae was the lowest and that in heads of four-days moth was the highest in various developmental stages of cotton bollworms. The tendency of K_m and maximum velocity (V_max) was identical with the change of specific activity in the AChEs of cotton bollworm. The activation energy (Ea) of AChE toward MeTCh in pupae and adults was 3. 9–4. 3 times as much as that of, larvae in cotton bollworms from Handan of Hebei Province. It suggests that the spending energies of AChE for hydrolysing substrate are different in larva, pupa and adult. The optimum conditions of AChE reaction with ATCh in larvae were 50–100 mg of tissue weights for the amount of enzyme, 10–20 minutes for the reaction time, 35°C for the reaction temperature and 8. 0 for the reaction pH value.     

不同龄期棉铃虫用氰戊菊酯汰选对其抗性发展的影响

利用中抗(15.06倍)品系,室内用氰戊菊酯对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera初孵至4龄幼虫分别进行连续汰选,选育9代后,以3龄幼虫汰选的抗性发展最快（31.5倍）, 其次是4龄、2龄幼虫汰选的品系（分别增加25.2倍和14.5倍）,用初孵幼虫汰选的抗性发展最慢（10.2倍）。抗性现实遗传力的测定表明,3龄幼虫汰选的抗性现实遗传力（0.4419）显著大于初孵幼虫的（0.2346）。代谢酶抑制剂的增效实验发现,磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对各品系棉铃虫均无明显增效作用。而增效醚(PBO)对高龄幼虫汰选的品系的增效作用比低龄幼虫汰选的品系增效作用强。测定初孵和3龄幼虫汰选品系试虫的击倒抗性发现,初孵幼虫汰选品系的抗性增加倍数（10.2）与击倒抗性增加的倍数（10.5）相似,而3龄幼虫汰选的抗性增加倍数（31.5）显著高于击倒抗性增加的倍数（19.9）。认为初孵幼虫期多功能氧化酶（MFO）表达不完全,用药主要是筛选击倒抗性,而高龄幼虫期用药则会同时筛选击倒抗性和MFO参与的代谢抗性。因而初孵幼虫期用药抗性发展缓慢。生产上不仅可以提高药剂的防效,同时可以延缓抗性的发展。