鲴类寄生六鞭毛虫系统发育的研究

利用分支系统学（Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓ）的原理和方法,选取光镜下的２４个性状,对鲴亚科１７种寄生六鞭毛虫进行了系统发育分析,初步阐明了这１７种六鞭毛虫相互间的亲缘关系。结果还表明,鲴亚科寄生六鞭毛虫的分化较晚;一些明显特征：如杆状条纹,是进化适应的结果,具有系统学意义。还通过对寄生六鞭毛虫在鲴亚科鱼类中的区系分布特点分析,探讨了宿主相互间的亲缘关系。结果表明：寄生六鞭毛虫的区系分布能够反映宿主相互间     

中国鲴亚科鱼类鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

中国鲴亚科鱼类鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察李仲辉,杨太有,李文（河南师范大学生物系,新乡４５３００２）关键词鲴亚科鱼类,鳞片,扫描电镜ＣＯＭＰＡＲＡＴＩＶＥＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＳＣＡＬＥＳＯＦＸＥＮＯＣＹＰＲＩＮＡＥ（ＰＩＳＣＥＳ：ＣＹＰＲＩＮＩＤ...     

鲤科鲴亚科鱼类的系统发育及动物地理学

以雅罗鱼亚科为外群,采用分支系统学的原理和方法对鲐亚科17个属(须鳊属除外)进行了系统发育和动物地理学的分析。结果表明,(1)鲴亚科这17个属为一个单系群,并由4个较小的单系群组成;(2)鲴亚科现在的地理分布格局除源自离散事件外,主要源于扩散事件。鲐亚科的特征演化还表明,东亚地区地质历史的反转演化和平行演化可能在鲴亚科系统发育过程中起了重要的作用。     

使君子科风车子亚科核糖体DNAITS区序列分析及系统学意义

使君子科（Ｃｏｍｂｒｅｔａｃｅａｅ）主要分布于热带非洲和亚洲,美洲和澳洲也有少量分布。全世界有约２０属,近　５００多种（Ｅｘｅｌｌ　＆　Ｓｔａｃｅ,　１９９６）　。我国有　６属约　２５种,均分布于长江以南各省区,主产云南及海南岛（徐廷志,１９８４）。其中,除使君子属（Ｑｕｉｓｑｕａｌｉｓ）仅有２种外,桃仁树属（Ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌｉａ）和风车子属（Ｃｏｍｂｒｅｔｕｍ）是全科最大的两属,榆绿木属（Ａｎｏｇｅｉｓｓｕｓ）在我国只有一种,它是我国北热带季节性雨林中的建群树种之一（傅立国,１９９２）,萼翅藤…     

基于Cyt b基因的扁圆吻鲴遗传多样性及其在鲴亚科系统发育地位探讨

扁圆吻鲴（Distoechodon compressus）是一种局域分布于我国福建、江西、台湾的小型经济鱼类,目前尚无其群体遗传学相关研究,此外扁圆吻鲴在鲴亚科（Xenocyprinae）鱼类中的分类地位也有争议。本研究基于线粒体Cyt b基因,对采自福建连城附近水域的三个扁圆吻鲴群体的遗传多样性、群体结构和历史动态进行分析。结果显示扁圆吻鲴的三个群体共检测到15个单倍型,整体单倍型多样性较高（0.554）而核苷酸多样性较低（0.001 42）,三个群体中池塘养殖群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均最高,分别为0.600和0.002 24;各群体间未检测到显著的遗传分化,且遗传距离均极低（小于0.002）;群体历史动态分析结果也未检测到明显的群体扩张或瓶颈效应等。此外,分别基于邻接法（neighbor-joining, NJ）、最大似然法（maximum likelihood, ML）和贝叶斯法（Bayesian inference, BI）对鲴亚科已报道的基因序列进行系统发育分析,结果显示似鲴属（Xenocyprioides）位于系统发育树基部;鲴属（Xenocypris）和圆吻鲴属（Distoechodon）并未各自形成单系,而是不同属的各物种互为并系;在圆吻鲴属内部,扁圆吻鲴和圆吻鲴无法通过Cyt b基因进行区分,因此未来仍需更多的分子标记以支持鲴亚科的系统发育关系。本研究的开展有助于了解扁圆吻鲴的遗传多样性现状和群体结构,为资源保护管理提供了基础资料,同时也为鲴亚科的系统发育和进化历史提供了重要参考。     

切叶蚁亚科七属十二种的分子系统学研究

测定了切叶蚁亚科7属12种的线粒体CO1、CO2的部分基因及完整的tRNA_Leu基因DNA序列,对DNA序列进行了分析,对tRNA_Leu 基因进行了二级结构分析;根据DNA序列数据和氨基酸序列数据,以臭蚁亚科的Forelius chalybaeus作为外群,采用最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)、未加权组对算术平均法(UPGMA)构建分子系统树,通过自举检验,得到自举置信水平,以此检验该分子系统树的可靠性。研究结果显示,基于以上基因的分子系统分析与传统分类分析的结果基本一致,且在属级的一致性高于种级的一致性。     

金缕梅亚科ITS序列分析及其系统学意义

根据金缕梅亚科22属（活塞花属Embolanthera除外）代表种的nrDNA ITS序列数据构建了分子系统树。结合形态解剖证据,金缕梅亚科可分为3个族,即①Ji木族LoropetaleaeZhangtrib.nov.,包括蜡瓣花属Corylopsis、Maingaya、Matudaea、活塞花属、四药门花属Tetrathyrium和Ji木属L;②DicorypheaeZhangtrib.nov.,包括毛枝花属Trichocladus、Dicoryphe、Neostrearia、Ostrearia、Noahdendron、秀柱花属Eustigma、牛鼻栓属Fortunearia、山白树属Sinowilsonia、Molinadendron;③金缕梅族Hamamelideae,包括Fothergilla、金缕梅属Hamamelis、Parrotiopsis、水丝利属Sycopsis、Parrotia、银缕梅属Shaniodendron、蚊母树属Distylium和拟母树属Distyliopsis。     

中国鲴亚科鱼类同工酶和骨骼特征及系统演化的探讨：鲤形目：鲤科

本文对鲴亚科Xenocyprinae共4属6种鱼和鲢亚科Hypophthal michthyinae的鲢、鳙Aristichihys nobilis进行了骨骼系统的研究,并对鲴亚科的6种鱼同工酶谱型,进行了分析比较。鲢亚科虽然具有鲴亚科的共同祖征和全部离征,但因其有较多的特化性状,仍将其列为和鲴亚科并列的一个亚科。应用分支系统学原理推导出鲴亚科的系统发育图。鲴亚科6种鱼的肝、肾、心、眼的晶状体、鳍、脑,肌肉等7种组织5种同工酶(LDH,MDH,ES,ADH,G6PDH)的电泳分析表明,生化分类和经典分类结果完全一致。     

虎尾草亚科系统发育关系的初步研究

运用广义形态学性状对虎尾草亚科（Chloridoideae）进行系统发育分析。内类群包括虎尾草亚科52属的69种植物,代表虎尾草亚科的主要类群;芦竹亚科（Arundinoideae）扁芒草族（Danthonieae）的Centropodia和Danthonia被选作外类群。分支分析表明,虎尾草亚科是一个单系类群。其严格一致树包括A、B、C、D、E5个分支。两个大族画眉草族（Eragrostideae）和虎尾草族（Chlorideae）代表虎尾草亚科内部类群分化的两个方向,分开处理较合理。细穗草族（Leptureae）放到虎尾草族中较合理。冠芒草族（Pappophoreae）是虎尾草亚科的基部类群,与画眉草族近缘。我们的研究支持虎尾草亚科从旧世界向新世界扩散的地理分布假说,并提供了虎尾草亚科属上类群的系统发育关系的框架。     

Phylogenomic analyses and improved resolution of Cetartiodactyla

The remarkable antiquity, diversity, and significance in the ecology and evolution of Cetartiodactyla have inspired numerous attempts to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. However, previous analyses based on limited samples of nuclear genes or mitochondrial DNA sequences have generated results that were either inconsistent with one another, weakly supported, or highly sensitive to analytical conditions. Here, we present strongly supported results based upon over 1.4 Mb of an aligned DNA sequence matrix from 110 single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes of 21 Cetartiodactyla species, which represent major Cetartiodactyla lineages, and three species of Perissodactyla and Carnivora as outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis of this newly developed genomic sequence data using a codon-based model and recently developed models of the rate autocorrelation resolved the phylogenetic relationships of the major cetartiodactylan lineages and of those lineages with a high degree of confidence. Cetacea was found to nest within Artiodactyla as the sister group of Hippopotamidae, and Tylopoda was corroborated as the sole base clade of Cetartiodactyla. Within Cetacea, the monophyletic status of Odontoceti relative to Mysticeti, the basal position of Physeteroidea in Odontoceti, the non-monophyly of the river dolphins, and the sister relationship between Delphinidae and Monodontidae + Phocoenidae were strongly supported. In particular, the groups of Tursiops (bottlenose dolphins) and Stenella (spotted dolphins) were validated as unnatural groups. Additionally, a very narrow time frame of ∼3 My (million years) was found for the rapid diversification of delphinids in the late Miocene, which made it difficult to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Delphinidae, especially for previous studies with limited data sets. The present study provides a statistically well-supported phylogenetic framework of Cetartiodactyla, which represents an important step toward ending some of the often-heated, century-long debate on their evolution.     

Molecular dating of phylogenetic trees: A brief review of current methods that estimate divergence times

This article reviews the most common methods used today for estimating divergence times and rates of molecular evolution. The methods are grouped into three main classes: (1) methods that use a molecular clock and one global rate of substitution, (2) methods that correct for rate heterogeneity, and (3) methods that try to incorporate rate heterogeneity. Additionally, links to the most important literature on molecular dating are given, including articles comparing the performance of different methods, papers that investigate problems related to taxon, gene and partition sampling, and literature discussing highly debated issues like calibration strategies and uncertainties, dating precision and the calculation of error estimates.     

Evolutionary Patterns of Morphology and Behavior as Inferred from a Molecular Phylogeny of New World Emballonurid Bats (Tribe Diclidurini)

A molecular phylogeny of New World emballonurid bats based on parsimony and Bayesian analyses of loci from the three different nuclear genetic transmission pathways in mammals (autosomal, X, and Y chromosomes) is well supported and independently corroborated by each individual gene tree. This is in contrast to a single most parsimonious but poorly supported tree based on morphological data, which has only one intergeneric or higher relationship shared with the molecular phylogeny. Combining the morphological and molecular data partitions results in a tree similar to the molecular tree suggesting a high degree of homoplasy and low phylogenetic signal in the morphological data set. Behavioral data are largely incomplete and likewise produce a poorly resolved tree. Nonetheless, patterns of evolution in morphology and behavior can be investigated by using the molecular tree as a phylogenetic framework. Character optimization of the appearance of dorsal fur and preferred roosting sites maps consistently and are correlated on the phylogeny. This suggests an association of camouflage for bats with unusual appearance (two dorsal stripes in Rhynchonycteris and Saccopteryx, or pale fur in Cyttarops and Diclidurus) and roosting in exposed sites (tree trunks or under palm leaves). In contrast, the ancestral states for Old and New World emballonurids are typically uniform brown or black, and they usually roost in sheltered roosts such as caves and tree hollows. Emballonuridae is the only family of bats that has a sac-like structure in the wing propatagium, which is found in four New World genera. Mapping the wing sac character states onto the phylogeny indicates that wing sacs evolved independently within each genus and that there may be a phylogenetic predisposition for this structure. Ear orientation maps relatively consistently on the molecular phylogeny and is correlated to echolocation call parameters and foraging behavior, suggesting a phylogenetic basis for these character systems.     

The role of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the generation of shrew (Soricidae: Crocidura) diversity in the Philippine Archipelago

Repeated sea-level fluctuations during and prior to the Pleistocene had a dramatic effect on the distribution of land and connection among islands between the Asian and Australian continents. These cycles of connection and isolation have long been recognized as an important factor determining the distribution and organization of biodiversity in the Philippines. However, surprisingly few studies have tested for predicted patterns of genetic diversity derived from a Pleistocene sea-level model of geography. Here, we examine evidence for fit to such a model in a widely distributed lineage of shrews (Crocidura). The topology of relationships among Crocidura from the Philippines is concordant with a Pleistocene sea-level model, but (1) AMOVAs reveal that genetic diversity is explained at least as well by modern islands as by Pleistocene islands; (2) Mantel tests reveal a significant influence of isolation by distance; and (3) the degree of genetic divergence between some populations connected by dry land during the last glacial maximum reveals isolation that almost certainly predates the most recent glacial activity. We further employ multiple strategies for inferring time-calibrated phylogenies, but these result in widely varying time estimates for the invasion of SE Asian islands by shrews. Overall, our results suggest Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations have been an important, but not dominant factor shaping shrew diversity.     

四个DNA 片段在山茶属分子系统学研究中的应用

选取山茶属14 个组中的10 组21 种植物对目前常用于属内种间的4 个DNA 片段( ITS、waxy 、trnLF
、rpL16) 进行序列测定。结果表明: ( 1) 来自叶绿体基因组的2 个片段( trnL- F、rpL 16) 其PCR 扩增和
测序都很容易, 但两者的进化速率都非常慢, 序列矩阵只有很少信息位点( trnL-F 含9 个, rpL16 为20
个) , 不能提供必要的系统发育信息。( 2) 来自核基因组的ITS 片段其PCR 产物比较容易获得, 但其序列
的测定存在较多问题。( 3) waxy 是来自核基因组的另一个片段, 其PCR 扩增因受模板DNA 的数量和质量
的影响很大而有一定难度, 但其进化速率较快, 序列矩阵具有较多信息位点( 92 个) , 并且在山茶属是单
拷贝, 这对于解决山茶属这类具有许多近缘物种的类群的系统关系有重要价值。基于tsnL- F、rpL16 和
waxy 三组数据所建分子系统树支持山茶属为一单系, 但属下系统由于取样等原因有待进一步研究。     

四个DNA片段在山茶属分子系统学研究中的应用

选取山茶属14个组中的10组21种植物对目前常用于属内种间的4个DNA片段（ITS、waxy、trnL-F、rpL16）进行序列测定。结果表明：（1）来自叶绿体基因组的2个片段（trnL-F、rpL16）其PCR扩增和测序都很容易,但两者的进化速率都非常慢,序列矩阵只有很少信息位点（trnL-F含9个,rpL16为20个）,不能提供必要的系统发育信息。（2）来自核基因组的ITS片段其PCR产物比较容易获得,但其序列的测定存在较多问题。（3）waxy是来自核基因组的另一个片段,其PCR扩增因受模板DNA的数量和质量的影响很大而有一定难度,但其进化速率较快,序列矩阵具有较多信息位点（92个）,并且在山茶属是单拷贝,这对于解决山茶属这类具有许多近缘物种的类群的系统关系有重要价值。基于tsnL-F、rpL16和waxy三组数据所建分子系统树支持山茶属为一单系,但属下系统由于取样等原因有待进一步研究。     

Phylogeographic history of the woodwardioid ferns,including species from the Himalayas

The woodwardioid ferns are well-represented in the Northern Hemisphere, where they are disjunctly distributed throughout the warm temperate and subtropical regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. To infer the biogeographic history of the woodwardioid ferns, the phylogeny of Woodwardia was estimated using rbcL and rps4 sequences from divergent distribution regions including the Himalayas. Phylogenetic results support Woodwardia as a monophyletic group with Woodwardia areolatae and W. virginica as basal, these two species from eastern North America diverged early, which are sister clades to the remaining species from America, Europe, and Asia. Based on analyses of the fossil records of these species for divergence times, Woodwardia species were estimated to have diverged initially in the Paleogene of North America. After its New World origin, a greater diversification and expansion of Woodwardia occurred in eastern Eurasia, with the European arrival of Woodwardia radicans during the Middle Miocene. Compared to earlier reports, a migration back into North America via the Bering land bridge is consistent with these data.     

The chorion genes of the medfly. II. DNA sequence evolution of the autosomal chorion genes s18, s15, s19 and s16 in Diptera

We present a total of approximately 15 kb of DNA sequences, encompassing four chorion genes Ccs18, Ccs15, Ccs19, Cc16 and their flanking DNA in the medfly C. capitata. Comparison of coding regions, introns and intergenic sequences in five Dipteran species, D. melanogaster, D. subobscura, D. virilis, D. grimshawi and C. capitata documented an extensive divergence in introns and coding regions, but few well conserved elements in the proximal 5′ flanking regions in all species. These elements are related to conserved regulatory features of three of the genes, including tissue- and temporal regulation. In the fourth, gene s15, significant alterations in the 5′ flanking region may be responsible for its changed temporal regulation in C. capitata. One long intergenic sequence, located in the distal 5′ flanking region of gene s18, is homologous to ACE3, a major amplification control element and contains an 80-bp A/T-rich sequence, known to stimulate strong binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC) in D. melanogaster. Analysis of the nucleotide composition of all chorion genes in C. capitata and D. melanogaster showed that C. capitata exhibit less biased representation of synonymous codons than does D. melanogaster.     

The chorion genes of the medfly. II. DNA sequence evolution of the autosomal chorion genes s18, s15, s19 and s16 in Diptera

We present a total of approximately 15 kb of DNA sequences, encompassing four chorion genes Ccs18, Ccs15, Ccs19, Cc16 and their flanking DNA in the medfly C. capitata. Comparison of coding regions, introns and intergenic sequences in five Dipteran species, D. melanogaster, D. subobscura, D. virilis, D. grimshawi and C. capitata documented an extensive divergence in introns and coding regions, but few well conserved elements in the proximal 5′ flanking regions in all species. These elements are related to conserved regulatory features of three of the genes, including tissue- and temporal regulation. In the fourth, gene s15, significant alterations in the 5′ flanking region may be responsible for its changed temporal regulation in C. capitata. One long intergenic sequence, located in the distal 5′ flanking region of gene s18, is homologous to ACE3, a major amplification control element and contains an 80-bp A/T-rich sequence, known to stimulate strong binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC) in D. melanogaster. Analysis of the nucleotide composition of all chorion genes in C. capitata and D. melanogaster showed that C. capitata exhibit less biased representation of synonymous codons than does D. melanogaster.